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‫الجيومورفولوجيا‬

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ً#5&‫ا‬# 8 ]é‫أ‬# !? &‫ا‬#K ‫ض‬#ّ#-‫ؽ‬# ‫ه‬#5&‫ا‬# 78 %‫ر‬#‫ـ‬# é!I &‫ا‬# 8 !ّ#4^َ# !ً#‫ه‬#5&‫ا‬# !I‫ا‬#(O / ‫ز‬#َ#K
!5&‫ا‬# ;!NK 51&‫ا‬# ]V51‫ث‬# ]‫ز‬#َ#(!‫م‬#)K Ä!‫ز‬#\&‫ا‬# Dt‫ز‬#I‫ا‬#K 8‫ي‬#[W‫ر‬K# !^‫ؽ‬#DM‫ا‬# ْ#^\‫ر‬#K ^‫ؽ‬#DM‫ا‬# ‫ه‬#/ %‫ر‬#‫م‬# ‫ا‬#‫د‬#%‫ـ‬#ì

Normal ( ّ#O!5&‫ا‬# (K-&!‫ث‬# ْ#‫س‬# 5‫ث‬#!‫ز‬#‫ز‬#) ‫ا‬#‫ؽ‬#4) =G ‫ه‬#/ ّ#45‫ز‬#&‫ا‬# (K-‫ث‬# ً#[ّ# ) I‫ا‬#(O ) eWّ#O
)‫ا‬#%/ ‫ص‬#D‫ص‬# ‫ه‬#/ ْ#?Z‫ز‬#&‫ا‬# DN ) ْ#‫ع‬#%&%'(%)%ْ#*‫ا‬# ‫ه‬#5& 4ّ#%‫ر‬#‫ـ‬# !5&‫ا‬# ‫ا‬#َ#‫ـ‬#‫ه‬#K . ْ#Ä!M‫ا‬# (K-&‫ا‬# ‫أ‬# ) Cycle
0 8K ]^ ‫ا‬# ّ#%=‫ر‬# ]ْ#‫ه‬#/ -ً#‫ز‬#5ّ#

Structure ْ#\1&‫ا‬# – ‫أ‬#

process ْ#‫ه‬#ً#5&‫ا‬# – ‫ة‬#
Time )e&‫ا‬# - Ñ‫ع‬#
!1Q&!‫ث‬# (K4) a‫ا‬# Ä!=&‫ا‬# ً#/ ‫ض‬#) ( ّ#(!V‫ه‬#‫ز‬#& ْ#‫ا‬#‫(ص‬%&‫ا‬# *!5M!‫ث‬# ً#[ّ# M %;%&‫ا‬# ‫إ‬# %)J‫ا‬# 78 O‫أ‬#K
I(-M‫ا‬#K ْ#?4a‫ا‬# !='J‫ا‬# I(-) ]\) ?7َ# ‫أ‬# =å ْ#‫ع‬#%&%'(%)%ْ#‫ع‬# (‫ا‬#-) -/ 4]yK ) N%tْ#Q&‫ا‬#K ‫ظ‬#V\&‫ا‬#K ,

]^M‫ا‬# ّ#-ê )‫ا‬#%5&‫ا‬# 8‫أ‬# ‫ؽ‬#Z? !\M‫ا‬# I(-) 8 (‫ا‬#-M‫ا‬# 78 %2‫أ‬# =&K !1‫ر‬#(X‫ا‬# I(-)K ,ْ#N!\M‫ا‬# ,

ْ#ً#‫ه‬#/ !‫ـ‬#‫ه‬#‫ؾ‬#L) ‫ا‬#-‫ا‬#‫ث‬#‫ز‬# ) =fK ‫ض‬#ّ#-a‫ا‬# ْ#‫ع‬#%&%'(%)%ْ#*‫ا‬# %E ) ò َ#‫ا‬# ‫إ‬# ْ#Wّ#O !I‫ا‬#(O Q‫ر‬#K .ِ#b(J‫ا‬#
!1Q&‫ا‬# ‫ؽ‬#‫ه‬#4) ‫ض‬#) a‫ا‬# Ä!=&‫ا‬# ً#/ ‫ا‬#‫ؽ‬#4Y \ْ#5) ‫ـ‬#‫م‬#\) -ê &‫ا‬# 8‫ا‬#%^‫ه‬#& ‫ز‬#َ#(!‫م‬#) ‫ض‬#) ‫ر‬#!I‫ا‬#(O • K` ,ْ#?l ,

]' ‫غ‬#b!\&‫ا‬# )‫أ‬# ‫ض‬#ّ#-‫ؽ‬# ‫ه‬#=Q‫ر‬# ‫ـ‬#‫م‬#\) O%‫ع‬#%M‫ا‬# 8 ‫ث‬#!Q&‫ا‬# ْ#b(J‫ا‬# !=GJ‫ا‬# ‫أ‬# ْ#‫ؽ‬# . N%tْ#Q&‫ا‬#K ‫ظ‬#V\&‫ا‬#K
,

]' N%tْ#Q&‫ا‬# )‫أ‬# NZ‫ز‬#) Vَ# ‫أ‬# =1) Vَ# ‫ع‬#%ّ# 2K !WoX‫ا‬#K !W‫ر‬#(X‫ا‬# ‫ث‬# !V‫ز‬#&‫ا‬# ‫إ‬# ‫ه‬#;K &‫ا‬# ô!=GJ‫ا‬#
,

;%&‫ا‬# ‫ص‬# K‫أ‬# ;%&‫ا‬# ‫ؽ‬#‫ه‬#4) ) !I %‫ز‬#‫ـ‬#&‫ا‬# ‫أ‬# ‫ؽ‬#Dَ# 7=8K . ]ْ#' GD‫ر‬#‫ز‬# ‫ؽ‬#‫ه‬#4) ‫إ‬# !=GJ‫ا‬# ô%;K
,) 8‫ي‬#qK ْ#Wّ#4L‫ز‬#&‫ا‬# '!‫ض‬#=&‫ا‬#K ‫ا‬#-ãX‫ا‬# ّ‫ا‬# #K` XO!5) ( ‫ت‬#)%'(%M‫ا‬# ْ#‫ز‬#‫ؾ‬#‫ه‬#&‫ا‬# ّ#4E / ّ#4‫ز‬#‫غ‬#&‫ا‬#K ) Wّ#O ( ِ#‫ؽ‬#!Vّ#i‫ا‬#
,

5ْ#1‫ـ‬#&‫ا‬# 8‫ا‬#%y 1‫ر‬#‫ز‬# ‫ث‬#%5L& 5; ‫م‬#1ّ# 7&‫ا‬#K !1‫ز‬#NX‫ا‬#K I‫ا‬#K4&‫ا‬# 'O !ْ#M‫ا‬# /4I ‫ض‬#) G!1M‫ا‬# ö!ْ#‫م‬#M‫ا‬#K
,

. 8(%‫ر‬#‫ـ‬# ْ#‫ز‬#‫ؾ‬#‫ه‬#&‫ا‬# ‫إ‬# ;%&‫ا‬# ) ‫ا‬#َ#‫ز‬#‫م‬#‫ه‬# ْ#‫ع‬#%&%'(%)%ْ#*‫ا‬# ‫أ‬# ‫أ‬# . ‫ـ‬#ْ#[1&‫ا‬# %)õ& %‫ه‬#IJ‫ا‬# 78 ً#5‫ز‬#[ّ# 7& ‫ز‬#‫ب‬#tM‫ا‬#

0 ْ#‫ع‬#%&%'(%)%ْ#*‫ا‬# ‫ه‬#/ ô!u

(J‫ا‬# 4Q2 I‫ا‬#(O 8 I!IJ‫ا‬# &!‫غ‬#ً#' &7‫ث‬#K (J‫ا‬# ‫ـ‬#I !hْ#8K !=G‫أ‬# (-ّ# ‫ه‬#5&‫ا‬# 8‫أ‬# ‫أ‬# َ#4?l
,

ً#‫ه‬#?K .Lithosphere 4tL&‫ا‬# DP&!‫ث‬# ً#[ّ# ) I‫ا‬#(O ‫أ‬# ( !‫ـ‬#ْ#z‫ا‬# !5ْ#2K 4tL&‫ا‬# ‫ف‬#DP&‫ا‬#K
. O!5M‫ا‬# ) ‫ه‬#Ä!8 /%ً#u ) %=‫ر‬#‫ز‬# &‫ا‬#K (J‫ا‬# 4Q‫م‬#& ‫ه‬#=QM‫ا‬# ‫ا‬#%M‫ا‬# • 5َ#K t; 5‫ر‬# ْ#َ#!َ#%ّ# ً#‫ه‬#? Litho

!I‫ا‬#(-&‫ا‬# LLt‫ه‬#ً#‫ز‬#& (J‫ا‬# ‫ـ‬#I !=Gi )!=&‫ا‬# [W‫ز‬#&‫ا‬#K ّ#%L‫ز‬#&‫ا‬# -‫م‬#ّ# ْ#ò ! ‫ا‬# 7• ‫ه‬#5&‫ا‬# 78 O4W\ّ#K
/ ْ#'‫ا‬#4P*‫ا‬# [2 ‫ـ‬#N (-‫ر‬# &‫ا‬# ( ْ#‫م‬#ْ#1‫ز‬#‫ـ‬#&‫ا‬# ْ#‫ع‬#%&%'(%)%ْ#*!‫ث‬# 45ّ# ً#ْ#' ‫ه‬#5&‫ا‬# 78 !‫م‬#ْ#1‫ر‬#‫ـ‬# ّ#4E / ,W‫ز‬#‫ه‬#tM‫ا‬#
!' ْ#‫ع‬#%&%'(%)%ْ#*‫ا‬# ْ#‫ز‬#‫ؾ‬#‫ه‬#&‫ا‬# ‫إ‬# ;%&‫ا‬# ) \‫ا‬#َ#‫ز‬#‫م‬#‫ه‬# )-\/ َ#!' \‫ه‬#2 ً#?K .) ّ#(!ْ#‫ز‬#N‫ا‬# O!) =G ‫ه‬#/ ‫ؤ‬#‫ر‬#) ,5)!‫ع‬#
‫ا‬#-ْ#M‫ا‬# ّ#4E / ‫م‬#ْ#2-&‫ا‬# ْ#ّ#!‫م‬#M‫ا‬# ‫ا‬#-t‫ز‬#I!‫ث‬# &lK !5&‫ا‬# 7m !‫م‬#ْ#1‫ز‬#‫ـ‬#&‫ا‬# ) ‫ض‬#?‫ا‬# '%‫ر‬# ‫ؾ‬#1;‫أ‬# ْ#‫ز‬#‫ؾ‬#‫ه‬#&‫ا‬# ‫ظ‬#Ä!‫ز‬#َ#
0 ‫ه‬#ّ# ) ْ#‫ع‬#%&%'(%)%ْ#‫ه‬#‫غ‬#& ْ#‫م‬#ْ#1‫ز‬#‫ـ‬#&‫ا‬# َ#‫ا‬#%*‫ا‬# 8‫أ‬# .‫ح‬#4G!1)

. -ْ#WM‫ا‬# %tL&‫ا‬#K !P&‫ا‬#K O!5M‫ا‬#K ْ#/‫ا‬#(e&‫ا‬# !‫ؽ‬#![M‫ا‬# ّ#%‫ر‬#‫ـ‬#K ْ#5ْ#1‫ـ‬#&‫ا‬# ‫ا‬#K4‫ض‬#&‫ا‬# / Q=&‫ا‬# -&

ْ#‫ـ‬#‫ؾ‬#[&‫ا‬# ْ#Ä!M‫ا‬# (‫ا‬#%M‫ا‬# Q?K 2!‫ـ‬#&‫ا‬# ْ#&%‫ر‬#K ْ#Ä!M‫ا‬# K [&‫ا‬#K !َ‫ا‬# #eá‫ا‬# !\‫ث‬#K !äJ‫ا‬# ‫ا‬#%‫أ‬#‫ؽ‬# I‫ا‬#(O -2
. ]‫ز‬#َ#!ْ#;K ,ْ#'%*‫ا‬#K

. ?!QM‫ا‬# 78 *!5)K !ّ#4&‫ا‬#K !ْ#M!‫ث‬# ‫ت‬#‫ث‬#&‫ا‬# ّ#45‫ر‬#K ‫ا‬#4r‫ا‬# I‫ا‬#(O -3

. P‫ز‬#&‫ا‬# 78 !‫أ‬#‫ص‬#K ‫ا‬#%\‫م‬#&‫ا‬#K !äJ‫ا‬# (!u P‫ر‬# 1‫ر‬#‫ز‬# -4

. ]‫ز‬#]‫ا‬#‫ع‬#%)K ْ#5ْ#1E (‫ا‬#%=? ّ#4tL&‫ا‬#K ْ#b(J‫ا‬# !2Xeَ#X‫ا‬#K ‫ا‬#(!ْ#äX‫ا‬# I‫ا‬#(O -5

. K4a‫ا‬#K ّ#4=[5&‫ا‬# ‫ا‬#‫ؽ‬#%\&‫ا‬# )‫ا‬#-t‫ز‬#I‫ا‬# -6

. /‫ا‬#(e&‫ا‬# !‫ز‬#َ#û& ]‫ؽ‬#ْ#‫ز‬#D;K ]2!ً#/‫أ‬#K ‫ت‬#‫ث‬#&‫ا‬# I‫ا‬#(O -7

. &7‫ث‬# ّ#4‫ؾ‬#1&‫ا‬# ‫ا‬#(!ْ#‫ز‬#&‫ا‬# 2D/K ‫ؽ‬#DM‫ا‬# 84‫أ‬#‫ص‬#K َ#‫ا‬#%M‫ا‬#K ّ#4‫ؾ‬#1&‫ا‬# ‫ا‬#‫ؽ‬#%[&‫ا‬# I‫ا‬#(O
, -8

. X! ‫ا‬# ‫ز‬#G ]‫م‬#ْ#1‫ز‬#‫ـ‬#& ْ#‫ع‬#%&(%'%)%ْ#*‫ا‬# Ä‫ا‬#4á‫ا‬# ً#/ )‫ا‬#-t‫ز‬#I‫ا‬# -9

. ّ#-ّ#-a‫ا‬# =[&‫ا‬#K 4‫ـ‬#&‫ا‬#K !\1&‫ا‬# !I‫ا‬#(O )‫ا‬#-t‫ز‬#I‫ا‬# -&1

ْ#‫ع‬#%&%'(%)%ْ#*‫ا‬# 8(‫ا‬#4‫ز‬#‫م‬#I‫ا‬#K ْ#&!2J‫ا‬# %‫ر‬#‫ـ‬# 1‫ر‬#‫ز‬# -&&
. ![َ#i‫ا‬# !Qَ# ‫ه‬#/ 84‫أ‬#‫ص‬# ]ْ#' ْ#‫ه‬#)4&‫ا‬# ;‫ا‬#%5&‫ا‬# 1‫ر‬#‫ز‬#K '!*‫ا‬# 1GK '!*‫ا‬# b‫ا‬#(J‫ا‬#K (!‫ؾ‬#L&‫ا‬# DP‫ز‬#I‫ا‬# -&2

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0 4NX‫ا‬# %‫ه‬#5&!‫ث‬# ْ#‫ع‬#%&%'(%)%ْ#*‫ا‬# ,2D/

I‫ا‬#(O ‫ه‬#/ ;!NK ْ#‫ع‬#%&%ْ#*‫ا‬# ) I!I‫أ‬# 4' Vّ‫أ‬# # 8 ْ#‫ع‬#%&%'(%)%ْ#*‫ا‬# ‫أ‬# Lobeck ْ#‫ث‬#%& !2 ‫م‬#&
%‫ر‬#‫ـ‬# [W‫ر‬# äJ ْ#‫ع‬#%&%'(%)%ْ#*‫ا‬# ‫ه‬#/ ]' ][‫ر‬# &‫ا‬# ْ#=ْ#)!\ّ#-&‫ا‬# ْ#‫ع‬#%&%ْ#*‫ا‬#K ْ#\1&‫ا‬# ْ#‫ع‬#%&%ْ#‫ع‬#K %tL&‫ا‬#K ٌ#O!5M‫ا‬#
) ْ#5ْ#1‫ـ‬#&‫ا‬# ‫ز‬#hْ#‫ث‬#K ![َ#i‫ا‬# ‫ث‬# 2D5&‫ا‬# (-‫ر‬# &‫ا‬# ْ#'‫ا‬#4P*‫ا‬# ) ْ#‫ص‬#%&‫ا‬# !1‫ر‬#(X‫ا‬# !/%b%M‫ا‬# 7mK (J‫ا‬# ‫ـ‬#I ‫ل‬#!5) ,

!ْ#b!ّ#4&‫ا‬# ْ#‫ع‬#%&%'(%)%ْ#*‫ا‬# (-ّ# ) !‫ز‬#d &l ‫ه‬#/ KD/ . !1\&‫ا‬#K !ْ#M‫ا‬#K !\M‫ا‬# I‫ا‬#(O ْ#5ْ#1‫ـ‬#&‫ا‬# ْ#'‫ا‬#4P*‫ا‬# ôDN
!ّ#eْ#W&‫ا‬#K !ْ#b!ّ#4&‫ا‬#K I-\m‫ا‬#K !ْ#M‫ا‬# ‫ه‬#/K ْ#‫ع‬#%&%ْ#*‫ا‬# Ç ْ#b‫ا‬#%) ‫ه‬#5&‫ا‬# 78 ً#Qّ# !L‫ز‬#N!‫ث‬# ‫أ‬# . ْ#5ْ#1‫ـ‬#&‫ا‬# ‫و‬#%‫ه‬#5&‫ا‬#K
ْ#ò ً#‫ز‬#[) %‫ر‬#‫ـ‬# %=ّ# َ#‫ا‬# ‫إ‬# \ْ#5) K-‫ؽ‬# ً#b 2%‫ز‬#‫م‬#ّ %‫ه‬#5&‫ا‬# ) ‫ه‬#/ ‫ع‬#%ّ# َ#‫ا‬# ْ#‫ؽ‬# ‫ت‬#‫ث‬#&‫ا‬# ‫ه‬#/K !ْ#'‫ا‬#4P*‫ا‬#K
, ,

. &%‫ش‬#K (%‫ر‬#‫ـ‬# ‫ه‬#/ /![‫ر‬# &‫ا‬# 4NJ‫ا‬# %‫ه‬#5&‫ا‬# ) 1I!\) ‫ا‬#4ّ# ) ِ#‫ز‬#‫م‬#\ّ#

ْ#I!I‫أ‬# ْ#b(‫أ‬# %‫ه‬#/ [‫خ‬# ‫ع‬#%ّ# ‫ث‬# 8-‫ؽ‬#K ْ#'‫ا‬#4P*‫ا‬# -/!‫م‬#&‫ا‬# ‫ه‬#/ =‫ر‬#4‫ر‬# ْ#‫ع‬#%&%'(%)%ْ#*‫ا‬# !' 7=8K
}ZQَ#K ]‫ز‬#&!òK (õ& !5&‫ا‬# =Q&‫ا‬# I‫ا‬#(-‫ث‬# [ً#á‫ا‬# %‫ه‬#5&‫ا‬# 78 \5‫ر‬#K . ْ#‫ع‬#%&%'(%)%ْ#*!‫ث‬# ‫ص‬#ْ#‫م‬#K ‫ه‬#; ‫ا‬#l ‫ح‬#(K!uK
2‫ا‬#%M‫ا‬# ّ#-‫ز‬#‫ؾ‬#& (J‫ا‬# !ْ#2 ‫ه‬#/ 8K ) Geodesy ( ْ#[ّ#O%ْ#*‫ا‬# 8 %‫ه‬#5&‫ا‬# 78 K‫ا‬#K 8O‫ا‬#%)K !]Ä!\‫ث‬#K ,

K4? ( ْ#b(J‫ا‬# 4=‫ه‬#& ‫م‬#ْ#‫م‬#a‫ا‬# =Q&‫ا‬# !ْ#‫م‬#&‫ا‬# \/ !1‫ز‬#/X!‫ث‬# NJ‫ا‬# ) (J‫ا‬# ‫ـ‬#I ‫ه‬#/ )%‫ه‬#5) ‫م‬#\& ‫د‬#!/!W‫ر‬#(X‫ا‬#K
ْ#‫ع‬#%&%'(%)%ْ#‫ه‬#‫غ‬#& b%ّ# 7&‫ا‬#K Geophysics ْ#b(J‫ا‬# 5ْ#1‫ـ‬#&‫ا‬# ‫ه‬#/ ‫إ‬# !ّ#eْ#'%ْ#*‫ا‬# ]' َ#!‫ض‬#&‫ا‬# ‫ه‬#5&‫ا‬# )‫أ‬# ) ,

‫ه‬#/ â َ#‫ا‬# ْ#‫ؽ‬# ْ#‫ع‬#%&%ْ#*‫ا‬# 8 &!‫ض‬#&‫ا‬#K ?‫ب‬#‫ا‬#&‫ا‬#K Xe&‫ا‬# ]\/ ‫ز‬#\ّ# &‫ا‬#K (J‫ا‬# E!‫ث‬# =[‫ر‬# &‫ا‬# %‫م‬#&‫ا‬# !ّ#!1N
, ,

. ّ#4N‫آ‬# 12 ) 1[) =Q‫ث‬# ْ#‫ع‬#%&%ْ#‫ع‬# IK(-) =‫ر‬# l‫إ‬# ْ#‫ع‬#%&%ْ#‫ع‬# ‫ؾ‬#1&‫ا‬# ‫ـ‬#‫م‬#\) (-ّ# ‫أ‬# ِ#‫ع‬#%&%'(%)%ْ#*‫ا‬#

‫ه‬#/ 8 ‫ا‬#‫ث‬#4&‫ا‬# ‫ه‬#5&‫ا‬#K . ً#]\ْ#‫ث‬# K-a‫ا‬# !‫ـ‬#َ# ‫أ‬# ْ#‫ع‬#%&%ْ#*‫ا‬#K ْ#'‫ا‬#4P*‫ا‬# ‫ث‬# ;%&‫ا‬# eé 8 ْ#‫ع‬#%&%'(%)%ْ#*‫ا‬# !' §!‫ز‬#&!‫ث‬#K
,

]ً#ْ#^\‫ر‬# DN ) ْ#‫ـ‬#‫ؾ‬#[&‫ا‬# (J‫ا‬# 4Q2 (-ّ# 7&‫ا‬# %tL&‫ا‬# ‫ه‬#/ ‫أ‬# Petrography !ْ#'‫ا‬#4‫ع‬#K‫ت‬#ْ#1&‫ا‬#
Ä‫ا‬#4á‫ا‬# ( ْ#'‫ا‬#4q%‫ر‬#(!=&‫ا‬# ‫ه‬#/ 8 )!N ‫ه‬#/ %‫ه‬#5&‫ا‬# 78 ‫إ‬# !Vّ# 2 . O-{ !ً#/‫أ‬#K ْ#\)` ‫ا‬#-‫ؽ‬#K
I‫ا‬#(-‫ث‬# K‫أ‬# َ#‫أ‬#-‫ث‬# l‫إ‬# ‫إ‬# ‫ا‬#4P*‫ا‬# ً#‫ه‬#5&‫ا‬# !\1&‫ا‬# / ّ#-a‫ا‬# =å َ#‫ا‬# ‫ؽ‬#Dَ# 7=8K ) cartography
. ْ#‫ع‬#%&%'(%)%ْ#*‫ا‬# ‫ه‬#‫ى‬#/

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