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In day-to-day life we often have to communicate with Asme API 579 SI Handouts
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6. Using the clutch All Documents
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Smooth operation of the clutch is essential for safe and easy
driving, but like all things that are worth doing well, clutch control ENGINE
will take a little practise. OR

Your aim here is to get silky-smooth, unnoticeable gear changes;


Become a Scribd member to read and download
balance between the clutch and gas pedal is important in order to GEAR
fullnew
achieve this. Accept that just like any other documents.
skill, you might BOX
not get it right first time!
Start your 30 day free trial
One of the best mistakes that you can make, while mastering the
clutch, is to use a bit too much gas rather than too little; this
might result in a few jumpy starts (if your clutch release is rushed)
but will help to prevent the car from stalling!
Pedal down - the engine
is disconnected from
When bringing the clutch pedal up, start by sliding your heel
the gearbox and driving
backwards along the floor; you will find a natural 'pivot-point'
where you can hold your heel still and raise the ball of your foot. wheels
When the car starts to move, you can lift your foot off the floor
(if necessary) to bring the clutch up gently all the way.

Clutch-control is a method of attaining a very slow (Zimmer frame) ENGINE


speed in first and reverse gears; this is necessary for manoeuvring
in car parks and for ‘creeping out’ at blind junctions.

You can achieve clutch-control by holding the gas pedal still and GEAR
moving the clutch pedal slightly above and below the 'biting-point'. BOX

The movement should be no more than about the width of a one-


pound coin. However, it’s OK to press the clutch down further than
this, as long as you can find your ‘biting-point’ easily.

Good clutch control comes naturally after a while, but remember, Pedal up
you will need lots of practise ... Occasionally, this might lead to the
engine stalling ... That’s OK! It’s all part of the learning process. Pedal up - the engine
Biting is now connected to the
point
wheels and driving
the car
Clutch pedal down Clutch pedal up

Full lessons online at: www smartlearners co uk


www.smartlearners.co.uk
© John Farlam 2009

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7. Moving off and stopping
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There are simple routines to help you with all aspects


OR
of driving. Moving off and stopping is no exception. A
routine you can use here is:

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Avoid parking
near or opposite, 'Prepare - Observe
full documents.
- Move'.
junctions
When preparing the car, your first job is to start
Start your
the30engine.
day freeTake
trial the safety precautions, checking
handbrake and neutral first! Press the clutch pedal
down and select first gear (keep the clutch pedal
down at this point!) Set the gas by pressing the
accelerator pedal to get a lively hum from the engine
(this will ensure that the car has enough power to
move without stalling). Finally, find, and hold, the
biting point.
g
in
k s
c y
lo
a
w
Make all-round observation by completing a ‘six-
b e
t
id
o
a
g
point-check’ using all your mirrors, checking the road
v
A ahead and your blind spots. Consider a signal, and, if
it is safe, release the handbrake; bring the clutch up
gently and move away steering slightly to the right
to take up a safe position in the road.

The routine for stopping begins with observation.


Check your mirrors and consider a signal. When it is
safe to stop, press the footbrake gently, steer
towards the kerb (looking well ahead as you do so)
and press the clutch down just before the car stops.
N
O
E Check the ‘waiting permitted’
N
T
signs before parking on
R yellow lines
Y
This shaded area
shows the extent
of the view from
your door mirror
Finally, secure the car by applying the handbrake and
selecting neutral. Then relax!

Full lessons online at: www smartlearners co uk


www.smartlearners.co.uk
© John Farlam 2009

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8. Steering All Documents
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The first 'rule' for steering is ‘keep your eyes open!’ The pull-push method

Most of the information that your brain needs toOR


This hand
make sense of things when driving a motor car will pulls
come in via your eyes. Become a Scribd member to read and download
full documents. Forde

The second rule is – 'look at what you want to hit'.


SRS
Your first reaction might be that you don't want to This hand
hit anything - very sensible! However,Start
this your 30not
rule is day free trial
slides
as silly as it might at first seem.

Think about walking through a doorway, or along a


corridor. What do you look at? My guess is that you This hand
concentrate on empty space, not at the door frames, slides
not the walls, but the space ahead that you intend to
fill with your body. S
R
S
F
o
rd
e

You want to hit the space and so that's what you look This hand
at; naturally. The same simple rule applies when pushes
steering a motor car – look well ahead for the empty
space that you want to 'hit' with the car.

Although you will be looking well ahead, you need to This hand
scan the road by keeping your eyes moving in order to pulls
make sure that no one else is aiming for the same SRS

space as you! Scanning the road will also help your ed


r oF

brain with positioning and give you advance warning of


potential dangers that might be ahead (ask your This hand
instructor to demonstrate visual scanning with a slides
'commentary drive').

Finally, get into the habit of keeping both hands on


the steering wheel. This gives maximum control, Aim at what you
especially if something takes you by surprise, for
example, a burst tyre. want to hit!

Full lessons online at: www smartlearners co uk


www.smartlearners.co.uk
© John Farlam 2009

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9. The emergency stop All Documents
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One of the main rules of driving is: 'check your
mirrors before every manoeuvre'. The emergency
stopORis the one (and only) occasion that this rule can
be broken.

Pump the footbrake Become a Scribd member to read and download


In an emergency, the most important thing to do is
in cars without ‘ABS’ full to
documents.
stop quickly and safely; taking time to check
your mirrors could literally mean the difference
between
Start your life trial
30 day free and death. However, this does not
mean that you should ignore what's happening
behind; simply remember that stopping is a higher
priority than a mirror check.

By keeping both hands firmly on the steering wheel


and pressing the brake pedal before the clutch, you
will gain maximum stability.

When practising the emergency stop, apply the


handbrake and select neutral after the car has
stopped. In a real emergency, quickly assess the
situation all around after stopping; you might need
Turn the wheels in
the direction of to move your car in order to avoid further danger.
the slide
There is a possibility of skidding in some emergency
situations. The most probable cause for this would
be harsh use of the footbrake. If the car skids, you
can regain control by releasing and then reapplying
the footbrake in quick succession. If the car slides
sideways, turn the steering wheel in the direction
of the slide; at the same time, look well ahead to
keep on course.

In emergency situations it becomes especially


important to look for spaces and not
Be prepared for obstructions.

the unexpected!
Full lessons online at: www smartlearners co uk
www.smartlearners.co.uk
© John Farlam 2009

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10. Meeting vehicles All Documents
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The term ‘meeting vehicles’ applies to any situation where
the road width is restricted and there is not enough space
OR
for two vehicles to pass safely at their normal speed.
Proceed with caution
You will ‘meet’ vehicles where there
Become are parked
a Scribd membercars,toroad
read and download
if another driver flashes
works, narrow bridges, single-track roads, and in other to give way
full documents.
similar situations.

As you approach a ‘meeting’ situation,Start


your your
first30job
dayisfree
to trial
decide who has priority. Normally, if the obstruction is on
your side of the road, you will need to give way.

Where possible, time your approach by slowing down to


arrive when the road is clear. If this is not possible you
will need to decide whether there is enough room to
proceed with caution, or if it would be better to stop and
give way. It is not always easy to make this decision on the
move and quite often you won’t know. This is perfectly OK!
Simply follow the safety rule:

‘If you don’t know, don’t go!’ m


u
im
n
i
m
s
When giving way, leave plenty of space between yourself h
t
g
n
and the obstruction, this will maximise your forward vision e
l
-
r
a
and make it easier to move off when the road is clear, c
o
w
doing this will also help cars behind to realise that you are T

waiting to give way and not pulling in to park.


Make an extra blind-spot
check when moving off
After giving way, make sure that it is safe to move off by at an angle
checking your mirrors, blind-spots and the road ahead. You
might need an extra blind-spot check if you are waiting at
an angle (as shown in the diagram).

Take special care if other drivers flash their headlights.


Remember, flashing headlights simply alert you to the If you don’t know...
other drivers presence – make absolutely sure that the
situation is safe before proceeding. Don’t go!

Full lessons online at: www smartlearners co uk


www.smartlearners.co.uk
© John Farlam 2009

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S mart
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OR

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full documents.

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Road Skills

dr
iv
in
g
le
ons online
ss

ourse handouts 2009


course
your success is just a mouse click away

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Instructor’s notes: Road procedure All Documents
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Handouts 11 - 18 cover road procedure for basic driving situations.

The routes for these subjects should stillOR be kept as quiet as practically possible,
however, it’s inevitable that you will start to encounter more traffic, especially when
Become
graduating to roads with a Scribd crossings.
pedestrian member to read and download
full documents.
It is important that you do not overstretch your pupils at this stage (or indeed any
other stage!).
Start your 30 day free trial

Avoid complex junctions, dual-carriageways, busy one-way systems etc. Your


customers need to gain the habit of routine driving and hone the control skills learnt
earlier in their course.

The subjects in this section are:

Approaching junctions (start with left turns!)


Crossing traffic
Emerging
Crossroads
Y-shaped junctions
Space and speed
Roundabouts
Pedestrian crossings

Whilst teaching the topics above, you may well meet situations that are covered in the
next section of handouts; if this cannot be avoided, simply stick to the basics - your
pupil must not be expected to take responsibility for such situations until after a
focussed lesson on the topic has been completed.

Full lessons online at: www smartlearners co uk


www.smartlearners.co.uk
© John Farlam 2009

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11. Approaching junctions
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Mirrors: Your first job when approaching any
hazard, in this case a junction, is to check your
OR Right turn
mirrors. You are doing this to make sure that waiting position
Keep well to your own
it is safe to slow down and turn (you would side when turning right!
quickly change your mind Become a Scribd
if you realised member to read and download
that
there was a large, out of control, lorry on full
yourdocuments.
tail!).

Signal: Remember that you Start your 30 day free trial


need to signal early enough
for other road users to
recognise your intentions,
making sure that your
Mirrors
LOOK
signals are not misleading.

For example, a signal given too


Signal
early might confuse someone into thinking Adjust your
that you are turning into a driveway, or that
speed and
gear
Position
you are parking on the left.

Position: Move into position after you have


Speed
Move to
signalled. For left turns you will normally
maintain your safe driving line, for right turns
it might be necessary to move towards the
the correct
road
position
Gear
centre of the road. Ensure that you do not stop
too far forwards when turning right otherwise
Signal
in good Look
you will not have enough space to steer. time

Speed: Adjust your speed and select an


appropriate gear before you start to turn.
Most accidents at junctions are caused by
drivers who approach to quickly.
Early
Look: Before turning you must make absolutely mirror
check
sure that it is safe. In order to do this you will
need to look all around and make a final check
in your mirrors (especially the door mirrors).

Full lessons online at: www smartlearners co uk


www.smartlearners.co.uk
© John Farlam 2009

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12. Crossing other traffic All Documents
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As you gain more driving experience, you will come
into contact with more traffic.
OR
There will be many occasions where you will have
to ‘cross the path’ of other vehicles, in other
Become a Scribd member to read and download
words, drive in front of them. Turning right from
a major road to a minor road is a common full documents.
example
of ‘crossing’ (as shown in the diagram). If you could walk across ...
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When turning right from a major road to a minor
road you must not obstruct approaching traffic.

If possible, you should slow down to time your


approach so that you arrive when the road is
clear. Never speed up to ‘make the gap’.

When vehicles are approaching, they have priority


and should not need to change their speed or
direction because of your actions. A useful guide
for crossing the path of traffic is the ‘walk
across’ rule ...

If you consider that you could safely walk across


the road in front of an approaching vehicle, then
it is probably safe to drive across (assuming that
the ‘new’ road is clear!).

Crossing traffic requires extra care on fast


roads, for example, when crossing dual-
Where possible, time
carriageways.
your approach to
arrive when there’s
Always wait until you are 100% sure it is safe a gap in traffic
before making your decision to proceed. Better to
be held up for a few minutes than to find yourself
waking up in the local hospital!

If you don’t know... Don’t go!


Full lessons online at: www smartlearners co uk
www.smartlearners.co.uk
© John Farlam 2009

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13. Emerging at junctions All Documents
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Open junctions are Closed junctions make


OR
unobstructed and it difficult for drivers
give a clear view to see clearly

Become a Scribd member to read and download


full documents. ST
You must be 100%
certain that this car
Start your
is turning before30 day free trial
you make your move Here the driver’s
view is blocked
by the houses

’Emerging’ is the term used by driving instructors and examiners to describe the process of leaving
a minor road to enter, or cross, a major road. Broadly speaking, exits from minor roads can be
classified in two ways: Open or Closed.

An open junction is one where you have a clear view into the new road (both to the left and right)
well before you arrive at the ‘mouth’ of the junction. A closed junction is just the opposite, your
view is restricted until the last moment of the approach.

As you approach junctions you need to take early observation to gain information about the road
layout. In the case of an open junction, early observation provides information about traffic
movement in the new road and will often enable you to proceed without stopping.

Your approach speed must be slow enough to enable ‘effective observation’ – this means that you
need plenty of time to look for traffic in order to decide whether you can emerge safely. The
majority of minor-to-major junctions will require the use of first gear (even when you don’t stop),
especially in town. If in doubt, wait! Remember that the traffic on the new road has priority.

Be especially careful if there is a vehicle approaching from your right on the main road that’s
signalling to turn into the road from which you are emerging . Always make sure that it is turning!
The signal may have been left on by mistake (see the diagram above).

Take special care at unmarked junctions - the other driver might not know who has priority.

Emerging safely takes practise. If you remember that your aim is safety rather than speed you will
soon gain success.

Full lessons online at: www smartlearners co uk


www.smartlearners.co.uk
© John Farlam 2009

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14. Crossroads
What is Scribd? All Documents
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A crossroad is any location where one road crosses another. Crossroads can be marked or
unmarked; you must determine who has priority as you approach.
OR
When approaching on the major-road, check to make sure that the roads on the left and right are
clear before proceeding; you will often need to slow down by easing off the gas and perhaps
Become a Scribd member to read and download
selecting a lower gear. When turning left or right off a major-road at crossroads, make sure that
full
you check all around - traffic can approach documents.
from any direction!

When approaching on a minor-road, the crossroad


Start is simply
your 30 day an extension of a T- junction. Make
free trial
your normal safety checks and include observation of the road ahead. Priority is determined
in the same way as when turning from a major road, however, always double check and only
proceed when you are absolutely sure that it is safe. Take care when following the road ahead ...
Make sure that the ‘new’ road ahead is clear before you start to move..

Take extra care at unmarked crossroads - no one has priority. Be prepared to stop and give way,
even if you consider that you are on the main road - other drivers might be strangers to the area,
or might genuinely think that they have priority.

Options for turning right

If possible, following this The broken line shows the


path – behind the potential path of a fast-moving
approaching car – will give a motorbike.
better view of approaching
traffic.

Take special care if you This area is hidden from the view of driver A.
follow this path – your view There could be bikes or motorbikes passing to
ahead will be restricted. the left of the black car.

Full lessons online at: www smartlearners co uk


www.smartlearners.co.uk
© John Farlam 2009

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What is Scribd?
15. Y - shaped junctions All Documents
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Y-Junctions are in many respects similar to T-
junctions. The main difference is that the shape of the Will the driver of
OR this
junction affects what you can see as you approach; car ‘A’ stop?
often misleads people into approaching too fast in the
Be defensive, check
mistaken belief that the road is clear.
Become a Scribd member to read and download your mirrors and
full documents. ease off the gas...
Some drivers might not even see the junction,
especially when in a strange area or on unlit roads at Just in case!
night. Start your 30 day free trial

When emerging from Y-junctions your view will be


restricted by blind-spots created by the ‘pillars’ of
your car - ask your instructor to point these out to you.

You need to take extra precautions with your


observation and will often need to lean forwards
and/or backwards to compensate for the extra blind-
spots.
B
T

If you have an early, open view into the main road, and
S
A
can see that the road is clear (Car B), make sure the
driver in front (Car A) has moved before you make your
move! Rear-end shunts are not uncommon when
emerging from this type of junction.

From the major road you can easily spot side roads
that enter at an acute angle. If you can clearly see the
side road’s ‘Stop’ or ‘Give-Way’ sign as you drive along
the main road, take extra care. Remember that drivers
who are approaching or waiting to emerge might not
have seen you.

Be especially careful if the side road is unmarked,


drivers on that road might not realise that they are
joining a main road.

Be prepared for the unexpected ...


Full lessons online at: www smartlearners co uk
www.smartlearners.co.uk
© John Farlam 2009

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