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Chemistry in Everyday Life One Shot Bounceback
Chemistry in Everyday Life One Shot Bounceback
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Sakshi Vora
IIT Roorkee
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Chemistry in everyday life
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CHEMICALS IN MEDICINE
Chemicals in Medicines
● Drugs are low molecular mass (100-500u) chemicals which
interact with macromolecular targets and produce a biological
response.
● When the biological response is therapeutic and useful, these
chemicals are called medicines.
● Use of chemicals for therapeutic effect is called chemotherapy.
● If taken in doses higher than those recommended, most of the
drugs used as medicines are potential poisons
therapeutic-- treatment related
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
Classification of Drugs
(a) On the basis of pharmacological effect
(Useful for doctors)
1. analgesics have pain killing effect.
2. antiseptics kill or arrest the growth of microorganisms.
Same pharmacological
activity
3. These drugs are effective in relieving skeletal pain such as that due to
Arthritis.
4. These drugs have many other effects such as reducing fever (antipyretic)
5. Because of its anti blood clotting action, aspirin finds use in prevention
of heart attacks.
Narcotic (Addictive) Analgesics
1. Used for the relief of postoperative pain, cardiac pain and
pains of terminal cancer, and in childbirth.
Bactericidal
Penicillin
Aminoglycosides
Ofloxacin
2. Static effect (Inhibitory)
Bacteriostatic
Erythromycin
Tetracycline
Chloramphenicol
Antibiotics effect
1. Broad spectrum Antibiotic
kill/inhibit wide range gram +ve & gram -ve bacteria
Ampicillin
Amoxicillin
(synthetic modification of penicillin)
Chloroxylenol Terpineol
Antiseptics and Disinfectant
Bithional(also called bithionol) is added to soaps to impart
antiseptic properties
Aspartame 100
Alitame
Saccharin 550
Alitame
Sucralose 600
Alitame
Alitame 2000
FOOD PRESERVATIVES
Food Preservatives
1. Food preservatives prevent spoilage of food due
to microbial growth.
2. The most commonly used preservatives include table
salt, sugar, vegetable oils and sodium
Benzoate, C6H5COONa.
3. Sodium benzoate is used in limited quantities and is
metabolised in the body.
4. Salts of sorbic acid and propanoic acid are also used
as preservatives.
ANTIOXIDANTS
Antioxidants
1. Compounds which are used to prevent oxidation of foods
such as potato chips, biscuits, breakfast cereals, crackers,
etc.
2. Butylated Hydroxy Anisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxy
toluene (BHT) are antioxidants
3. Addition of BHA to butter increases life from month to
years.
4. SO2 and Sulphite are useful antioxidant in beer ,wine
DETERGENTS & SOAPS
DETERGENTS & SOAPS
Two types of detergents are used as cleansing agents.
1. Soaps
2. Synthetic detergents.
Improve cleansing properties of water. These help in removal of fats
which bind other materials to the fabric or skin.
Soaps
1. Sodium and potassium Salt of long chain fatty
acids
Example - Stericacid ,oleic acid and palmitic acid
SAPONIFICATION
Saponification
1. Soaps containing sodium salts are formed by heating
fat (i.e., glyceryl ester of fatty acid) with aqueous
sodium hydroxide solution.
2. This reaction is known as saponification
-H2O
CH3(CH2)16COOH + HO(CH2CH2O)nCH2CH2OH CH3(CH2)16COO(CH2CH2O)nCH2CH2OH
Stearic acid polyethyleneglycol
Non-ionic Detergents
Liquid dishwashing detergents are non-ionic type. Mechanism
of cleansing action of this type of detergents is the same as
that of soaps. These also remove grease and oil by micelle
formation.
PYQs
Example 1
Match the following drugs with their therapeutic actions
A. Anti-inflammatory
B. Antidepressant
C. Antihistamine
D. Analgesic
Example
The following molecule acts as an:
A. Antiseptic
B. Antidepressant
C. Antihistamine
D. Analgesic
Example
The following molecule acts as an:
A.
A. Antiseptic
B.
B. Antidepressant
C.
C. Antibacterial
D.
D. Antihistamine
Example
The mechanism of action of "Terfenadine" (Seldane) is :
A.
A. Activates the histamine receptor
B.
B. Inhibits the secretion of histamine
C.
C. Helps in the secretion of histamine
D.
D. Inhibits the action of histamine receptor
Main Sep. 04, 2020 (II)
Example
The antifertility drug “Novestrol” can react with
A.
A. ZnCl2/HCl; FeCl3, Alcoholic HCN
B.
B. Br2/ water; ZnCl2/HCl, FeCl3
C.
C. Alcoholic HCN; NaOCl; ZnCl2/ HCl
D. Main Sep. 03, 2020 (I)
D. Br2/ water; ZnCl2/ HCl; NaOCl
Example
Noradrenaline is a/an
Main 2019 (II)
A.
A. Antacid
B.
B. Neurotransmitter
C.
C. Antidepressant
D.
D. Antihistamine
Example
The predominant form of histamine present in human blood is
(pKa, Histidine - 6.0)
A.
B.
C.
D. Main 2018
Example
The reason for "drug induced poisoning" is
A.
A. Binding reversibly at the active site of the enzyme
B.
B. Bringing conformational change in the binding site of enzyme
C.
C. Binding irreversibly to the active site of the enzyme
D.
D. Binding at the allosteric sites of the enzyme Main 2017
Example
Which of the following is a bactericidal antibiotic ? Main 2016
A.
A. Ofloxacin
B.
B. Tetracycline
C.
C. Chloramphenicol
D.
D. Erythromycin
Example
The artificial sweetener that has the highest sweetness value in Main 2016
comparison to cane sugar is
A.
A. Sucralose
B.
B. Aspartane
C.
C. Saccharin
D.
D. Alitame
Example
The number of chiral carbons present in the molecule given below Main 2016
is _______.
Example
The number of chiral centres in penicillin is
Example
The number of chiral carbons in chloramphenicol is
Example
The number of sp2 hybridised carbons present in “Aspartame”
is
Example
Match the following drugs with their therapeutic actions
A.
A. (i)-(A); (ii)-(C); (iii)-(B); (iv)-(E)
B.
B. (i)-(D); (ii)-(A); (iii)-(B); (iv)-(C)
C.
C. (i)-(E); (ii)-(A); (iii)-(C); (iv)-(D)
D.
D. (i)-(D); (ii)-(C); (iii)-(A); (iv)-(E)
Example
A chemist has 4 samples of artificial sweetener A, B, C and D. To
identify these samples, he performed certain experiments and
noted the following observations:
A.
A. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
B.
B. Glyceryl oleate
C.
C. Sodium stearate
D.
D. Sodium lauryl sulphate
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