Forest Science and Technology

ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: www.tandfonline.com/journals/tfst20

Growth performance, biomass accumulation, and

energy production in age series of clonal teak
plantation

Pandu Yudha Adi Putra Wirabuana, Rina Laksmi Hendrati, Liliana

Baskorowati, Mudji Susanto, Mashudi, Harry Budi Santoso Sulistiadi, Dedi
Setiadi, Sumardi & Syamsu Alam

To cite this article: Pandu Yudha Adi Putra Wirabuana, Rina Laksmi Hendrati, Liliana
Baskorowati, Mudji Susanto, Mashudi, Harry Budi Santoso Sulistiadi, Dedi Setiadi, Sumardi
& Syamsu Alam (2022) Growth performance, biomass accumulation, and energy production
in age series of clonal teak plantation, Forest Science and Technology, 18:2, 67-75, DOI:
10.1080/21580103.2022.2063952

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2022.2063952

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa Published online: 27 Apr 2022.

UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis
Group.

Submit your article to this journal Article views: 1806

View related articles View Crossmark data

Citing articles: 2 View citing articles

Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at

https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tfst20
FOREST SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
E-ISSN 2158-0715, 2022, VOL. 18, NO. 2, 67–75
https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2022.2063952

ARTICLE

Growth performance, biomass accumulation, and energy production in

age series of clonal teak plantation
Pandu Yudha Adi Putra Wirabuanaa, Rina Laksmi Hendratib, Liliana Baskorowatib, Mudji Susantob,
Mashudib, Harry Budi Santoso Sulistiadib, Dedi Setiadib, Sumardib and Syamsu Alamc
a
Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; bForest Biotechnology
and Tree Improvement Research and Development Centre, Indonesia Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Yogyakarta,
Indonesia; cDepartment of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari, Indonesia

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

Clonal teak plantation has been extensively developed in Java and providing a purposeful Received 9 December 2021
contribution to improve the productivity of the state forests. It also plays a crucial role in cli- Accepted 4 April 2022
mate change mitigation and serves as a primary source of renewable energy. However,
KEYWORDS
information about its stand dynamics has been rarely documented. This study investigated
Stand dynamics; state
the growth, biomass, carbon stock, and energy storage along an age series of clonal teak forests; productivity;
plantation. The study site was located in the Kendal Forest Management Unit. Data were col- renewable energy; climate
lected from 14 different compartments as the priority sites of clonal teak establishment. change mitigation
Every compartment had similar site quality but different in age stand. Results demonstrated
that the incremental rate of diameter and height was higher during the initial period
between 1 and 3 years. The mean volume increased along with age and reached its max-
imum value at 14 years (164.54 m3 ha
1). Biomass distribution in each tree component varied
from 8.75 to 66.72%. More than 80% biomass production was accumulated above ground.
Total carbon stock improved from 2.68 Mg ha
1 at 1 year to 54.01 Mg ha
1 at 14 years. Our
study noted that the total energy storage in clonal teak plantation increased progressively
from 22.71  106 MJ ha
1 at 1 year to 377.74  106 MJ ha
1 at 14 years. Overall, this study
concluded the growth, biomass, carbon, and energy in clonal teak increased progressively
with age. Further investigations are still required to understand the stand dynamics of clonal
teak at different sites.

Introduction absorption of CO2 in the atmosphere through the

Global demand for wood as a raw material for com-
mercial industries such as construction, furniture, and
plywood is increasing rapidly, putting great pressure
on the sustainability of natural forests (Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2009).
This condition has encouraged forest managers to pro-
liferate wood production by developing plantation for-
ests. With over 277.9 million hectares being managed
worldwide (Payn et al. 2015), plantation forests supply
more than 35% of total wood availability in the
marketplace (McEwan et al. 2020). It also gives a pur-
poseful contribution to improve gross domestic prod-
ucts, and to accelerate the efforts of rural development,
especially in developing countries (Nambiar 2015).
Some references have documented that the existence of
plantation forests also play an essential role to support
global climate change mitigation and energy resilience
(Magnago et al. 2016; Matsumoto et al. 2016; Ferreira
et al. 2017). Furthermore, many literatures have
reported that around 50% of forest biomass is com-
posed of carbon, a residual byproduct from the
photosynthesis process (Justine et al. 2015; Ma et al.
2018; Viera and Rodr
ıguez-Soalleiro 2019). Other stud-
ies have recorded that the vegetation biomass is a pri-
mary source of renewable energy that is eco-friendly,
since it generates lower carbon emission than fossil
fuels like natural gas, crude oil, and coal (Ben-Iwo
et al. 2016; Owusu and Asumadu-sarkodie 2016;
Perea-Moreno et al. 2019). Based on these facts, it is
imperative that the implementation of sustainable
plantation in forest management is one of the domin-
ant concepts emerging in many tropical countries,
including Indonesia.
Presently, plantation forests of several species have
been widely established in Indonesia including cajuput
(Melaleuca cajuputi), pine (Pinus merkusii), teak
(Tectona grandis), acacia (Acacia mangium), and euca-
lyptus (Eucalyptus pellita). Among them, teak planta-
tion is most valuable forest plantations, particularly in
Java. It is generally managed by Perum Perhutani, as
the representative of state company. Approximately 1.2
million hectares of land cover of the state forests,

CONTACT Pandu Yudha Adi Putra Wirabuana pandu.yudha.a.p@ugm.ac.id Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas
Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
ß 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/),
which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
68 P. Y. A. P. WIRABUANA ET AL. E-ISSN 2158-0715

mainly in East and Central Java, has been dominated Materials and methods
by teak plantations (Sumarti et al. 2018). However, the
Study site
demand is still unmanageable not only due to rapid
industrial development, but also because of the slow The study was conducted in clonal teak plantation of
harvesting process. Teak is a slow growing species that Central Java, managed by the Kendal
requires extended periods to harvest, with its rotation Forest Management Unit. It is located within
ranging up to 60 years so it requires relatively long geographic position of S6 510 2200 –7 70 1700 and
periods to harvest (Budiadi and Ishii 2017). Hence, in E109 430 2800 –110 240 3500 . The total area of plantation
order to counterbalance the timber’s supply and forest is around 20,428.40 ha with effective sites for
demand shortage, Perum Perhutani, by establishing the timber production measuring approximately
tree improvement program, has developed clonal teak 16,574.63 ha. The area has been divided into three for-
model for teak plantations. Established since 2004, the est regions, namely Subah, Kalibodri, and Kaliwungu.
clonal teak plantation has expanded rapidly over this The development of clonal teak plantations at the
period. Numerous studies have demonstrated the study site used a spacing of 3  3 m (1111 tree ha
1).
increased performance of clonal teak plantation with In early periods from 1 to 3 years, the practice of agro-
comparatively more rapid growth and potentially forestry was implemented under clonal teak stands by
shorter rotation than the conventional seed teak plan- local farmers who also had obligations to conduct land
tation (Palanisamy et al. 2009; Adinugraha and preparation, planting, and plant maintenance. Starting
Mahfudz 2016; Budiadi and Ishii 2017). Due to the from 4 years, clonal teak stand was own managed by
faster rate of photosynthesis, clonal teak also contains enterprise wherein the company only conducted thin-
higher potential for storing carbon (Behera and ning in every 5 years.
Priyadarshini 2015). These plantations also act as a The topography is relatively gradient with a slope
source of alternative high calorie energy derived from level range of 0–45%. The altitude varied from 50 to
the stems, branches, and roots (G€ unther et al. 2012).
534 m above sea level. The soil types are dominantly
These facts indicate that the establishment of clonal
alfisol and vertisol with acidity level ranging from 4.5
teak plantation that contributes better biomass will not
to 6.5. The majority area of this site is classified as
only stabilize the timber supply shortage, but also play
having moist condition with air humidity varying
a significant role in reducing carbon emissions and
between 75 and 85%. The average daily temperature is
generating renewable energy. For fundamental consid-
27  C with mean minimum of 22  C and maximum of
eration in forest planning, information on stand
33  C. Annual rainfall is about 2440 mm year
1. Most
dynamics of clonal teak plantation is crucial; however,
of the rainfall occurs between December and February,
it has been rarely documented.
with the highest rainfall recorded in February. Dry
Several references have illustrated how stand
period starts from July and ends in October, for total
dynamics have strong correlations with attributes of
plantation forests (Pretzsch et al. 2014; Nerlekar et al. of 4 months (Putra 2019).
2019; Yang et al. 2019). These attributes include obser-
vation parameters, namely diameter distribution, dom- Data collection and analysis
inant tree height, growth rate, timber production,
biomass accumulation, and carbon storage along the Data were collected from 14 different compartments as
series of stand age (Pretzsch et al. 2014; R
ıo et al. the priority sites for clonal teak establishment (Table
2016; Chiteculo and Surovy 2018). Those indicators 1). Every compartment has similar site quality but dif-
are commonly used as the basis for developing deci- fers in stand age. The study observed clonal teak
sion for support systems in plantation forest manage- stands at an age series of 1–14 years. Stand measure-
ment. By calculating stand dynamics, forest ments were carried out by the quadrant method with
managers can estimate productivity and prospective the sampling plot of 50  50 m (Ca~ nadas-L et al. 2018).
yields, predict future plantation structure and compos-
ition, control silviculture costs, as well as improve
landscape-scale values (O’Hara 2004). In contrast, the Table 1. Detail of compartments for data collection reviewed from age
recommendations of forest planning will be aimless of stand, site index, altitude, and forest resort.
without deliberating stand dynamics because it is Age (years) Site index Soil type Altitude (m dpl) Forest resorts
implausible to determine the best strategy for main- 1 III Alfisol 87 Mangkang
taining plantation forest sustainability in the absence 2 III Alfisol 118 Mangkang
3 III Alfisol 100 Mangkang
of proper yield regulation and appropriate silviculture 4 III Alfisol 152 Boja
implementation. This study aims to explore the trends 5 III Alfisol 108 Mangkang
of growth, biomass, carbon stock, and energy storage 6 III Alfisol 102 Mangkang
7 III Alfisol 87 Mangkang
in ages of clonal teak stand to support clonal teak 8 III Alfisol 105 Boja
plantation management; particularly for timber pro- 9 III Alfisol 102 Mangkang
duction, climate change mitigation, and renewable 10 III Alfisol 120 Mangkang
11 III Alfisol 112 Boja
energy source. These outcomes will provide crucial 12 III Alfisol 114 Boja
information for the forest managers to comprehend 13 III Alfisol 132 Mangkang
stand dynamics in clonal teak plantation. 14 III Alfisol 121 Mangkang
E-ISSN 2158-0715
Approximately three sampling plots were placed on
each compartment with the distance between plots
ranging from 100 to 200 m. The indicators selected to
describe the clonal teak growth were tree density,
diameter at breast height, tree height, and stand vol-
ume. Our study also measured biomass distribution,
carbon stock, and energy storage on each component
(stem, branches, leaves, and roots) of clonal teak.
Tree height was calculated from the mean tree
height, which in turn was measured from the tree base
up to the top of the crown, whereas diameter was
enumerated from the average tree diameter measured
at 1.3 m above ground. Stand volume was computed as
the sum of tree volume on each sampling plot, con-
verted into hectare units. An allometric model was
adopted to estimate the individual tree volume (V) in
m3 by using diameter at breast height (DBH) in cm as
a predictor variable (Equation (1); Dewanto 2017).
V ¼ 0:00006DBH 2:832 (1)
Biomass distribution and carbon stock were meas-
ured using the destructive method. Each age of stand
was represented by three sample trees, by harvesting a
tree on each sampling plot. After the selected trees
were harvested, the components were separated into
stem, branches, leaves, and roots. In this study, the
root excavation was conducted using hoe and only
able to measure the smallest size of root diameter until
5 cm. Next, the fresh weight of every part was recorded
and an approximate of 500 g sample was dried at 70  C
for 48 h in a forced-air oven for biomass determination
(Sadono et al. 2021). Then, the carbon storage was
converted from total biomass of each tree component
since around 50% biomass was composed of carbon
(Goussanou et al. 2016; Viera and Rodr
ıguez-Soalleiro
2019; Sadono et al. 2020). The energy content of clonal
teak biomass was estimated from the woody compo-
nents only, i.e. roots, stems, and branches by using


ASTM standard E-711-87 (Alvarez-

Alvarez et al. 2018).
After obtaining the calorific value from every tree
component, the energy storage was calculated by mul-
tiplying calorific value and biomass.
Afterward, allometric models were constructed by
referring to the data as outcomes of destructed trees. It
was directed to support the estimation of biomass and
carbon in trees that were not harvested by considering
DBH as the independent variable. Equation performan-
ces were evaluated with a coefficient of determination
(R2) and standard error of estimates. Residual normal-
ity from equations was examined by using Anderson-
Darling test (Arora et al. 2014). Comparison of
biomass, carbon, and energy on each component of
clonal teak were analyzed by using one-way ANOVA,
followed by HSD Tukey. Relationship between age of
stand and parameters of clonal teak performance were
assessed by Pearson correlation analysis. All statistical
analyses were processed using R software version 3.6.1.
with a significant level of 5% (R Core Team 2017).
FOREST SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 69
Results
Trends of growth performance in clonal teak
With the increase in age, the diameter and height
improved gradually, however, the proportion of tree
density declined (Figure 1). Around 5.69% of trees
were lost every year. The clonal teak exhibited the
maximum diameter of 27.30 cm and maximum height
of 20.30 m with its stand volume around
164.54 m3 ha
1, coequally at the same age of 14 years
(Figure 1). The incremental rate of height and diam-
eter was higher during the first 1–3 years, but gradually
reduced in following years. Negative correlation was
noted between age and tree density (r ¼
0.99,
p < 0.001), while positive correlations were observed in
the relationships between age and other parameters,
namely diameter (r ¼ 0.96, p < 0.001), height (r ¼ 0.93,
p < 0.001), and stand volume (r ¼ 0.97, p < 0.001;
Table 2). Interestingly, tree density also had a negative
relationship with diameter (r ¼
0.97, p < 0.001) and
height (r ¼
0.97, p < 0.001; Table 2). The results indi-
cated that the decline of tree density contributed to the
increment of diameter and height in clonal teak.
Biomass distribution and carbon stock
Biomass distribution in each tree component of clonal
teak varied from 8.75 to 66.72% (Table 3). The similar
trend was also discovered in carbon allocation (Table
3). The highest mean biomass and carbon accumula-
tion were noted in stem (66.72%), followed by roots
(13.47%), leaves (11.04%), and branches (8.25%).
Interestingly, the trend of biomass distribution was
relatively fluctuating along with the increasing age
(Figure 2). Allometric models were constructed
between biomass and carbon in clonal teak compo-
nents with DBH (Table4). All the resulted models were
showed in R2 values, which are higher than 70%
thereby indicating that the models have good accuracy
(Table 4). In addition, the model equations also have
normality of residuals normal distribution according to
the Anderson–Darling test. These models indicate its
potential use in estimating the biomass and carbon
content of unharvested (Table 4).
The summarized results of estimation demonstrated
that biomass distribution and carbon allocation gener-
ally increased with age, which in this study was meas-
ured at 14 years reaching its maximum value at the
final period of observation (Table 5). The total biomass
had proliferated from 5.8 Mg ha
1 at 1 year to
115.0 Mg ha
1 at 14 years. Similarly, total carbon
enhanced from 2.68 Mg ha
1 at 1 year to 54.01 Mg
ha
1 at the final assessment (Table 5). The study
found that more than 80% of biomass and carbon
stock were accumulated above ground. Meanwhile, the
contribution of leaf biomass and leaf carbon stock
showed a declining trend with an increasing age. It
was also discovered that there are positive and signifi-
cant correlations between age with biomass accumula-
tion and carbon storage in each tree components of
clonal teak (Table 2).
70 P. Y. A. P. WIRABUANA ET AL. E-ISSN 2158-0715

1250
(a)
1000

Tree density (ha -1)

750

500

250

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Age (years)
35 35
(b)
Height (m)
28 28
Diameter (cm)

Height (m)
21 21

14 14

7 7

0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Age (years)

200
(c)
Stand volume (m3 ha -1)

160

120

80

40

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Age (years)
Figure 1. (a) Tree density; (b) average diameter and mean height; (c) stand volume in clonal teak plantation, each at different ages.

Table 2. Correlation matrix among observation variables.

Age N D H SV RB SB BB LB RC SC BC LC RE SE BE
Age
N –0.99
D 0.96 –0.97
H 0.93 –0.97 0.97
SV 0.97 –0.98 0.99 0.96
RB 0.94 –0.95 1.00 0.96 0.97
SB 0.96 –0.95 0.99 0.93 0.97 0.99
BB 0.87 –0.91 0.96 0.95 0.92 0.97 0.93
LB 0.78 –0.84 0.91 0.93 0.87 0.92 0.86 0.96
RC 0.94 –0.95 1.00 0.96 0.97 1.00 0.99 0.97 0.93
SC 0.96 –0.95 0.99 0.93 0.97 0.99 1.00 0.93 0.86 0.99
BC 0.87 –0.91 0.96 0.95 0.92 0.97 0.93 1.00 0.96 0.97 0.93
LC 0.78 –0.84 0.91 0.93 0.87 0.92 0.86 0.96 1.00 0.93 0.86 0.96
RE 0.96 –0.92 0.91 0.86 0.93 0.91 0.94 0.81 0.71 0.91 0.94 0.81 0.71
SE 0.81 –0.87 0.90 0.93 0.87 0.90 0.84 0.98 0.96 0.91 0.84 0.98 0.96 0.71
BE 0.89 –0.90 0.94 0.89 0.94 0.93 0.94 0.85 0.83 0.93 0.94 0.85 0.83 0.88 0.76
Note: N (tree density), D (diameter), H (height), SV (stand volume), RB (root biomass), SB (stem biomass), BB (branches biomass), LB (leaves biomass),
RC (root carbon), SC (stem carbon), BC (branches carbon), LC (leaves carbon), RE (root energy content), SE (stem energy content), BE (branches
energy content). The bold number indicates significant correlation.
E-ISSN 2158-0715 FOREST SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 71

Table 3. Biomass distribution (%), carbon stock (%), and energy storage (%) in each component of clonal teak.
No. Tree component Biomass content (%) Carbon stock (%) Energy storage (%)
1 Root 13.47 þ 2.73a 13.46 þ 2.75a 36.72 þ 7.23a
2 Stem 66.72 þ 7.94b 66.71 þ 7.93b 35.39 þ 5.06a
3 Branches 8.75 þ 4.58c 8.74 þ 4.59c 32.55 þ 1.17a
4 Leaves 11.04 þ 7.28a 11.03 þ 7.27a (Blanks)
Blanks: data not available.

100
Biomass distribution (%)

80

60 Leaves

40 Branches

Stem
20
Root
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Age (years)
Figure 2. Biomass allocation in tree components across the increasing age.

Table 4. Relationship between biomass (kg tree
1) and carbon storage
(kg tree
1) with diameter at breast height (DBH).
DBH versus biomass
Tree
Parameter estimate
component a b
Root 0.022 2.134
Stem 0.025 2.666
Branches 0.042 1.834
Leaves 0.189 1.258
Equation used: Y ¼ aXb.
Energy storage in wood component of clonal teak
The energy storage in wood components of clonal teak
was noted more fluctuating than their biomass and
carbon. The total energy had increased progressively
from 22.71  106 MJ ha
1 at 1 year to
377.74  106 MJ ha
1 at 14 years (Table 6). A positive
and significant correlation was also noticed between
age and energy storage in roots, stems, and branches
(Table 2). Interestingly, the energy storage in stem
gradually increased along with the age (Figure 3). On
another side, the dynamic trends were recorded in the
energy stock of roots and branches.
Discussion
In commercial forest plantations, several factors con-
tributes to the decline in tree density namely, natural
selection, human disturbance, and silviculture imple-
mentation (Pretzsch et al. 2019). Competition for light,
water, nutrient, and growing space frequently results in
natural selection (Craine and Dybzinski 2013). The
weaker trees do not survive due to the unavailability of
limited resources required to support their growth and
development (Seifert et al. 2014). In addition, distur-
bances caused by humans such as illegal logging and
grazing also results in tree density reduction (V
asquez-
Grand
on et al. 2018). A study discovered that open-
grazing significantly contributed to tree mortality
(Kaufmann et al. 2014). Practicing silvicultural, par-
DBH versus carbon ticularly thinning, also decreased tree density since it is
Parameter estimate conducted to provide more growing space for superior
R-square a b R-square trees by harvesting the inferior trees (Budiadi and Ishii
0.939 0.010 2.135 0.938 2017). Under this case study, the thinning was prac-
0.900 0.012 2.662 0.899 ticed in rotation of 5 years with 50% intensity.
0.704 0.020 1.835 0.705
0.729 0.087 1.257 0.728
Therefore, the number of tree density in clonal teak
plantation declined with the increasing of age.
Despite tree density was found the lowest at
14 years, it resulted in maximal diameter and height.
Availability of growing space encouraged expansion of
the clonal teak. Growing space is essential for hard-
wood species since it facilitates the process of crown
development to increase the effectiveness of crown sur-
face area for light absorption (Nogueira et al. 2015;
Pretzsch et al. 2015; Ferraz Filho et al. 2018; Sadono
2018). However, crown development is restricted when
canopies overlap. Hence, to avoid growth stagnancy,
forest managers are recommended to practice regular
pruning and thinning to enhance crown development
(R
ıo et al. 2017).
Clonal teak in this study exhibited increased diam-
eter and height during the initial (1–3) years with
incorporation of agroforestry practices at the planta-
tion sites. The introduction of agroforestry consider-
ably improved the growth rate of clonal teak due to
regular practice of intensive maintenance including fer-
tilization, weeding, and soil tillage (Pachas et al. 2019).
To illustrate, fertilization increased the availability of
soil nutrients benefiting the clonal teak by easy absorp-
tion of these nutrients (Fern
andez-Moya et al. 2014).
Weeding minimized competition for the resources
(Anoop and Kumar 1994), while application of soil till-
age improved the soil structure (Rica et al. 2016).
However, at the rear of 3 years, high canopy closure
restricted agroforestry practices, which resulted in
diminished growth; establishing its significance in clo-
nal teak development.
72 P. Y. A. P. WIRABUANA ET AL. E-ISSN 2158-0715

Table 5. Estimated biomass and carbon stocks in clonal teak plantation in a series age.
Biomass production (Mg ha
1) Carbon storage (Mg ha
1)
Age (years) Root Stem Branches Leaves Total Root Stem Branches Leaves Total
1 1.02 2.88 NA 1.86 5.75 0.46 1.37 NA 0.85 2.68
2 2.71 9.96 NA 3.19 15.86 1.21 4.74 NA 1.46 7.41
3 6.39 29.37 5.35 5.17 46.28 2.84 13.95 2.55 2.37 21.72
4 7.01 33.73 5.70 5.23 51.68 3.12 16.01 2.72 2.40 24.26
5 6.86 33.19 5.57 5.08 50.69 3.05 15.75 2.66 2.33 23.79
6 7.68 38.44 6.10 5.36 57.58 3.41 18.24 2.91 2.46 27.03
7 8.07 40.89 6.36 5.52 60.84 3.58 19.41 3.04 2.53 28.56
8 8.09 42.07 6.29 5.31 61.77 3.59 19.96 3.01 2.44 29.00
9 7.98 42.09 6.16 5.11 61.34 3.55 19.97 2.94 2.35 28.80
10 9.35 51.72 7.01 5.52 73.60 4.15 24.53 3.35 2.53 34.56
11 9.76 55.04 7.23 5.57 77.60 4.33 26.10 3.45 2.56 36.44
12 10.73 62.57 7.80 5.79 86.89 4.76 29.66 3.72 2.66 40.80
13 12.80 78.71 9.01 6.31 106.83 5.67 37.30 4.30 2.90 50.17
14 13.44 86.13 9.24 6.19 115.00 5.95 40.80 4.41 2.84 54.01
NA: data not available due the absence of this component at that age.

should apply for clonal teak. In order to increase the

Table 6. Estimated energy storage in each wood components of clonal
teak at different ages. level of site quality for clonal teak, forest managers
Energy (106 MJ ha–1) should also conduct silvicultural practices such as fer-
tilization, mulching, weeding, and soil tillage.
Age (years) Roots Stem Branch Total
Energy content in tree wood component principally
1 22.54 0.17 NA 22.71
2 52.53 1.97 NA 54.50 originates from the sun that is absorbed through the
3 132.68 15.20 107.88 255.75 photosynthetic process (Ellison et al. 2017). Then, the
4 157.17 27.06 105.14 289.36 energy is converted into biomass as the net primary
5 112.18 26.19 77.57 215.95
6 112.10 28.12 90.38 230.60 productivity of the tree (Robakowski et al. 2018). This
7 129.15 33.64 115.03 277.82 energy is then released as heat, when biomass is
8 103.72 33.67 79.31 216.70
9 100.53 31.21 76.88 208.63
burned (Ferreira et al. 2017). Therefore, higher bio-
10 136.33 54.84 96.37 287.55 mass indicated greater energy production. It confirms
11 113.47 52.19 89.23 254.89 why the energy production of clonal teak stands was
12 84.08 70.72 73.15 227.94
13 137.29 143.92 119.05 400.27
gradually improved with age even though the number
14 129.94 152.13 95.66 377.74 of tree density declined.
NA: data not available due the absence of this component at that age. Most residents of Java, particularly living in rural
area, still daily utilize the tree branches as fuel wood.
It is commonly found that biomass production and The clonal teak wood is still not considered practicable
carbon accumulation in each hardwood species are except for its branches and remnants as a source of
determined by various factors such as age, site quality, renewable energy. However, with the significant rise in
genetics, and silvicultural practices. Biomass and car- energy demand, especially in the last decade, its poten-
bon stock increases with age due to the effect of incre- tial as an alternative source of renewable energy might
ment in diameter and height (Kohl et al. 2017). be contemplated further.
Increased height and diameter results in greater bio- Although this study found a high potential of clonal
mass and carbon allocation along with improving the teak plantation for supporting climate change mitiga-
wood volume in clonal teak. This is in line with the tion and renewable energy development, further inves-
correlation analysis outcome that demonstrated posi- tigations are required to explore the feasibility of
tive and significant correlations between diameter and clonal teak for these objectives. Our study was only
height with biomass and carbon content. limited to documenting the potential use of clonal teak
Site quality influences the biomass and carbon con- forest in Kendal site. Other studies are also necessary
tent as it is associated with land suitability for support- to collect more comprehensive information about the
ing overall plant growth (Keyser and Zarnoch 2012). carbon storage and energy content of clonal teak plan-
Results demonstrated comparatively lower productivity tations from different locations.
(timber volume, biomass, and carbon) in impoverished It is also fully encouraged to conduct research for
sites. Numerous studies on the significance of site evaluating the quality of clonal teak wood in the vari-
quality in growth of hardwood species such as clonal ous age of stand since there is a potential use of clonal
teak have concurred that the determination of site teak wood for other industries, such as construction,
quality based on tree performance has proved to be furniture, and art. The information will help forest
more reliable than the biophysical attributes, such as managers determine an optimum rotation of clonal
soil fertility, altitude and slope (Torres et al. 2012; teak stands for every industry. For example, the feasi-
Manson et al. 2013; Sadono 2017). Moreover, the bility of clonal teak plantation for wood energy may
responses of trees on specific site condition will vary have a shorter cycle than construction and furniture
depending on its adaptability (King et al. 2013; Binkley usage. On another side, forest managers can also opti-
et al. 2017). Mostly teak species prefer soils with good mize the utilization of wood harvesting in several alter-
aeration (Wehr et al. 2017) and similar condition natives schemes, such as merchantable stem for
E-ISSN 2158-0715
250
Energy content (x10 MJ ha -1)
200
150
100
50
0
1 2
Figure 3. Energy storage in each component of clonal teak stands at different ages.
furniture, defective stem for art, and branches for fire-
wood. This effort will minimize the number of residual
wood from timber extraction and positively contribute
to maintaining clonal teak plantations.
Conclusion
Based on the results, our study concluded that the
growth, biomass, carbon, and energy storage in clonal
teak increased progressively with age, where the higher
growth rate occurred during the initial 1–3 years after
establishment. The distribution of biomass and carbon
in clonal teak varied in each tree component but the
majority of biomass and carbon were accumulated in
the stem. The allocation of energy storage in each tree
wood component of clonal teak looked proportional
where there were no significant differences among
roots, stem, and branches. Continuous studies are still
required to construct the basic data regarding the
stand dynamics in clonal teak plantation.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Kendal
Forest Management Unit, who permitted us to conduct this
research in their concession area. We are also thankful to
anonymous reviewer for their suggestions to improve the quality
of article.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Author contributions
All authors contributed equally either to data collection, labora-
tory analysis, data analysis, and writing of this article.
References
Adinugraha HA, Mahfudz M. 2016. Genetic parameter estima-
tion of teak clonal test at 5 years old in Wonogiri, Central
Java. J Wasian. 3(1):17–24.
FOREST SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 73
Stem
Branches
Root
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Age (years)


Alvarez-

Alvarez P, Pizarro C, Barrio-Anta M, C
amara-Obreg
on


A, Bueno JLM, Alvarez A, Guti
errez I, Burslem DFRP. 2018.
Evaluation of tree species for biomass energy production in
Northwest Spain. Forests. 9(4):160–165.
Anoop EV, Kumar BM. 1994. Teak (Tectona grandis) growth in
response to weed control treatments. J Trop For Manag. 6(4):
379–386.
Arora G, Chaturvedı S, Kaushal R, Naı n A, Tewarı S, Alam
NM, Chaturvedı OP. 2014. Growth, biomass, carbon stocks
and sequestration in an age series of Populus deltoides planta-
tions in Tarai region of central Himalaya. Turk J Agric For.
38:550–560.
Behera M, Priyadarshini N. 2015. Biomass accumulation and
carbon stocks in 13 different clones of teak (Tectona Grandis
Linn. F.) in Odisha, India. Curr World Environ. 10(3):
1011–1016.
Ben-Iwo J, Manovic V, Longhurst P. 2016. Biomass resources
and biofuels potential for the production of transportation
fuels in Nigeria. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 63:172–192.
Binkley D, Campoe OC, Alvares C, Carneiro RL, Cegatta
I,
Stape JL. 2017. The interactions of climate, spacing and genet-
ics on clonal eucalyptus plantations across Brazil and
Uruguay. For Ecol Manag. 405:271–283.
Budiadi W, Ishii H. 2017. Response of a clonal teak plantation
to thinning and pruning in Java, Indonesia. J Trop For Sci.
29:44–53.
Ca~nadas-L A,
Andrade-Candell J, Dom
ınguez-A J, Molina-H C,
Schnabel-D O, Vargas-Hern
andez J, Wehenkel C. 2018.
Growth and yield models for teak planted as living fences in
Coastal Ecuador. Forests. 9(2):55.
Chiteculo V, Surovy P. 2018. Dynamic patterns of trees species
in miombo forest and management perspectives for sustain-
able production-case study in Huambo Province, Angola.
Forests. 9(6):321–328.
Craine JM, Dybzinski R. 2013. Mechanisms of plant competition
for nutrients, water and light. Funct Ecol. 27(4):833–840.
Dewanto . 2017. Potensi tanaman jati plus perhutani (JPP) stek
pucuk sebagai penyedia bahan energi, kayu pertukangan, dan
penyimpanan karbon. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Ellison D, Morris CE, Locatelli B, Sheil D, Cohen J, Murdiyarso
D, Gutierrez V, Noordwijk M, Creed IF, Pokorny J, et al.
2017. Trees, forests and water: cool insights for a hot world.
Global Environ Change. 43:51–61.
Fern
andez-Moya J, Alvarado A, Miguel-Ayanz AS, Marchamalo-
Sacrist
an M. 2014. Forest nutrition and fertilization in teak
(Tectona grandis L.f.) plantations in Central America. New
Zealand J For Sci. 44(Suppl 1):S6–S8.
Ferraz Filho AC, Mola-Yudego B, Gonz
alez-Olabarria JR,
Scolforo JRS. 2018. Thinning regimes and initial spacing for
eucalyptus plantations in Brazil. An Acad Bras Cienc. 90(1):
255–265.
74 P. Y. A. P. WIRABUANA ET AL.
Ferreira MC, Santos RC, Castro RVO, Carneiro ACO, Silva
GGC, Castro AFNM, Costa SEL, Pimenta AS. 2017. Bıomass
and energy productı on at short rotatı on eucalyptus clonal


plantatıons deployed ın Rio Grande do Norte1. Rev Arvore.
41(5):1–7.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2009.
State of the world’s forests [online]. [accessed 2021 Oct 17].
https://www.fao.org/3/i0350e/i0350e00.htm
Goussanou CA, Guendehou S, Assogbadjo AE, Kaire M, Sinsin
B, Cuni-Sanchez A. 2016. Specific and generic stem biomass
and volume models of tree species in a West African tropical
semi-deciduous forest. Silva Fenn. 50(2):1–22.
G€unther B, Gebauer K, Barkowski R, Rosenthal M, Bues CT.
2012. Calorific value of selected wood species and wood prod-
ucts. Eur J Wood Prod. 70(5):755–757.
Justine MF, Yang W, Wu F, Tan B, Khan MN, Zhao Y. 2015.
Biomass stock and carbon sequestration in a chronosequence
of Pinus massoniana plantations in the upper reaches of the
Yangtze River. Forests. 6(12):3665–3682.
Kaufmann J, Bork EW, Alexander MJ, Blenis PV. 2014. Effects
of open-range cattle grazing on deciduous tree regeneration,
damage, and mortality following patch logging. Can J For
Res. 44(7):777–783.
Keyser TL, Zarnoch SJ. 2012. Thinning, age, and site quality
influence live tree carbon stocks in Upland Hardwood Forests
of the Southern Appalachians. For Sci. 58(5):407–418.
King GM, Gugerli F, Fonti P, Frank DC. 2013. Tree growth
response along an elevational gradient: climate or genetics?
Oecologia. 173(4):1587–1600.
Kohl M, Neupane PR, Lotfiomran N. 2017. The impact of tree
age on biomass growth and carbon accumulation capacity: a
retrospective analysis using tree ring data of three tropical
tree species grown in natural forests of Suriname. PLOS One.
12(8):e0181187–17.
Ma S, He F, Tian D, Zou D, Yan Z, Yang Y, Zhou T, Huang K,
Shen H, Fang J. 2018. Variations and determinants of carbon
content in plants: a global synthesis. Biogeosciences. 15(3):
693–702.
Magnago LM, Arantes MDC, Vidaurre GB, Moulin JC, Trugilho
PF. 2016. Energy estimate and carbon stock in short-rotation
eucalyptus stands. Cerne. 22(4):527–534.
Manson DG, Schmidt S, Bristow M, Erskine PD, Vanclay JK.
2013. Species-site matching in mixed species plantations of
native trees in tropical Australia. Agroforest Syst. 87(1):
233–250.
Matsumoto M, Oka H, Mitsuda Y, Hashimoto S, Kayo C,
Tsunetsugu Y, Tonosaki M. 2016. Potential contributions of
forestry and wood use to climate change mitigation in Japan.
J For Res. 21(5):211–222.
McEwan A, Marchi E, Spinelli R, Brink M. 2020. Past, present
and future of industrial plantation forestry and implication
on future timber harvesting technology. J For Res. 31(2):
339–351.
Nambiar E. 2015. Forestry for rural development, poverty reduc-
tion and climate change mitigation: we can help more with
wood. Aust For. 78:55–64.
Nerlekar AN, Kamath V, Saravanan A, Ganesan R. 2019.
Successional dynamics of a regenerated forest in a plantation
landscape in Southern India. J Trop Ecol. 35(2):57–67.
Nogueira GS, Marshall PL, Leite HG, Campos J. 2015. Thinning
ı ntensity and pruning ı mpacts on eucalyptus plantations in
Brazil. Int J For Res. 2015:1–10.
O’Hara KL. 2004. Forest stand structure and development: ı
mplications for forest management. Nevada: USDA Forest
Service.
Owusu PA, Asumadu-sarkodie S. 2016. A review of renewable
energy sources, sustainability issues and climate change miti-
gation. Cogent Eng. 3(1):1167990–1167914.
Pachas ANA, Sakanphet S, Midgley S, Dieters M. 2019.
Applications for smallholders in Lao PDR. Aust For.
82(sup1):94–105.
E-ISSN 2158-0715
Palanisamy K, Gireesan K, Nagarajan V, Hegde M. 2009.
Selection and clonal multiplication of superior trees of teak
(Tectona grandis) and preliminary evaluation clones. J Trop
For Sci. 21:168–174.
Payn T, Carnus JM, Freer-Smith P, Kimberley M, Kollert W, Liu
S, Orazio C, Rodriguez L, Silva LN, Wingfield MJ. 2015.
Changes in planted forests and future global implications. For
Ecol Manag. 352:57–67.
Perea-Moreno MA, Samer
on-Manzano E, Perea-Moreno AJ.
2019. Biomass as renewable energy: worldwide research
trends. Sustainability. 11(3):863–819.
Pretzsch H, Biber P, Sch€ utze G, Uhl E, R€ otzer T. 2014. Forest
stand growth dynamics in Central Europe have accelerated
since 1870. Nat Commun. 5:1–10.
Pretzsch H, Biber P, Uhl E, Dahlhausen J, R€ otzer T, Caldentey J,
Koike T, Con T, Chavanne A, Seifert T, et al. 2015. Crown
size and growing space requirement of common tree species
in urban centres, parks, and forests. Urban For Urban Green.
14(3):466–479.
Pretzsch H, R
ıo M, Biber P, Arcangeli C, Bielak K, Brang P,
Dudzinska M, Forrester DI, Kl€adtke J, Kohnle U, et al. 2019.
Maintenance of long-term experiments for unique insights
into forest growth dynamics and trends: review and perspec-
tives. Eur J Forest Res. 138(1):165–185.
Putra DK. 2019. Profil KPH Kendal Perum Perhutani. [accessed
2021 June 2]. https://perhutani.co.id/tentang-kami/tata-kelola-
perum-perhutani/divisi-regional/jateng/kph-kendal.
R Core Team. 2017. R: a language and enviroment for statistical
computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
Rica NC, Brice~ no-Elizondo E, Arias-Aguilar D, Guevara-Bonilla
M, Esquivel E, Arguedas-Gamboa M, Canessa-Mora R,
Tecnol
ogico I, Rica DC, Rica C, et al. 2016. Effects of high ı
ntensity tillage applications to ımprove productivity on estab-
lished teak (Tectona grandis) plantations in specific site condi-
tions. J Agric Life Sci. 3(2):2375–4222.
R
ıo M, Bravo-Oviedo A, Pretzsch H, L€ of M, Ruiz-Peinado R.
2017. A review of thinning effects on Scots pine stands: from
growth and yield to new challenges under global change.
Forest Syst. 26(2):eR03S–eR019.
R
ıo M, Pretzsch H, Alberdi I, Bielak K, Bravo F, Brunner A,
Cond
es S, Ducey M, Fonseca T, L€ upke N, et al. 2016.
Characterization of the structure, dynamics, and productivity
of mixed-species stands: review and perspectives. Eur J For
Res. 135(1):23–49.
Robakowski P, Bielinis E, Sendall K. 2018. Light energy parti-
tioning, photosynthetic efficiency and biomass allocation in
invasive Prunus serotina and native Quercus petraea in rela-
tion to light environment, competition and allelopathy. J
Plant Res. 131(3):505–523.
Sadono R. 2017. Temporary site ı ndex for two-ı nvented teak
clones with generative regeneration in the state forestland in
East Java, Indonesia. Adv Environ Biol. 11:6–12.
Sadono R. 2018. Prediksi lebar tajuk pohon dominan pada perta-
naman jati asal kebun benih klon di Kesatuan Pemangkuan
Hutan Ngawi, Jawa Timur. Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan. 12(2):
127–114.
Sadono R, Irya Ichriani G, Fahrunsyah F, Nuraini Y,
Handayanto E. 2020. Productivity evaluation of Eucalyptus
urophylla plantation established in dryland ecosystems, East
Nusa Tenggara. J Degrade Min Land Manage. 8(1):
2471–2458.
Sadono R, Wardhana W, Wirabuana PYAP, Idris F. 2021.
Allometric equations for estimating aboveground biomass of
Eucalytpus urophylla S. T. Blake in East Nusa Tenggara.
JTFM. 27(1):24–31.
Seifert T, Seifert S, Seydack A, Durrheim G, Gadow K. 2014.
Competition effects in an afrotemperate forest. For Ecosyst.
1(1):1–15.
Sumarti N, Wardana MA, Nuraini N. 2018. Population growth
models of forest trees for conservation management: Case of
E-ISSN 2158-0715
teak (Tectona grandis) forest in Begal, East Java, Indonesia.
Hayatı J Biosci. 25(4):169–177.
Torres DA, Jorge I, Guillermo V. 2012. Site index for teak in
Colombia site index for teak in Colombia. J For Res. 23(3):
405–411.
V
asquez-Grand
on A, Donoso P, Gerding V. 2018. Forest deg-
radation: when is a forest degraded? Forests. 9(11):
726–733.
Viera M, Rodr
ıguez-Soalleiro R. 2019. A complete assessment of
carbon stocks in above and belowground biomass
FOREST SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 75
components of a hybrid eucalyptus plantation in Southern
Brazil. Forests. 10(7):536–512.
Wehr JB, Smith TE, Menzies NW. 2017. Influence of soil charac-
teristics on teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) establishment and early
growth in tropical Northern Australia. J For Res. 22(3):
153–159.
Yang H, Miao N, Li S, Ma R, Liao Z, Wang W, Sun H. 2019.
Relationship between stand characteristics and soil properties
of two typical forest plantations in the mountainous area of
Western Sichuan, China. J Mt Sci. 16(8):1816–1832.