12/21/2015

DESIGN OF COLUMN BASE PLATES

AND STEEL ANCHORAGE
TO CONCRETE

OUTLINE

1. Introduction
2. Base plates
a. Material
b. Design using AISC Steel Design Guide
 Concentric axial load
 Axial load plus moment
 Axial load plus shear
3. Anchor Rods
a. Types and Materials
b. Design using ACI Appendix D
 Tension
 Shear

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INTRODUCTION

 Base plates and anchor rods are often the last structural
steel items to be designed but the first items required on
the jobsite.
 Therefore the design of column base plate and
connections are part of the critical path.
 Vast majority of column base plate connections are
designed for axial compression with little or no uplift.

INTRODUCTION (Cont’d)

 Column base plate connections can also transmit uplift

forces and shear forces through:
 Anchor rods,
 Friction against the grout pad or concrete,
 Shear lugs under the base plate or embedding the
column base can be used to resist large forces.
 Column base plate connections can also be used to
resist wind and seismic loads:
 Development of force couple between bearing on
concrete and tension in some or all of the anchor
rods.

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INTRODUCTION (Cont’d)

 Anchor rods are needed for all base plates to prevent

column from overturning during construction and in some
cases to resist uplift or large moments
 Anchor rods are designed for pullout and breakout
strength using ACI 318 Appendix D
 Critical to provide well-defined, adequate load path when
tension and shear loading will be transferred through
anchor rods

INTRODUCTION (Cont’d)

 Grout is needed to serve as the connection between the

steel base plate and the concrete foundation to transfer
compression loads.
 Grout should have design compressive strength at least
twice the strength of foundation concrete.
 When base plates become larger than 24”, it is
recommended that one or two grout holes be provided to
allow the grout to flow easier.

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BASE PLATE MATERIALS

 Base plates should be ASTM A36 material unless other

grade is available.
 Most base plates are designed as square to match the
foundation shape and can be more accommodating for
square anchor rod patterns.
 A thicker base plate is more economical than a thinner
base plate with additional stiffeners or other
reinforcements.

BASE PLATE DESIGN

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DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED

BASE PLATES
 Required plate area is based on uniform allowable
bearing stress. For axially loaded base plates, the
bearing stress under the base plate is uniform
A2
f p max  c  0.85 f c`  1.7 f c`
A1
A2 = dimensions of concrete supporting foundation
A1 = dimensions of base plate
 Most economical plate occurs when ratio of concrete to
plate area is equal to or greater than 4 (Case 1)
 When the plate dimensions are known it is not possible to
calculate bearing pressure directly and therefore different
procedure is used (Case 2)

DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED

BASE PLATES (Cont’d)
Case 1: A2 > 4A1
1. Determine factored load Pu
2. Calculate required plate area A1 based on maximum
concrete bearing stress fp=1.7f`c (when A2 = 4 A2)
Pu
A1( req ) 
0.6 1.7 f c`

3. Plate dimensions B & N should

be determined so m & n are
approximately equal:
0.95d  0.8b f
N  A1( req )   
2
A1( req)
B
N

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DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED

BASE PLATES (Cont’d)
Case 1: A2 > 4A1

4. Calculate required base plate thickness:

N  0.95d B  0.8b f
m n
2 2

2 Pu
t min  l where l is maximum of m and n
0.90 Fy BN

5. Determine pedestal area, A2:

A2  4BN

DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED

BASE PLATES (Cont’d)
Case 2: Pedestal dimensions known

1. Determine factored load Pu

2. The area of the plate should be equal to larger of:
2
1  Pu  Pu
A1    or A 
0.6 1.7 f c`
1
 0.60  0.85 f c 
`
A2

3. Same as Case 1
4. Same as Case 1

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DESIGN OF BASE PLATES WITH

MOMENTS
 Equivalent eccentricity, e, is calculated equal to moment M
divided by axial force P.
 Moment and axial force replaced by equivalent axial force at a
distance e from center of column.
 Small eccentricities  equivalent axial force resisted by
bearing only.
 Large eccentricities necessary to use an anchor bolt to
resist equivalent axial force.

DESIGN OF BASE PLATES WITH

MOMENTS (Cont’d)
If e < N/6 compressive bearing stress exist everywhere

P Mc
f1, 2  
BN I

If e is between N/6 and N/2 bearing occurs only over a

portion of the plate

2P
f1 
AB

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DESIGN OF BASE PLATES WITH

MOMENTS (Cont’d)
1. Calculate factored load (Pu) and moment (Mu)
2. Determine maximum bearing pressure, fp
A2
f p  c  0.85 f c`  1.7 f c`
A1
3. Pick a trial base plate size, B and N
4. Determine equivalent eccentricity, e, and maximum
bearing stress from load, f1. If f1 < fp go to next step, if
not pick different base plate size.
5. Determine plate thickness, tp:
4 M plu
tp  • Mplu is moment for 1 in wide strip
0.90 Fy

DESIGN OF BASE PLATE WITH

SHEAR
Four principal ways of transferring shear from column base
plate into concrete:
1. Friction between base plate and the grout or concrete
surface:
Vn  mPu  0.2 f c` Ac
The friction coefficient (m) is 0.55 for steel on grout and
0.7 for steel on concrete
2. Embedding column in foundation.
3. Use of shear lugs.
4. Shear in the anchor rods.

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DESIGN OF SHEAR LUGS

1. Determine the portion of shear which will be resisted by
shear lug, Vlgu.
2. Determine required bearing area of shear lug:
Vlg u
Alg 
0.85f c`
3. Determine shear lug width, W, and height, H.
4. Determine factored cantilevered end moment, Mlgu.
 Vlg u  H  G 
M lg u    
 W  2 
5. Determine shear lug thickness:
4 M lg u
tlg 
0.90 Fy

ANCHOR RODS
Two categories:
a) Post-installed anchors: set after the concrete is
hardened.
b) Cast-in-place anchors: set before the concrete is placed.

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ANCHOR RODS (Cont’d)

Materials:
 Preferred specification is ASTM F1554:
- Grade 36, 55, 105 ksi.
 ASTM F1554 allows anchor rods to be supplied straight
(threaded with nut for anchorage) , bent or headed.
 Wherever possible use ¾-in diameter ASTM F1554
Grade 36:
- When more strength required, increase rod diameter to
2 in before switching to higher grade.
 Minimum embedment is 12 times diameter of bolt.

CAST-IN-PLACE ANCHOR RODS

 When rods with threads and nut are used, a more

positive anchorage is formed:
 Failure mechanism is the pull out of a cone of
concrete radiating outward from the head of the bolt
or nut.
 Use of plate washer does not add any increased
resistance to pull out.
 Hooked bars have a very limited
pullout strength compared with
that of headed rods or threaded
rods with a nut of anchorage.

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ANCHOR ROD PLACEMENT

 Most common field problem is placement of anchor rods.

 Important to provide as large as hole as possible to
accommodate setting tolerances.

 Fewer problems if the structural steel detailer coordinates

all anchor rod details with column base plate assembly.

ANCHOR ROD LAYOUT

 Should use a symmetrical pattern in both directions
wherever possible.
 Should provide sufficient clearance distance for the
washer from the column.
 Edge distance plays important role for concrete breakout
strength.
 Should be coordinated with reinforcing steel to ensure
there are no interferences, more critical in concrete piers
and walls.

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DESIGN OF ANCHOR RODS FOR

TENSION
 When base plates are subject to uplift force Tu,
embedment of anchor rods must be checked for tension.
 Steel strength of anchor in tension:
N s  Ase f ut
Ase = effective cross sectional area of anchor, AISC Steel Manual
Table 7-18
fut = tensile strength of anchor, not greater than 1.9fy or 125 ksi
 Concrete breakout strength of single anchor in tension:
A
N cb  N  2 3 Nb N b  k f c` hef1.5
A No
hef = embedment
k = 24 for cast-in place anchors, 17 for post-installed anchors
2, 3 = modification factors

DESIGN OF ANCHOR RODS FOR

TENSION (Cont’d)
 Ano = projected area of the failure
surface of a single anchor remote
from edges
 AN = approximated as the base of
the rectilinear geometrical figure ANo  9hef2
that results from projecting the
failure surface outward 1.5hef from
the centerlines of the anchor.
 Example of calculation of AN with
edge distance (c1) less than 1.5hef

AN  (c1  1.5hef )( 2 1.5hef )

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DESIGN OF ANCHOR RODS FOR

TENSION (Cont’d)
 Pullout strength of anchor:

N pn   4 Abrg 8 f c`
 Nominal strength in tension Nn = min(Ns, Ncb, Npn)
 Compare uplift from column, Tu to Nn.
 If Tu less than Nn ok!
 If Tu greater thanNn, must provide tension reinforcing
around anchor rods or increase embedment of anchor
rods.

DESIGN OF ANCHOR RODS FOR

SHEAR (Cont’d)
 When base plates are subject to shear force, Vu, and
friction between base plate and concrete is inadequate to
resist shear, anchor rods may take shear.
 Steel Strength of single anchor in shear:
Vs  Ase f ut
 Concrete breakout strength of single anchor in shear:
0.2
A  l 
Vcb  v  6 7Vb Vb  7  do f c` c11.5
Avo  do 
6, 7 = modification factors
do = rod diameter, in
l = load bearing length of anchor for shear not to exceed 8do, in

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DESIGN OF ANCHOR RODS FOR

SHEAR (Cont’d)
 Avo = projected area of the failure
surface of a single anchor remote
from edges in the direction
perpendicular to the shear force
 Av = approximated as the base of
Avo  4.5c1 
2
a truncated half pyramid
projected on the side face of the
member.
 Example of calculation of Av with
edge distance (c2) less than
Av  1.5c1 (1.5c1  c2 )
1.5c1

DESIGN OF ANCHOR RODS FOR

SHEAR (Cont’d)
 Pryout strength of anchor:
Vcp  kcp N cb
 Nominal strength in shear Vn = min(Vs, Vcb, Vcp)
 Compare shear from column, Vu to Vn.
 If Vu less than Vn ok!
 If Vu greater than Vn must provide shear reinforcing
around anchor rods or use shear lugs.

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COMBINED TENSION AND SHEAR

According to ACI 318 Appendix D, anchor rods must be

checked for interaction of tensile and shear forces:
Tu V
 u  1.2
N n Vn

REFERENCES
 American Concrete Institute (ACI) 318-02.
 AISC Steel Design Guide, Column Base Plates, by John
T. DeWolf, 1990.
 AISC Steel Design Guide (2nd Edition) Base Plate and
Anchor Rod Design.
 AISC Engineering Journal Anchorage of Steel Building
Components to Concrete, by M. Lee Marsh and Edwin G.
Burdette, First Quarter 1985.

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Terima Kasih
dan
Semoga Lancar Studinya!

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