SPECIAL CLAUSES

SPECIAL CLAUSES ARE USED TO GROUP THE ROWS IN A SPECIFIC COLUMN

AGGREGATED FUNCTIONS ARE USED IN SPECIAL CLAUSES
GROUP BY
HAVING
ORDER BY
DISTINCT
WITH ROLL UP
CUBE
1.GROUP BY
GROUP BY IS USED TO GET THE AGGREGATED DATA FOR A GROUP OF ROWS
IT IS USED TO GROUP THE SIMILAR DATA BASED ON A PARTICULAR COLUMN.
THE GROUP BY STATEMENT IS OFTEN USED WITH AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS (COUNT (),
MAX (), MIN (), SUM (), AVG ()) TO GROUP THE RESULT-SET BY ONE OR MORE COLUMNS.
(*) IS NOT ALLOWED IN GROUP BY
SYNTAX
SELECT COLUMNNAME(S), FUNCTION(COL)
FROM TABLE_NAME
GROUP BY COLUMN_NAME(S)

2.HAVING
HAVING CLAUSE IS USED TO FILTER THE DATA ON THE RESULTANT SET
HAVING CLAUSE IS USED ALONG WITH GROUP ONLY
SYNTAX
SELECT COLUMNNAME(S), FUNCTION(COL)
FROM TABLE_NAME
GROUP BY COLUMN_NAME(S) HAVING (CONDITION)

3.ORDER BY
IT IS USED TO ARRANGE THE TABLE RECORDS EITHER IN ASC/DESC BASED ON THE SPECIFIED
COLUMN
BY DEFAULTE ORDER BY USES ASC ORDER
SYNTAX
SELECT COLUMN1, COLUMN2, ...
FROM TABLE_NAME
ORDER BY COLUMN1, COLUMN2, ... ASC|DESC
4.DISTINCT
The SELECT DISTINCT statement is used to return only distinct (different) values under the
column.
SYNTAX
SELECT DISTINCT COLUMN1, COLUMN2, ...
FROM TABLE_NAME
5.WITH ROLL UP
IT IS USED TO FIND SUB AND GRAND TOTAL OF A SINGLE COLUMN.
SYNTAX
SELECT COLUMNNAME(S), FUNCTION(COL)
FROM TABLE_NAME
GROUP BY COLUMN_NAME(S) WITH ROLLUP
6.CUBE
IT IS USED TO FIND SUB AND GRAND TOTAL OF GRAND TOTAL OF A MULTIPLE COLUMN.
SYNTAX
SELECT COLUMNNAME(S), FUNCTION(COL)
FROM TABLE_NAME
GROUP BY CUBE(COLUMN_NAME(S))

SELECT TOP
THE SELECT TOP CLAUSE IS USED TO FETCH THE TOP “N” NO. OF RECORDS IN THE TABLE.
SYNTAX
SELECT TOP 3 * FROM EMP
SELECT TOP 3 * FROM EMP WHERE COUNTRY=’GERMANY’
FETCH
FETCH IS USED TO RETRIVE THE PARTICULAR RECORDS FROM THE TABLE

1)ORDER BY IS **(MANDATORY)
OFFSET

THE OFFSET CLAUSE SPECIFIES THE NUMBER OF ROWS TO SKIP BEFORE STARTING TO
RETURN ROWS FROM THE QUERY