Complete Satic General Knowledge

Folk and Classical Dances Of India

Classical folk dances

1 Bharata Natyam It is a classical dance form originating in Tamil Nadu.In

ancient times it was performed by Devdasis. Bharatanatyam is popularly
called poetry in Motion.

2 Kathak : It is a North Indian Classical dance form.

The work of the Maharaj Family of dancers
(Acchan Maharaj, Shambu Maharaj, Lachhu Maharaj and Birju Maharaj)
helped in spreading the popularity of Kathak.
3 Kathakali : This dance form is from Kerala. Kathakali, the story is enacted
purely by the movements of the hands and by facial expressions and bodily
movements.

4 Kuchipudi is the classical form of Andhra Pradesh. The dance is

accompanied by song which is typically carnatic music. The technique of
Kuchipudi makes use of fast rhythmic footwork and body movements.

5 Manipuri dance is a classical dance from Manipur. The dancers feet never
strike the ground hard. Movements of the body and feet and facial expressions
in Manipuri dance are suitable and aim at devotion and grace.
6 Mohiniyattam is a dance form from Kerala. It is considered a very graceful
dance meant to be performed as solo recital by women.

7 Odissi Classical dance form of Odisha (Orissa). Odissi is the oldest classical
dance rooted in rituals and tradition. It is particularly distinguished from other
classical Indian dance forms by the importance it places upon the independent
movement of head, chest and pelvis.

8 Sattriya is a classical dance form from Assam. It was recognized as a

classical dance by Sangeet Natak Academi on November 15, 2000. Sattriya
Nritya was usually performed in the Sattras (Assam monasteries) in a
highly ritialistic manner by male dancers

Classical Dance Exponents

Bharata Natyam / Rujkmini Devi Arundale ,Mrinalini Sarabhai,
Vaijayantimala Bali, Leela Samson.
Kuchipudi / Raja Reddy, Radha Reddy
Kathakali / Mukunda Raja (of Kalmandalam fame)
Manipuri / Jhaveri Sisters
Kathak / Birju Maharaj , Sitara Devi, Sambhu Maharaj , Shovna Narayan

MARTIAL DANCES

Gatka........................................Punjabi

Paika......................................... Orissa
Sr.No Table Content
1. Historical Background
2. Schedules
3. Preamble
4. Union and Its Territory, Citizenship
5. Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policies
6. Fundamental Duties, Amendments
7. Federal System
8. Emergency Provisions
9. Centre and State Relations, Inter State Relations
10. Executive
11. Legislature
12. Judiciary
13. Constitutional Bodies
14. Non Constitutional Bodies
 CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS
Regulating Act, 1773

• Also known as the Act of Settlement

• The first step taken in consolidation of British rule in India.
• Laid the foundation of central administration in India.
• The Governor of Bengal was made the Governor General of Bengal and to assist a
council of four members was constituted.
• The Governors of Madras and Bombay presidencies were subordinated to him.
• A Supreme Court was established at Calcutta in1774 that had one chief justice
and three judges.
• This Supreme Court was independent of the Governor General and the council

Pitt's India Act, 1784

• Established a system of double government. . For the first time, the company's
territories in India were called British possessions.
• Indian affairs came under the direct control of the British Government.
• A new body. The Board of Control was appointed for managing the political
matters.
• The members in the Governor General's Council were decreased to three.
• The company was asked to follow the policy of non-intervention.

Charter Act, 1793

• This Act empowered the Governors to act against the wishes of their council, in
certain special conditions.
• The monopoly of trade with India for another twenty years was given to the
company.

Charter Act, 1813

• This Act deprived the company of the monopoly of trade in India.

• The three councils of Madras, Bombay and Calcutta were given enlarged powers,
but
subjected to greater control of the British Parliament.
• All regulations made by the three councils were required to be placed before the
parliament

Charter Act, 1833

• The beginning of building a Constitution during the British rule in India.

It made the Governor General of Bengal as the Governor General of India. All the
civil and military powers had been vested in him.
• The government of the Governor General was called as the Government of India
and his council as the Indian Council.
• The East India Company was transformed from a commercial body into an
administrative body.
• Lord William Bentick was the first Governor General of India.
• The laws made under this Act were called as Acts, whereas those made under the
previous acts were called as regulations.

Charter Act, 1853

• This Act separated the legislative and executive functions of the Governor
General's Council for
the first time.
• The system of competitive examination was introduced in the civil service
examination. The covenant civil service was thus thrown open to the Indians also,
Macaulay Committee was appointed in 1854.
• The British Parliament was given the power to give the administration of India to
the British Crown at any time of discretion.
• Six additional members were appointed to the Executive Council of the Governor
General, four among which were appointed by local government of Bengal, Bombay,
Madras and Agra.

Government of India Act of 1858 (or Act for the Good Government of India)
Features of the Act:
1. This Act abolished the East India Company, and transferred the powers of
government, territories and revenues to the British Crown.
2. The Company Rule was ended in 1858. The Crown Rule began.
3. The designation GGI was changed to Viceroy of India (VOI).
4. It ended the ‘system of double government’ and it created new office “Secretary of
State for India”
5. It created a 15-member Council of India to assist the secretary of state (SOS).
6. It did not alter in any substantial way the system of government that prevailed in
India

Indian Councils Act, 1861

• This introduced for the first time, the representative institutions in India.
• It enabled the Governor General to associate the Indians with the work of
legislation by nominating them to his expanded council.
• It decentralised the legislative powers of the Governor General's Council. These
were vested in the Governments of Bombay and Madras.
• It gave the Governor General the power to frame rules for more convenient
transaction of business in council.
• It accorded the statutory recognition to the portfolio system.
• This policy of legislative devolution resulted in almost complete internal autonomy
to the provinces in 1937.

Indian Councils Act, 1892

• Increase in the number of additional members in the Governor General's Council
and in the provincial legislative assembly.
• Along with the legislative function, the councils were now allowed discussions on
the annual financial statement with certain conditions and restrictions.
• The members of the Legislative Council continued to be nominated by the
Governor
General and the Governors. But a provision was made to nominate them on the
basis of recommendation of organised associations such as Calcutta Chamber of
Commerce and Zamindar Association. Thus, this Act made provisions for the
indirect election of the members of the Legislative Council.

Indian Councils Act, 1909

• This act is known as Morley-Minto Reforms.

• The number of members in the Legislative Council both at the centre and the
provincial levels were increased.
• The number of members in the Legislative Council was increased to sixty.
• Satyendra Prasad Sinha became the first Indian to join the Executive Council of
the Viceroy.
• At the centre, official members were in majority but in provinces, the non-official
members included non-official nominated members as well among them.
• For the first time, it was this Act that provided for the separate representation of
the Muslim community
• The powers of the Legislative Councils were also enhanced. Its members were
permitted to vote on them except in case of non-votable items.
• This Act legalised communalism and Lord Minto came to be known as the Father
of the Communal Electorate.

Government of India Act, 1919

• This Act is also known as Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms.

• Diarchy at the provinces was established. The administration subjects were
divided into two categories - Central and Provincial. The provincial subjects were
further sub-divided into transferred and reserved subjects. .
• There was a relaxation of the central control over the provinces in administrative
as well as in legislative and financial matters.
• The Governor General was given the freedom to nominate as many members to
the Executive Council as he desired.
• The councillors were nominated for five years, • The Central Legislature consisted
of two houses.
• The Council of States was composed of 60 members out of whom 34 were elected.
• A lower house, named the Legislative Assembly, composed of approximately 144
members of whom 104 were elected. The powers of both the houses were kept
equal except that the power to vote supply was given exclusively to the Legislative
Assembly.

Government of India Act, 1935

• This Act prescribed a federal government considering provinces and princely

states 25 units.
• The administrative subjects were divided into a federal list, the provincial list and
the concurrent list.
• Diarchy in the provinces was abolished and the provincial autonomy was
introduced in its place. This introduced responsible government at the provinces,
• Diarchy was adopted at the centre and the federal subjects were divided into the
reserved subjects and the transferred subjects.
• This Act introduced bicameralism in six out of eleven provinces, comprising a
Legislative
Sr No. Table Content
1. Introduction and the Origin of the Earth
2. Evolution of Earth
3. Rocks
4. Geomorphology
5. Volcanoes
6. Earthquakes
7. Landforms
8. Soil
9. Oceanography
THE UNIVERSE
• The Universe is commonly defined as the totality of everything that exists
including all physical matter like the planets,
stars, galaxies and the contents of intergalactic space and energy.

The study of Universe is known as Cosmology.

• The Universe comprises of billions of galaxies. Galaxy is giant

assemblies of stars, planets, gases and dust. These galaxies are made up of
millions of stars held together by the force of gravity and these stars account
for most of the masses of the galaxy. Andromeda is our nearest galaxy.

• Our own galaxy is called the Milky Way (the Akash Ganga) and it
contains about 300 billion stars and one of these is our Sun. Planets and
other objects go round the Sun and make up the solar system with the Sun
at the centre.

• In AD 140, Ptolemy propounded the theory that the Earth was at the
centre of the Universe and the Sun and the other heavenly bodies revolved
around it.

• In 1543, Copernicus said that the Sun is at the centre of the Universe and
not the Earth. Kepler supported Copernicus but said that the Sun is the
centre of solar system and not the Universe.
• In 1924, Edwin Hubble first demonstrated the existence of galaxies
beyond Milky Way. Structurally, the galaxies are found in three forms as
follow
i. Spiral have a central nucleus with great spiral arms. Milky Way and
Andromeda are the examples of it.
ii. Elliptical without spiral arms.
iii. Irregular with no shape

Evolution of Universe
The three main theories put forward to explain the origin and
evolution of the Universe are as follows :
i. Big Bang Theory (Proposed by Georges Lemaitre) Big Bang was an
explosion that occurred 13.8 billion years ago, leading to the formation of
galaxies of stars and other heavenly bodies.
ii. Steady State Theory This theory was proposed by Bondi, Gold and Fred
Hoyle. According to this theory, new galaxies are continuously being formed
and older ones are destroyed. The overall size of the Universe remains
constant.
iii. The Pulsating Theory According to this theory, the
Universe is supposed to be expanding and contracting alternately i.e.
pulsating. At present, the Universe is expanding

SOLAR SYSTEM
• The solar system comprises the Sun and 8 planets and their moons and
other non-stellar objects, which are believed to have been developed from
the condensation of gases and other lesser bodies. The size of solar system
has been estimated about 105 Astronomical Unit (AU).
• The Sun is at the centre of the solar system and all the planets revolve
around it in elliptical orbit. It is the nearest star to the Earth.
• It also consists of Interstellar debris such as asteroids, meteoroids, comets,
electrically charged gases, called Plasma and interplanetary dust particles.
The components of solar system other than planets, dwarf planets and
satellites are called as Small Solar System Bodies (SSSB).

THE SUN
• The Sun accounts for more than 99% of the mass of the solar system
and due to this, the Sun exerts immense gravitational pull to keep the
planets rotating around it in definite elliptical orbits.
• The Sun is the major source of energy in the solar system. The energy is
provided by the nuclear fusion reaction, that converts hydrogen into
helium in the core of the Sun.
• Super-imposed on Sun’s white light are hundred of dark lines called
Fraunhofer lines. Each line indicates some elements present in the solar
system.
Concepts Associated with the Sun
 Defence Current Affaris and Static


EXERCISE SAMPRITI-XI: India and Bangladesh commenced the 11th edition of annual joint
military exercise, SAMPRITI at Umroi, Meghalaya. This exercise, alternatingly organised by both
countries, signifies strong bilateral defence cooperation initiatives. With its inception in Jorhat,
Assam in 2009, the exercise has witnessed ten successful editions till 2022. This year Indian
contingent mainly comprises troops from a battalion of RAJPUT Regiment.


LCA Tejas twin seater: The Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) handed over the first LCA Tejas
twin seater to the Indian Air Force in the presence of Union Minister of State for Defence & Tourism
Ajay Bhatt at a ceremony in Bengaluru. LCA Tejas twin seater is a light weight all weather, multi-
role 4.5 generation aircraft. The aircraft developed indigenously has static stability, qudraplex fly
by wire flight control, carefree manoeuvring, advanced glass cockpit, integrated digital avionics
systems and advanced composite mateirals for the airframe.


New ensign of IAF: IAF Chief Air Chief Marshal V R Chaudhari unveils new Ensign by the
inclusion of the Air Force Crest in the top right corner of the Ensign, towards the fly side. This year,
the Air Force Day parade was held at Air Force Station Bamrauli in Prayagraj, as the force marks
91st anniversary. This is the first Air Force Day Parade to be commanded by a woman officer, GP
Capt. Shaliza Dhami.


Operation Ajay: India announced it was launching Operation Ajay to repatriate its citizens from
Israel and Palestine. The Indian government will facilitate the return of Indian citizens through
special chartered flights. Indian Navy ships will also be pressed into service should the need arise.
There are about 18,000 Indians in Israel, and about 16 in Palestine — a dozen in the West Bank
and 3-4 people in Gaza.


Yard 12706 (Imphal): Yard 12706 (Imphal), the third Project 15B stealth guided missile destroyer,
was delivered to the Indian Navy. The Project is follow-on of the Kolkata class (Project 15A)
destroyers commissioned in the last decade.

 About Yard 12706 (IMPHAL):

o It is buit by Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL).

o The ship is constructed using Indigenous Steel DMR 249A and is among the largest
Destroyers constructed in India, with an overall length of 164 metres and a displacement
of over 7500 tonnes.
 o It is armed with supersonic Surface-to-Surface ‘Brahmos’ missiles and ‘Barak-8’ Medium
Range Surface to Air Missiles.

o Towards undersea warfare capability the Destroyer is fitted with indigenously developed anti-
submarine weapons and sensors, prominently the Hull mounted Sonar Humsa NG, Heavy
weight

 Project 15B (P15B) / Visakhapatnam-class is the latest destroyer design currently under
construction for the Indian Navy.

 These ships have been designed indigenously by the Indian Navy’s Directorate of Naval Design,

New Delhi.

 Each ship spans 163 meters in length and 17.4 meters in beam and displaces 7,300 tonnes.

o These ships will be propelled by four gas turbines to achieve speed in excess of 30 knots

o According to the Indian Navy, the P15B destroyers incorporate new design concepts for
improved survivability, seakeeping, stealth, and maneuverability.


Exercise Harimau Shakti 2023: It is the Joint bilateral training exercise between India and
Malaysia. It is commenced in Umroi Cantonment (Meghalaya), India. The Malaysian Army contingent
comprises troops from 5th Royal Battalion of Malaysian Army. The Indian contingent is being
represented by a Battalion of the Rajput Regiment. Last edition of the Exercise was conducted
in Pulai, Kluang, Malaysia in November 2022.


Vertical Wind Tunnel (VWT): To augment the training infrastructure of Special Forces and combat
free-fallers, the Army’s Special Forces Training School (SFTS) at Bakloh, Himachal Pradesh, got
the

 Army’s first Vertical Wind Tunnel (VWT). It was virtually inaugurated by Army Chief General Manoj
Pande. It assists both beginners and seasoned free-fallers and CFF instructors by simulating a
wide range of freefall scenarios, thereby aiding in assessing individual reactions in an airborne
operating environment.


Exercise KAZIND-2023: It is the joint military exercise between India-Kazakhstan. It is 7th
edition of
 Joint Military ‘Exercise KAZIND-2023’. The Exercise had conducted at Otar, Kazakhstan. Indian
Army contingent comprises 90 personnel led by a Battalion from the DOGRA Regiment and 30
personnel of Air Force from both sides had participated in the current edition of the Exercise
alongside the Army contingents.

 About Exercise:

o The Joint Exercise between India and Kazakhstan was instituted as ‘Exercise PRABAL
DOSTYK’ in the year 2016.

o After the second edition, the Exercise was upgraded to a company-level exercise and
renamed as

o ‘Exercise KAZIND’.
 o The Exercise has been further upgraded as a Bi-service Exercise this year by including the
Air Force component.


East Tech 2023: First ever mega event showcasing latest defence technologies concludes in
Guwahati.

 “East Tech 2023” is a joint effort of the Indian Army and the Ministry of Commerce and
Industries,Government of Assam.

CHAKRAVAT 2023: The annual joint Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR)
exercise (AJHE-23) ‘Chakravat’ held in Goa. The exercise has been conducted by the Indian Army,
Indian Navy and Indian Air Force in rotation since 2016. Other participants are: Paramilitary
Forces, and a spectrum of disaster response organizations, NGOs, and academic institutions.


Sagar Maitri Mission-4: INS Sagardhwani, an oceanographic research vessel of Naval Physical &
Oceanographic Laboratory (NPOL) of DRDO, embarked on a two-month long Sagar Maitri (SM)
Mission-4 from South Jetty, Southern Naval Command (SNC), Kochi.

 About Sagar Maitri:

 o SAGAR MAITRI is a unique initiative of DRDO with the broad objective of
“Safety And Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR)” to promote closer co-
operation in socio-economic aspects as well as greater scientific interaction
especially in ocean research among Indian Ocean Rim (IOR) countries.

o “MAITRI (Marine & Allied Interdisciplinary Training and Research

Initiative)” is the specific scientific component of DRDO.

o The prime objectives of the SAGAR MAITRI Mission are data collection from
the entire North Indian Ocean, focussing on the Andaman Sea and adjoining
seas and establishing a long-term collaboration with eight IOR countries in the
field of ocean research and development.


Cambrian Patrol Competition 2023: The 3/5 Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force) team
clinched a gold medal for the Indian Army at the Cambrian Patrol Competition 2023,
an International Military Exercise hosted in Wales, UK. The Cambrian Patrol
Exercise, heralded by the UK Army, is often dubbed the

 ‘Olympics of Military Patrolling.’ Emphasizing its rigorous nature, it’s a testament

to a team’s endurance and camaraderie. The 2023 exercise saw a participation of
111 teams, encompassing 38 international contingents. These teams were challenged
to traverse a strenuous 60 km terrain in under 48 hours, navigating through the
treacherous mountains and swamps of Wales, all while executing tactical tasks.


BrahMos supersonic cruise missile: In a significant achievement for India’s
indigenous weapon systems, the Indian Air Force (IAF) recently conducted a
successful test of the air-launched version of the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile
in the Bay of Bengal.

 About BrahMos Missile:

o It is a supersonic cruise missile.

o It is a joint venture between the Defence Research and Development

Organisation (DRDO) of India and NPOM of Russia. It is named after the
rivers Brahmaputra (India) and Moskva (Russia).

o It is a two-stage missile with a solid propellant engine in the first stage

and a liquid ramjet in the second.

o The system has been designed with two variants for Anti-Ship and Land-
Attack roles.

o Brahmos is one of the fastest cruise missiles currently operationally

deployed with the speed of Mach 2.8, which is nearly 3 times more than the
speed of sound.

o It has a launch weight of 2,200-3,000 kg.

Sr No. Table Content
1. Introduction and the Origin of the Earth
2. Evolution of Earth
3. Rocks
4. Geomorphology
5. Volcanoes
6. Earthquakes
7. Landforms
8. Soil
9. Oceanography
THE UNIVERSE
• The Universe is commonly defined as the totality of everything that exists
including all physical matter like the planets,
stars, galaxies and the contents of intergalactic space and energy.

The study of Universe is known as Cosmology.

• The Universe comprises of billions of galaxies. Galaxy is giant

assemblies of stars, planets, gases and dust. These galaxies are made up of
millions of stars held together by the force of gravity and these stars account
for most of the masses of the galaxy. Andromeda is our nearest galaxy.

• Our own galaxy is called the Milky Way (the Akash Ganga) and it
contains about 300 billion stars and one of these is our Sun. Planets and
other objects go round the Sun and make up the solar system with the Sun
at the centre.

• In AD 140, Ptolemy propounded the theory that the Earth was at the
centre of the Universe and the Sun and the other heavenly bodies revolved
around it.

• In 1543, Copernicus said that the Sun is at the centre of the Universe and
not the Earth. Kepler supported Copernicus but said that the Sun is the
centre of solar system and not the Universe.
• In 1924, Edwin Hubble first demonstrated the existence of galaxies
beyond Milky Way. Structurally, the galaxies are found in three forms as
follow
i. Spiral have a central nucleus with great spiral arms. Milky Way and
Andromeda are the examples of it.
ii. Elliptical without spiral arms.
iii. Irregular with no shape

Evolution of Universe
The three main theories put forward to explain the origin and
evolution of the Universe are as follows :
i. Big Bang Theory (Proposed by Georges Lemaitre) Big Bang was an
explosion that occurred 13.8 billion years ago, leading to the formation of
galaxies of stars and other heavenly bodies.
ii. Steady State Theory This theory was proposed by Bondi, Gold and Fred
Hoyle. According to this theory, new galaxies are continuously being formed
and older ones are destroyed. The overall size of the Universe remains
constant.
iii. The Pulsating Theory According to this theory, the
Universe is supposed to be expanding and contracting alternately i.e.
pulsating. At present, the Universe is expanding

SOLAR SYSTEM
• The solar system comprises the Sun and 8 planets and their moons and
other non-stellar objects, which are believed to have been developed from
the condensation of gases and other lesser bodies. The size of solar system
has been estimated about 105 Astronomical Unit (AU).
• The Sun is at the centre of the solar system and all the planets revolve
around it in elliptical orbit. It is the nearest star to the Earth.
• It also consists of Interstellar debris such as asteroids, meteoroids, comets,
electrically charged gases, called Plasma and interplanetary dust particles.
The components of solar system other than planets, dwarf planets and
satellites are called as Small Solar System Bodies (SSSB).

THE SUN
• The Sun accounts for more than 99% of the mass of the solar system
and due to this, the Sun exerts immense gravitational pull to keep the
planets rotating around it in definite elliptical orbits.
• The Sun is the major source of energy in the solar system. The energy is
provided by the nuclear fusion reaction, that converts hydrogen into
helium in the core of the Sun.
• Super-imposed on Sun’s white light are hundred of dark lines called
Fraunhofer lines. Each line indicates some elements present in the solar
system.
Concepts Associated with the Sun
Sr No. Table Content
1. Geographical Extent and Frontiers
2. Structure and Physiography of India
3. Drainage System
4. Indian Monsoon
5. Natural Vegetation
6. Soils
7. Agriculture
8. Minerals
Geographical Extent and Frontiers

1 India as a Geographical Unit:

 Geographical Extent: 8° 4′ North to 37° 6′ North latitude and 68° 7′ East to 97°
25′ East longitude.
 Northern most point–Indira col, Siachen glacier in at an altitude of 5764 M.
 Easternmost Point – The tiny town of Kibithu in Arunachal Pradesh.
 Westernmost Point –Ghuar Moti, located in the Kutch District of Gujarat.
 Southernmost Point – Indira Point in Great Nicobar Island in the Andaman
Sea. Kanyakumari is southernmost in Indian mainland.
 India has 15106.7 Km of land border and a coastline of 7516.6 Km
 India accounts for about 2.4 per cent of the total surface area of the world.
  The Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of the country dividing it
into two latitudinal halves.
 The area to the north of Tropic of Cancer is nearly twice the area which lies
to the south of it.
 South of 22° north latitude, the country tapers off over 800 km into the
Indian Ocean as a peninsula.

East-West time difference is nearly 2 hrs.

 The earth moves [rotation and revolution] around its axis through 360° in 24
hours. Thus, a difference of 1° longitude will make a difference of 4 minutes
in time.
 Therefore the difference of local time between western-most point and
eastern-most point is 30 x 4 = 120 minutes or 2 hours.

NeighbouringCountries Bordering States

Afghanistan Jammu and Kashmir (Pakistan-Occupied Area).
Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,
China
Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.
West Bengal, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Tripura and
Bangladesh
Assam.
West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and
Bhutan
Assam.
Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and
Myanmar
Mizoram.
Bihar, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim and
Nepal
West Bengal.
 Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan and
Pakistan
Gujarat

Border with China

 This is the second longest border of India, next only to its border with
Bangladesh.
 Five Indian states, namely Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,
Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh touch the Indian boundary
with China.
 The Sino-Indian border is generally divided into three sectors namely : (i) the
Western sector, (ii) the Middle sector, and (iii) the Eastern sector.

The India-Nepal Boundary

 Five states of India, namely Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West
Bengal and Sikkim touch the Nepalese border with India. The border is
a porous one with unrestricted movement of goods and people between
Indian and Nepal.
 Major portion of Indo-Nepalese border runs in the east-west direction almost
along the foothill of the Shiwalik Range.

The India-Bhutan Boundary

 Quite peaceful border and there is no boundary dispute between the two
countries.

The Indo-Pakistan Boundary
 The Indo-Pakistan boundary is the result of partition of the country in 1947
under the Radcliffe award of which Sir Cyril Radcliffe was the chairman.
 Jammu and Kashmir, Sir Creek are the major disputed regions.

The India-Bangladesh Border

 India’s 4,096 km long border with Bangladesh is the longest.
 This boundary has been determined under the Radcliffe Award which
divided the erstwhile province of Bengal into two parts.

India-Myanmar Boundary
 This boundary runs roughly along the watershed between the Brahmaputra
and Ayeyarwady [Irrawaddy].
 It passes through thickly forested regions, with Mizo Hills, Manipur and
Nagaland on the Indian side and Chin Hills, Naga Hills and Kachin state on
the Myanmar side.

India-Sri Lanka Boundary
 India and Sri Lanka are separated from each other by a narrow and shallow
sea called Palk Strait.
 Dhanushkodi on the Tamil Nadu coast in India is only 32 km away
from Talaimanar in Jaffna peninsula in Sri Lanka. These two points are
joined by a group of islets forming Adam’s Bridge.
Coverage :
 Later Mughals
 Advent of Europeans
 India on the Eve of British Conquest
 Socio - Religious Reform Movements - General
Features
 Peasant Movements
 The Revolt of 1857
 Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India
 Moderate Phase 1885-1905
 Revolutionary Activities
 Emergence of Gandhi
 Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movements
 The Last Decade of British Rule in India
 Later Mughals

Bahadur Shah released the Maratha Prince Sahu.

• More tolerant towards Hindu. • Never abolished Jizya but didn’t collect the
tax strictly .• Granted Marathas Sardeshmukhi of Deccan, but failed to
grant Chauth. • Mughal historian like Khafi khan gave him the title of Shah-
i-Bekhabar.

Jahandar Shah came to the throne in 1712 A.D.

 Introduced Ijarah (Revenue Farming) • Became emperor with help of
Zulfikhar Khan (later became PM) • Tried to establish friendly
relations with Maratha and Rajputs and henceabolished Jizya,
grantedSardeshmukhi andChauth of Deccan to Shahuand
Sayyid Brothers
Sayyid brothers were known as King makers.
Sayyid brothers dominated mughal court and empire from 1713 to 1719,
the elder brother Abdullah Khan was Wazir and younger, Hussain Ali Khan
was Mir Bakshi.

Farruk Siyar
• Abolished Jizya completely • Puppet of Sayyed Brothers – Abdula Khan &
Hussain Ali (known askingmakers) • Policy of religious tolerance– abolished
Jizya & pilgrimage tax.• Gave Farman to British in 1717 .• Dethroned
bySayyed Brothers

Muhammad Shah Rangeela

• Autonomous states emerged under his reign 1. Nizam-ul-Mulk à Deccan

Alamgir II
• Battle of Plassey (1757) was fought during hisreign

Shah Alam II
• Third Battle of Panipat fought between Marathas and Ahmad ShahAbdali during his
reign.• Participated in Battle of Buxar (1764) along with Mir Qasim and Shujaud-
Daula against British East India Company. Was defeated and wasforced to sign Treaty
of Allahabad (1765) under which Diwani of Bengalwas granted to Company.• Diwani of
Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.• Became pensioner of the English

Akbar II
Gave Ram Mohan Roy the title of“Raja”.• Introduced Hindu-Muslim unity
festival

Bahadur Shah II (1837-1857)

Last Mughal Emperor• Was an Urdu Poet using Zafar as his pen name.•
Participated in revolt of 1857 after which he was deported to Rangoonand died.
ADVENT OF THE EUROPEANS

Portuguese
● The Cape Route was discovered from Europe to India by Vasco-da-Gama. He
reached port of Calicut on 17th May, 1498 and was received by the Hindu ruler of
Calicut, Zamorin. This led to the establishment of trading station at Calicut (1st
Portuguese factory in India), Cochin and Cannanore.
 Cochin (1502) was the early capital of the Portuguese in India. Nino da-
Cunha transferred Capital to Goa in 1530.
 The first Governor of Portuguese in India was Francisco Almeida (1505-
1509). He introduced the Policy of Blue Water.
 He was succeeded by Alfonso d’ Albuquerque, who conquered Goa in
1510.
 Portuguese acquired Daman in 1559. Theylost Hughly in 1631, during the
reign of Shah Jahan.
 In 1661, the Portuguese king gave Bombay to Charles II of England as
dowry, for marrying his sister.
 The famous Jesuit Saint Francisco Xavier arrived in India with Martin
Alfonso De Souza

Dutch
 The Dutch East India Company established factories in India at
MEDIEVAL HISTORY

COVERAGE:
 Early Medieval Period 750 AD To 1200 AD
(Tripartite Struggle
 Early Medieval Period 750 AD To 1200 AD (The
Rulers of South India)
 Delhi Sultanate
 Regional Kingdom
 Vijayanagar Kingdom
 Bhakti And Sufi Movement
 Mughal Empire
 Maratha Empire
THE RASHTRAKUTAS

Dantidurga who was a feudatory of Chalukyan king Vikramaditya II

founded the Rashtrakuta dynasty in A.D. 753 He made Manyakhet or
Malkhed as his capital.
• He was succeeded by Krishna I who gave a final blow to Pallavas.
• Dhruva defcated Dharmapala and Nagbhatt II.
• Govinda III also made incursions to north India and defeated Pala King
Dharmapala and wrested Malwa from Pratihara Nagabhatt.
• Amoghvarsha I fought with castern Chalukyas and Gangas.
• Kavirajamarga was written by him. It is regarded as the earliest Kannada
work on poctics.
Presnodarmulika was also written by him.
• Indira III defeated Pratihara Mahipala I.
• Krishna I built the famous Kailashnath temple at Ellora.
• Krishna III defeated the Chola king Purantaka I in the battle of Takkolam

THE PRATIHARAS

The Pratiharas are also called Gurjara Pratiharas belonging to the 36 clans
of Rajputs.
• The dynasty was founded by Nagabhatt II who is known for checking the
invasion of the Arabs. He was defeated by the Rashtrakuta King Dhruv.
• The tripartite struggle for the control of Kannauj began during the
reign of Nagabhat's successor Vatsaraj.
• The Pragiharas recovered under Bhoja I or Mihir Bhoja who was
enthroned in Mahodaya Nagar (Kannauj) in A.D. 836 Mihir Bhoja was a
devotee of Vishnu and adopted the title "Adivarla".
• Mahendrapala extended his power over Magadha and Bengal. His court
was adorned by Rajshekhar who wrote Kapurmanjar, Kavya Mimansa, Bal
Ramayana, Bal Bharat, Vidhsaal,
Bhrinjika, Prapanch Panda and Bhuwan Koch Harvilas, etc.
• During Mahmud Ghazni's raid on Kannauj. Rajyapala Hed from the
battlefield and was murdered by Vidyadahra Chandella.
• Yashpal was the last ruler of this dynasty. By A.D. 1090 the Garhwalas
conquered Каппайј.

THE PALLAS

The Pala Empire was founded by Gopal in A.D. 750 when he was elected
the king by notable
men of the realm during a period of anarchy or 'Matsa Nyaya'. He founded
Odantapuri.
• The Palas displaced the Later Guptas of Magadha and the Khadga dynasty
of eastern Bengal.
• He was succeeded by Dharmapala in A.D. 780.
• Suleiman visited his kingdom and called the Pala kingdom Ruhma
(Dharma). Dharmapala founded the Sompur and Vikramshila University
and gave 200 villages as grant to revive the Nalanda University.
• Devapala who succeeded Dharmapala in A.D. 810 extended his control
over Prayagiyotishpur (Assam) and parts of Orissa and Nepal. He claimed
victory over the Huns.
• He preferred Monghyr to Pataliputra as the seat of his 'Camp of Victory.
• The Pala power was destroyed by Vijaysena who founded the Sena
dynasty.
Famous Writers and Patrons
King Dynasty Writers
Dharmapala Palas Haribhadra
Ramapala Palas Sandhyakar, Nandi
Mahendrapala I Pratibaras Rajashekhar
Jinasen,
Amoglivarsha Rasharakuta
Mahaviracharya
Govindchandra Gadhawalas Laximidhar
Jaichand Gadhawalas Sri Harsha
Yasovarman - Vakapatiraja
Jaidev, Dhoyi,
Laxman Sena Senas
Halayudh
Padmagupta,
Vakapati Munj Parmars
Dhanajaya

THE SENAS

The Senas of Bengal called themselves Kshatriya, Brahma Kshatriya and

were original inhabitants of Dakshinpatha.
• Vijaysena founded the dynasty by defeating the last Pala Ruler
Madanpala. In A.D. 1095 he conquered Vanga by defeating Bhojavarman.
• The Senas had a capital in Vikrampura and another in Vijaypura,
modern India.
• Vijayseria was succeeded by his son Ballalsena. He conquered Mithila
and portion of eastern Bihar.
• Ballalsena was succeeded by Lakshamana Sena who defeated
Jayachandra of the Gadhwala
dynasty. During his reign Mohd. Bil Bakhtiyar Khalji made a sudden raid
and captured Nadia.
• Around the middle of 13th century, the Senas were overthrown by the
Deva dynasty

THE CHOLAS

Vijayalaya was the founder of the Chola Empire. He was a feudatory

of the Pallavas of Kanchi.
• Parantaka I captured Madurai but he was routed by Rashtrakuta
Krishna III at the battle of Takkolam. His son Rajaditya lost his life in
the battle.

• Sundarchola, also known as Parantaka II, wrested Tondaimandalam

from the Rashtrakutas and fought a battle with the Pandyas.

• Rajaraja I (985–1014) adopted the titles of Arumolivarman,

Mummadi Chodadeva, Jaykonda, Martand Chola, Mumabi Chola,
Keralnath, Singhaltank, Pandakulashini, etc.

• Various dynasties were defeated by him, including the Cheras,

Chalukyas and the Gangas.
The control of Madurai was wrested from the Pandayas. Northern
Ceylon was also conquered by him, and he named Polonnaruva its
capital, in place of Anuradhapur. The Maldives were also conquered
by him. .
• He built the Brihadeshwar temple at Tanjore which is also called
the Rajarajeshwar temple.
• Rajendra I succeeded Rajaraja I.
• Rajendra I completed the victory over Ceylon and took its King
Mahinda to the Chola Kingdom.
• A new Kingdom was founded by him after he defeated the Pandyas
and Keralas. He placed this new kingdom's capital at Madurai.
Rajadhiraja, his son, was posted as the viceroy.

• The Pala Ruler, Mahipal I, was defeated by him when he led a

conquest up north. The title of Gangaikonda was taken up by him,
he and created a new capital, which he named
Gangaikondaacholapuram. A Shiva temple was built by him over there
and a tank called Chodagarg was excavated.
• He also defeated the Shailendra or Srivijaya King
Vijayatungavarman.
• He assumed the title of Pandita Chola, Mudikondachola, Nigarilli
Chola and
Gangikondachola.
• He allowed Vijaytungavarman of the Shailendra dynasty to build the
Chudamani Vihar at Nagapattanam.
.
• Veer Rajendra defeated Someshwar II and established a Vedic college
of learning.
Coverage :
 Division of Ancient History and Sources
 Indus Valley Civilization
 Vedic Age
 Religious Movements
 Mahajanapadas
 Rise of Magadha
 Mauryan Era
 Foreigner Ruling Group of Post Mauryan Period
 Native Dynasty of Post Mauryan Period
 Sangam Age
 Pushyabhuti Dynasty
 Chalukya of Badami
 Pallava of Kanchi
  History:
 Written evidences available (From Vedic Phase till present)
 Pre-history:
 No written evidence; Archaeological evidences available,
(stone age)
 Proto-history:
 Written evidences available; but could not be deciphered (Eg.
Harappan Period).
History is all about understanding the past. Sources are crucial to
unravel and understand the past.
 Sources of History:

Literature
 Indian Literature:
 Vedic Literature: Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads,
Vedangas and Upvedas.
 Puranas: Stories of kings and gives genealogies of the various
 dynasties. Important source for knowing political history of Ancient
India.
Epics: Ramayana

 Sangam literature: Tolkappiyam, Ettuogai, Pattupattu,

Pathinenkilkanakku, Silpadikarm and Manimekkalai.
 Plays: by Kalidas; and other writings of Navaratnas in
the court of Guptas

Foreign Literature:

Author Book Subject

Magasthenes (Greek) Indica Valuable information on Administration
and socio-economic conditions of
Mauryas

Ptolemy (Greek) Geography Geographical treatise on India in 2nd

of India Century AD

Pliny (Greek) Naturakus Accounts trade relations between Rome

Historia and India in 1st Century AD

Anonymous (Greek) Periplus of Records personal voyage of Indian coasts

the in 80 A.D.
Erythrean
Sea
Fa-Hien (Chinese) Record of Records the Gupta Empire in the 5th
the Buddhist Century AD
Countries
(Fo- Kuoki)
Hiuen Tsang (Chinese) Buddhist Describes the social, economic and
Records of religious conditions of India in the 5th
the and 7th Century AD. (Harshvardhan)
Western
World (Si-
Yu-Ki)
I-tsing (Chinese) A record of Studies the Gupta period under Sri
the Gupta in the 7th Century AD.
Buddhists
religion as
practiced in
India and
Malay
Archipelago
.
Hwuili (Chinese) Life of Hiuen Accounts Hiuen Tsang's travel in
Tsang India.

A. Other:

 Visakha Datta: Mudra Rakshas; Gupta period,

Chanakya-Chandragupta story

 Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa: Buddhist books written in Sri

Lanka; Ashoka spread
 Divyavadan: Tibetan Buddhist book, Ashoka spread.
Archaeological evidences:
 Artefacts- materials used by the ancient people which are found
at the sites, useful to understand pre-historic Period.
 Tools- stone and bone tools and tools made up of metals like
Bronze and Iron.
 Pottery – Black and Red Ware, Northern Black polished ware,
Polished Grey Ware etc.
 Pollen analysis of the floral remains.
  Burials and tools available near the burials.
 Settlements and other architectural remains.
Inscriptions:
 Engravings on stone or other metal objects.
 Rock edicts- Major and Minor and Pillar edicts.
 Allahabad inscription of Samudragupta.

Koldihawa Earliest evidence of rice

Bagor Earliest evidences of Domestication of animal (Rajasthan)
and
Adamga
rh
Chirand Serpant cult (Bihar)
Burzahom Pit-dwelling and domestic dog was buried with their
masters in grave.
Gulfkral Pit-dwelling (J&K)
Neolithic sites Unique feature to have ash mound on many sites like
of South India Piklihal, Maski, Hallur etc.

Bhimbetka Homo Sapiens' Cave 500 painted

Rock Shelters (MH)(Prominently
Mesolithic site)
Mirzapur Shows that goats and sheep were
exploited during Palaeolithic
phase
Atranjikhera Textile printing
Hastinapur Wild Sugarcane
Inamgaon Statue of mother Goddess (MH)
Mehargarh Earliest evidence of agriculture,