Recall inear momentum formulation =F. mma amt (eV), dt in fo obtain the angular-of-momentum eq: Lex), = Leeann, Oy the Reynolds transport equation aB, a By, =(FXMV)y, - aim av pov.an b=(rxV) d —(rxmV) Sexn), £Joexv) pd + J(exV)pVaa Using equation 7 DrxP),, =a Lev pave [eexvipvaal But at an instant (ty), the system and the CV coincide LexF),.=LexP), 2 1) pV. Bene alo pes [(rxvypvad The total moment || arate of change (due to surace/ of moment-of- body forces and || momentum of ‘extemal moments) _ | the contents of acting onthe CV _| the CV net rate at which ‘moment-of-momentum is leaving the control volume through the CS Assuming steady flow Lex Py = fOxV)pVda ‘Assuming uniform flow LOx P= Lex V)ev.a Perform the dot product and Lex Pear=LexV)pva -LexVpva Al velocities in the above Eq, are measured relative to the fixed control volume.-S 38 note that rit = pV.A Lex P= Lx Vyin= Lex Vin Rotating CV is not discussed in this lesson. It may be discussed later CamScanner » sow agua)!=xample: Water flows through the a reducing bend| at 0.25 m/s. The inlet pressure at 1 is 150 kPa age, and the outlet pressure at 2 is 593 kPa age. Aweight of 1420 N acts 20 cm to the right of int A, Find the moment the support system at int A must resist. The diameters ofthe inlet and Dutlet pipes are 30 om and-tcm, rest ly. DM, = Leroi = Yr ci¥ 15 M, +t) x(PAy) +t x(Py Vy, in = pQ = (998 kg/m? )(0.25 m?/s) = 250 ky/s 2 384 m/s 2 025 m/s <2. = 14.15 m/s Ay ex 0.078'm* (PA) =+ PAR =150000(2 20.15 y, PAY sion 5 I+] cow = soxonr S075 =498Nn Pay n| + M, =—PAyi~ PyAyry + 0.20 250(0.475 «14.15 +0.153.$4)=1813 Na IM , = -1590- 498+ 0.2*1420-181: M,=-3617N.m ‘acting clockwise direction CamScanner » sow agua)!=xample [Crowe] Water flows hrough a 500 N-bend. The discharge $ 0.25 m’/s, and the pressure at the Jvnav+ f v(evda) enter of the inlet section is 150 Fes [hiovan) age. The water density is 1000 kg a n. The bend is in the vertical plane Fy EY pV.A) nd has a volume of 0.10 m? Nhat force is required to hold the : end in place? Dh Lalova) @ [w(ov.a)],, +[u(o¥-A)]., +R, =-VWyir-Vuit R, =-p,Ay-pyAs (V+ Vy) How to find V, and V, 5 m/s 1, Select control volume that zax0s et encloses bend and the reaction force 0.25 m/s acts on the control surface. ee a/4XO1S me DE = HM(-PVA),, +CV(+PVA),, How to Find pt and p2 Gs oy rt Eee pet ee 2G +yl2-)) 2 (1000)(3.547 — 14.157)Pa +(9810)(0.325)Pa ‘Substitute back in momentum eq 20.15" R, =-150% 2" ~ 59.3% 4 = (14.15 +3.54) x1000x 0.25 R, =-11600 — 4421 Component Lh= Leva) &-W,-W,=0 R, =I, +W, =$00N +9810°0.1 £, SON CamScanner » sow agua)!=xample: Water flows at an average jelocity of 3 mis through a 10-cm ‘ameter pipe that consists of a 2-m ettcal and 1-nvlong horizontal secton| The pipe is anchored on the ground by onerete base. The mass of the narzontal pipe section when filed with water is 12 kg per meter length. Determine (a) the bending moment acting at the base of the pipe (point A) Moa = LerxiV- Liv w=mg=(1248+1m)-981=11770 ™ M, =0.59117.7~29323.55 = 82.45 acting clockwise direction (b) the required length of the horizontal sectio that would make the moment at point A zero. Mi WW =-rVytin _ -(L/2XLmgy= nn 2m my ; RU pA 0 ° Ling /2= r,t My ofintndyenn(hedyenaW Vit t i. jae Vv me wi ») _ ex cw (12993) y M,-1W=-rVyin (A) cw nly M, +x War, xV, 35m CamScanner » sow agua)!:xample The inlet and exit pressures of a ozzle are p, = 105 kPa abs and 101.3 kPa bs. The nozzle has an inlet diameter of 60 mm nd an exit diameter of 10 mm, and the nozzle s connected to the supply pipe by flanges 2) Find the air speed at the exit ofthe nozzle. To find V, and V, apply Bernoulli's and continuity equations between (1) and (2) continuity equation VAL 2(3.710°) 122(1-40/60y)) (b) Find the force required to hold the nozzle stationary. Assume the air has a constant density of 1.22 kg/m®. Neglect the weight of the nozzle. The x-momentum eas Select a CV enclosing bend ‘Show the reaction forces acting on the CV ‘and momentums crossing CV LXE = Larva) ZF, =#V,(-PVA),, +(V)(+0VA) pA, -F =-Vyin+ Vyin =—piAy H(Vy= Vii PAV, = 1.22 $x 0.06 x2.16 3700% $x 0,06" 4 (77.9-2.16)7.45 x10" CamScanner » sow agua)!roblem: The 500-g hemispherical bow is held in quilibrium at a height, h, by a vertical jet of water’ ischarged through the 10-mm-diameter nozzle. If flow rate is 0.001 m*ls, find the height h. Find h? what is the equation that involves h. Berouli’s eq Apply it between the nozzle exit (A) and point (B) of. Ve ve 7p" But we don't know ae ahah aon aft the exit area Ag which slike a ring |So we apply Bernoull’s eq between B Finding Vq: and C ignoring Az re Ve, Pe VEL fe 28 w 28 Azeo substitute eq (3) in (2) Finding Ve: ‘Sketch a CV around the water and apply the moment equation in the y-direction: LE =O CPV, +(VeAtPVA Finding the mass flow rate =mg =-2V git 05*9.81=2¥,(1) m= (pVA) = 1000(12.74)*%4(0.01) = 1 4 substitute in (1) Finding V_: Many people use the continuity eq. Vp An = Vo Ac h=(12.74? -2.45°)/2¢ CamScanner » sow agua)!=xample: a horizontal jet of water exits @ nozzle Nth a uniform speed of V, = 10 fis, strites a /ane, and is tuned through an angle 60 . Find he anchoring force needed to hold the vane stationary. (gravity and viscous effects are regligile) Select CV that cuts the fow at right angle and the reaction force atthe bottom ‘conservation of momentum eq 4 toy Dkr =F [eave [v(ovaa) Steady flow; Fey = [ V(eV.dA) Uniform fow Fey = Sv(pv.a) Veuitvj Ib pT ale) R= [u(pv.a)],, +[u(eV-A)],, =Vi(-PVA),, +V, c0s0(+pVA),,, = -V(pVA,) +Vse080(pV.A,) -V, + V, cos fin R, =(-3.05 +3.05c0860)(16.97) 25.9N y-component Unit conversion: V, = 10 ls = 3,05 mis, A, = 5.5TX10°%m2, p = 999 kgim? dF, = Dv(ev.a) s Find V, using Bernoulli's equation: R,=[v(eV.A)], +[v(PVA)],,, Pt ev, [2+¥% meas gle fae =(0)(-pVA),,+V,sino(+pVA),,,| PF /2= eh /2+ =V,sind sh conservation of mass; 7 PVA, =pV.A, =H R, =3.05sin 60(16.97)= 44.8. VA, =999*3.05 x5.57x10° = 16.9 CamScanner » sow agua)!cample Steady horizontal flow (2 m/s) of | X-component SF, =-V,sin30(pV.A,) rude oil (S=0.94) exts a1 m-diameter ° a end atan angle of30°as shown. The | LPs = L(eV-A) R, + p,A,sin 30=-V, sin30(pQ) lume of oil the bend is 1.2 m, and the amply weigh ofthe bend is 4KN. Assume TF, =[u(oV.A)],, +[u(oV.A)]., R, =-p,A,sin30— V, sin 30(2Q) he pressure along the bend is constant with : . Value of 75 kPa gage. Find the net force | = (4V,)(~pV,A,) + V,cos30(pV,A,) |* = ~58904sin30—2.55sin 30(940*2) equired to hold the bend in place. - — R, =-31849N : sees XE, =[-1+605301¥,(2Q) Z-component pes IDF -I-1 + c0s30)2.55*(940°2) > RN — Woot --6423N R=W-4W, =(0.94x9810)(1.2)+4000 R,+ p,A,~ pyA,c0s30=—642.3 0 5 R, + p,A(1 ©0830) = 642.3 VA=0 vee V= 2/(nX0.5*)=2.552 Select CV enclosing bend and the reaction sen ol howe: sea ls on the cord tare R, +58904(1—c0s30) = ~642.3 conservation of mass: Write the conservation of momentum eq | R, =-8534N PVA -pV.A, —pVA = pQ= ti d ; = constant: a = J ovavs [v(ev.da) ycomponent DF,=Dv(pv.a) |? VA= » butA,=Ay sey Dee Zulova) | LiLo, Leora A, = (75000 Nim? }(a x0. CamScanner » sow agua)!‘ample Steady horizontal flow (2 m/s) of | component DF, =-V,sin30(pV.A,) rude oil (S=0.94) exits a 1 m-diameter : a7 mend at an angle of 30° as shown. The | UF, = (V-A) R, + p,A,sin30=-V, sin30( 00) jolume of clin the bend is 1.2 m?, and the amply weight ofthe bendis 4 kN. Assume | °F, =[u(pV.A)], +[u(eV.A)]., R, =—p,4,sin30-V, sin 30(pQ) fhe pressure along the bend is constant with ss . value of 75 kPa gage. Find the net force |= (+-V,)(—pV,A,)+V, c0s30(pV,A,) | =58904sin 30-—2.55sin 30(940*2) equired to hold the bend in place R,=-318491 cnetoe — [S DE, =[-1+c0830]V, (2) A ta] Bi IDF,=F-1 + cos30]2.55*(940%2) =r ~~ 642.3N R+pA 9330 =-642.3 R, + p,A\(1—cos30) = 642.3 VA=Q V7 V= 2/(nx0,5*)=2,55% Select CV enclosing bend and the reaction . sage pel ph pa R, +58904(1—c0s30) = -642.3 Soneresin of ma: ' Wit the conservation of momentum eq | RNR PVAPV.A2 =pVA = pQ= th > F, p= constant: a TE =< | (Vdd + FV(eVAA) | yoomponent YF, =D y(pV.A) ee DF = DV(eVA) XE. =[¥A)],, +[(V-4)]., ViAy=VsA, DULAV=A, yA, =(75000Nim?)(a x 0.5*)=58904N CamScanner » sow agua)!control Volume Moving at Constant Velocity uppose we have a control volume moving at constant peed, (1) XYZ, “absolute,” or stationary (and therefore inertial) coordinates. Vev (control volume velocity) is the velocity of the CV as seen from a fixed coordinate system. (2) the xyz coordinates attached to the CV {2lso inertial as long as the CV is not accelerating with respect to XYZ). ‘Vr (relative velocity) is the fluid velocity seen by an observer moving withthe CV. What ifthe CV was accelerating? Does both choices give the same resutt | The flow in the moving CV is steady while in the XYZ frame is unsteady ‘Yes but one of them is much easier than the other. How? V (absolute velocity) isthe fuid velocity seen by a stationary observer in a fixed coordinate system So, we use the 2" choice but we replace V with V, Vey V=Voy +V, v Vv, 100i =10i+V, ce V,-901 =0 mis =100m/s — (V,=00 mis _—_—__—_> t =10 mig XYZ fou still e da " Vy, cus LE age av [v(ev.ta) but with the simple eacaten that | Yuri ofthe Saison coordinate system: Dh = f wv, yav+ [y,(v..aa) Mt cy = Cs Fox emphasized that the momentum Eq is valid for any motion of the CV coordinate system xyz, provided that all velocities are measured relative to the CV. CamScanner » sow agua)!A dcm-diameter-water jet at 60 m’s hits a blade that is moving at 20 mvs tothe right. The magnitude of the force developed by water on the blade is nearest (A)900N, (B)7700N, (C)3430N (0) 15450 N, (E)3715N Select a CV moving with the vane at constant relocty, V.. (inertial). fem dia 2, and R, are the components of force required 0 maintain the velocity ofthe CV at 20 i mis. Yas Apply Bemouli’s eq between inlet and exit Flow is steady flow relative to the vane. v Find mass flow rate Noting that ail velocities must be measured relatve to the CV in applying the basic equations m= pV,.A= pVA = 1000 40* #(0.02)* =50, ate Write the x-momentum eq Dk = EV(eV,.A) = DV, : s e DE rd oR.= V,,(-1it) 4-V,, cos45)mn =60i-201=40i m/s = 40 m/s tap Pay =-V,[1+cos45pn = ~401+60545]50.24 230068 REMOEN R, = 40sin 45(50.24) = -1421N R, =-1421N Magnitude: F = (3430.6) +(-1421.72)° = 3715 CamScanner » sow agua)!:xample: Consider an airplane cruising at 1000 kmh to the night. f the elocity of exhaust gases out ofthe turbine nozzle is 700 knvh to the ft relative to the ground, the velocity of the exhaust gases relativeto | V,=-700i ne nozzle exis 2) 1700 kmh to the let Vyp= Vis + Ver b) 1700 kv to the right c) 300 kh to the right 4) 300 kmh tothe lft e) 150 kmh to the night Vey = #1000 i km/h Vey=+1000i km/h | Voy=+ 1000 i km/h 1000 i = - 17007 km/h Srey | Vey = +1000; km/h = —_——- Another method = V,,=¥,+(-Vy) Vey + 1000 i keh Vey + 1000 i keh Vey= = 10001 kmh V,= 700i km/h IV, 1=1700 i kevh CamScanner » sow agua)!ample: A vane moving at constant speed, 10. | Write the conservation of momentum eq 1s, receives a jet of water that leaves a tationary nozzle with speed of V = 30 mis, The st exits the vane at an angle of 60 °. The zzle has an exit area of 0,003 m2. Determine ne force components that act on the vane. A= > SS _ Select a CV moving with the vane at constant elocity, V.,, (inertial). Li ky agev avs J V,(eV,dA) All velocities must be measured relative to the CV in applying the basic equations. Flow is steady flow relative to the vane. Lk = [¥.(0¥,aa) & Uniform flow and uniform properties DF = LV, (eV,-A) X-component YF, = )n,(pV,.A) R,=[u,(eV,A)],, +[u-(PV-A)].5 =Val > *¥,.6050( +4), , =V,[e0s60—I}ir %, and R, are the components of force required 0 maintain the velocity of the CV at 10 i mis Oe [RIFSS59N (othe let) veomponent EF, = Ev, (e¥,-A) Neglect the vane and water weight = [v(oV,A)], L(V AN], =(O(-*),, 2 (i 0 sin 60(59.94) =1039.N ELON ora From Bernoulli equation, the 22, Viz. neglecting V=V.,+V, Vis = Vs ~ Vey = 30 mis ~ 10 mis = 20 mis = V,, Find the mass flow rate tin = pV,.A, =pV,aA. = th i= pV,A =999* 200.003 = 59.94 | CamScanner » sow agua)!xam problem: A horizontal 30-mm-diamter ijt (p= 1.23 kg/m?) strikes a fixed flat late, The jet velocity is 40 mvs and the flow assumed frictionless, determine: 2) The mass flow rates at exits 2 and 3, ») the normal reaction force F, 2) the normal reaction force F, required to tthe plate move to the left at V= 10 mis. Solution steps: ) Apply Bemnoull’s Eq to find V, and V, 03254 If use the regular x-y coordinates fY =f, sin30 ) Momentum Work wit rotated X, Y (Why?)] F, ~V,(-m,)+ V.cos30(m,)+ CV, X momentum (tangential): SF, = um No reaction force in the X direction because we assumed is no fnction 2 unknowns F, and i, (b) the normal reaction force F,. FromY momentum LF; x /cos30}(mn,-113) Need one more eq Lem —— sin. 30 0, 0, Fee rn) + ng) +m) F,, =(40)sin30(0.0348) F,=0.696N £, = 0 + V,sin30(r,) + (-V,sin30)(m,-m “F,,cos30 This is the 2° equation (6) the normal reaction force F, required to let the plate move tothe left at V= 10 mis From Y momentum Fr = Dvn, Vale ¥, Vo 38, =40-(-10)=50 m/s PV Ay 1.23°S0%x(0.03"/4) ~ 0.0435 By Bernoulli's Eq => V,, = V,.= V3= 50m/s ~V,sin30— g 0 >= = “e-m,) 4%.) 4,0) F,, =(30)sin30(0.0435) CamScanner » sow agua)!soit et problems] Lig “I [PN se v hg a h fe v t AY = 25.0 mis = 30° te. 1 = CamScanner » sow agua)!‘am problem: Italy the gate AB closes @ vater duct that is $0 om high (B= 90°.) Nhen water (p = 998 kg!) at 1.2 mvs flows nthe duct, the gate rises making an angle B ith the horizontal. The issuing et from the uct hits a vertical plate thats fixed in place y @ horizontal force of 3000 N. Find the ingle B. Hinge Ay This is a combined problem One might A, analyze the AL gate as From x-momentum: °F, = pum 0 ~3000 = uy(rin) +b, (0n,) +9,(m,) 3000 = u,598.8 u, =5.01 mis We go back to the left part t sinpooy (=05-h How to find h? im, ~ S988 ~ pVA, ~ 998°S.01(hx1) ‘Mass conservation: m1,~m, tt PVA = 998x1.2(0.5x1) = 598.8% h=0.12m 05-012 0s sin f= 0.76 Let us now work on the right part sin B= B-49.5° CamScanner » sow agua)!:xam problem: A uniform rectangular plate, 40. | How to find Fx mlong hangs in ai fom a hinge atts top. Itis truck ints center by a horizontal 3-cm-diameter | APPLY x momentum over CV of fluid at of water (998 kgim3) moving at 8 mis. Ifthe vp ate has a mass of 16 kg, estimate the angle at ch the plate will hang from the vertical. For implicity, assume that rit, = rity vy SR= Zu Ky 4 +, “van yf, orcyha | A, By Bernoull’s Eq =>V,=V, =V,=8m/s lw > No friction with plate P> y(Az) neglected F also rity = rity * FeV, F,-8(098)8( 4.0.03") =45 IN F, Apply y momentum to find F,, R= De +E, -(Ofemn,) 1(~ Vz e080), # VjcosOm “0 4) Apply summation of moments about point A=0 M,=0 ccwis+ 4s. 1xc0s0) 166981425108) =0 16(9.81)(sin 8) = 45.1(cos) tan = 25:1 _ : Tsoog "09=0.29 0=160 CamScanner » sow agua)!=xam problem: A horizontal 30-mm-diamter it jet (p = 1.23 kgim?) strikes a fred flat ate, The jet velocity is 40 mvs and the fow $ assumed frictionless, determine a) The mass flow rates at exits 2 and 3. b) the normal reaction force F,, :) the normal reaction force F, required to tthe plate move to the left at V= 10 mis Solution steps: ) Apply Bernoulli's Eq to find V; and Vy > No friction with plate P y(Az) neglected 10~cos30(-0.0348)* ri, - 0.0348 +m, =>V,=Vp =V,=40m/s 0325! ) Continuity 11, =n, +11, fit =i ii | m1, = 0.0348-0,0325 = 0.0023 = m, PVA, =1.23(40) 0.252 0.03") It1use the regular xy coordinates f¥ OOM! sous | -f,sin30 | Momentum Work with rotated X, ¥ (Why?)] F, ~V (rn, )+ Vycos30(r ( momentum (tangential) : SF, = Sm | 2 unknowns F, and rit, V,c0330)(ti,-m,) Need one more eq (bd) the normal reaction force F, From momentum Dh = Evm No reaction force in the X direction because we assumed is no fction -Vjsin30 9 0 Fy Myr) +0 rg) + (mn) F, =(40)sin30(0.0348) FY) =0.696V If use the regular x-y coordinates E, <0 + Vsin30(vit,) + (-V,sin30)(ri,-rit “F,cos30_ This is the 2~ equation (©) the normal reaction force F, required to {et the plate move to the left at V= 10 mss. From Y momentum SF, = Sov,m, Vat, +¥, Vey =V, =40-(-10) = 50 m/s 11 PVA 1.2350" (0.03*/4) ~ 0.0435: By Bernoulli's Eq => V,, = Vz# Vis= 50m/s =V,sin30 9 0 =r, F= Vem) 48,01.) FV, 0015) F, = (S0)sin30(0.0435) CamScanner » sow agua)!