MPA 11 EM 0ooo1v

MPA-011: STATE, SOCIETY AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Course Code: MPA-011

Assignment Code: MPA-11/Asst/TMA/2022-23
Marks: 100
This assignment consists of Sections I and II. There are five questions in each section. You
have to answer a total of five questions in about 500 words each. It is necessary to attempt at
least two questions from each section. Each question carries 20 marks.
SECTION-I
1) Describe the role of the State in the globalisation context. 20

2) ‘The Liberal and Marxist perspectives are very important in understanding the
nature of the State’. Discuss. 20
3) Highlight Gandhi’s views on ‘Swaraj’ model of polity. 20
4) Define the concept of social equity and discuss the changing norms for citizen
participation in public administration 20
5) Analyse the general parameters on gender issues. 20
SECTION-II
6) Discuss the role of bureaucracy in policy formulation. 20
7) Highlight the impact of globalisation on developing countries. 20
8) ‘Contemporary bureaucratic paradigm is very different from the Weberian
paradigm’ Comment. 20
9) Describe the good governance initiative in the Indian context. 20

10) Discuss context of ethics and its significance for public administration. 20
4
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MPA-011: STATE, SOCIETY AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Course Code: MPA-011
Assignment Code: MPA-11/Asst/TMA/2022-23
Marks: 100
This assignment consists of Sections I and II. There are five questions in each section. You have to
answer a total of five questions in about 500 words each. It is necessary to attempt at least two
questions from each section. Each question carries 20 marks.
SECTION-I
1) Describe the role of the State in the globalisation context. 20
in
Globalisation is as much a political fact as it is an economic fact. It is influenced by complicated
negotiations among sovereign governments, private corporations, international institutions (United
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Nations agencies, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, WTO). It is guided by neo-liberal
policies that aim for capitalist expansion via economic and strategic dominance (Guttal, op.cit.).
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McMichael (1995) studied the limitations faced by States under pressure from multilateral
agencies, global firms, and global and regional free trade agreements. He found that States
succumbed to transnational forces leading to a return to colonisation, albeit, of a different type.
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The globalisation effect has often been viewed as roll back of the State and the takeover of many of
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its economic functions by the market. It has been argued that shrinkage of the State is directly
proportional to the enlargement of the market, and the market is the best place for equilibrium
and division of labour leading to absolute gain for all. Thus, withering away of the State is
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favourable because political interferences should not stand in the way of market expansion and
market efficiency. The State has always been at the centre-stage of societal governance. The onset
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of globalisation globally brought about transformation of the State. In view of some, though it did
not result in a decline of autonomy of State, but changed its complexion from Welfare State to a
Competition State that favours deregulation and privatisation, irrespective of the local political and
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administration cultures. The ‘public sphere’ and the space for citizen involvement seem to be
shrinking with the role of the State becoming corporate in nature. There is marketisation of
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administration, dismantling of large bureaucratic structures, introduction of flexible production

systems, lessening of control on public goods by the nation-state and preference for a government
guided by market phenomena. Globalisation is pushing the State towards adhering certain global
standards and as a result is undergoing a transformative phase. State intervention in the
globalisation context takes several forms. Bhaduri and Nayyar (1996) have identified three types of
interventions- functional, institutional and strategic. Functional interventions seek to remedy
market failures, institutional interventions seek to govern the market by setting rules of games for
market players, while strategic interventions seek to guide the market.
2) ‘The Liberal and Marxist perspectives are very important in understanding the nature of
the State’. Discuss. 20
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The Liberal perspective of the State is based on the philosophy of Liberalism, which broadly
represents freedom, modernity and progress. Emerging around the same period as that of the
evolution of the modern States, it came to signify the attempt to define a private sphere
independent of the State. Gradually, Liberalism became associated with the doctrine that freedom
of choice should be applied to matters as diverse as marriage, community, religion, economic and
political affairs. In fact, to everything that affects daily life (Macpherson, 1973). In this view, the
world consists of free and equal individuals with natural rights. The concern of politics should be
the defence of the rights of these individuals in a way that must enable them to realise their own
capacities. The mechanisms for regulating individuals, and pursuit of theirrespective interests were
to be the Constitutional State, along with private property, the competitive market economy and
the family which was distinctly patriarchal. Liberalism is hailed for upholding the values of reason
and toleration in the face of tradition and absolutism (Dunn, 1979). No doubt, Liberalism
celebrated the rights of individuals to life, liberty and property, but liberal individual was generally
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the property owning male and the new freedoms were first and foremost for the men of the new
middle classes. It is notable that the Western world was liberal first and only later, that too after
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extensive conflicts, it became democratic, when universal franchise became the norm all over.
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The Marxist Perspective, also commonly regarded as the class theory of State, is basically a
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perspective, which has evolved from the writings of Karl Marx and Freiderick Engels and some
other classic Marxist theoriticists such as Vladimir Lenin, L. Trotsky and A. Gramsci. It is worth
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remembering here that Marx did not offer a theoretical analysis of the State as such. His work on
the State comprises a fragmented series of philosophical reflections, contemporary history,
journalism and incidental remarks. It is not surprising, therefore, that Marx rarely focused directly
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on the complex concept of State. From the beginning, Marx made it clear that the point is not to
contemplate or interpret the world, or the State, but to change it. Therefore, it is difficult to
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acquire any clear unitary theory of the State from the diverse writings of Marx and Engels
themselves. More so, because the emphasis of Marxism has not been to understand the State in
itself, but rather to explain it as a result of a more fundamental reality, which is usually economic in
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character. Thus, it is the functional role of the State within the economy, rather than its
Constitutional or institutional form, which is significant. Basically, Marxism is a ‘praxis’ philosophy
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mostly responding to immediate events and issues. The closest Marx ever comes to a systematic
treatment of the State is in his early work, “Introduction to a Critique of Hegal’s Philosophy of
Right”, but there too, he engages in mainly negative criticism. It is intrinsic to Marxist perspective
that the State is seen as a universal but temporary phenomenon which ultimately has to be done
away with. Most of the Marxist writings have been directed to the fact that the ultimate end of
history and class struggle is Communism, which has to be a Stateless condition. Despite such
theoretical constraints, there is one central concept in Marxist theorising about the State – the idea
of class (Ostrom, 1974). The State is seen as the expression or condensation of class relations,
which implies a pattern of domination and oppression that are other general elements of Marxist
perspective. A class interest is seen to manage the State apparatus in the interests of that class
alone. This involves the exercise of power over other groups or classes.
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3) Highlight Gandhi’s views on ‘Swaraj’ model of polity. 20
Gandhi borrows the term ‘swaraj’ from the Vedas. One meaning of swaraj is self rule and self
control and differs from the English usage, which implies freedom without restraints. It also means
the “all around awakening-social, educational, moral, economic and political” (Young India, 26
August 1926). True freedom is conformity to moral law, the inner conscience, and the law of one’s
true being. It induces a person to seek the good and attain it, an end that is worthy. Freedom
means self-control, a conquest over self which can be attained only by being fearless. It involves
arduous discipline and requires that one follows one’s vows of self-purification and self-realisation.
It is through active involvement and participation in the day to day affairs of society that the
individual attains salvation or moksha. Gandhi insists on the need to rationalise and synthesise
desires in an integrated life in order to attain the moral height to distinguish humans from brutes.
Another implication of swaraj is moral and spiritual freedom or anāsakti which comes as the
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consequence of will and reason leading to concentration of energy. This is the cardinal lesson that
Gandhi learns from the Bhagavad Gita. Swaraj as self-rule or self-control means three things: first,
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freedom is primarily an individual, not a collective quality. Second, it includes the conventional civil
liberties of the press, speech, association and religion and third, it distinguishes between inner and
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outer forms of freedom, inner freedom as anchoring and sustaining outer freedom (Dalton, 1982,
pp.144-47). For Gandhi, the individual is the pillar of Swaraj but this does not mean unbridled
individualism; rather it implies, as in T. H. Green, a balance between individual freedom and social
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restraint. He insists on individuals cultivating qualities of discipline, voluntary loyalty and solidarity
and internal freedom as these would ensure an unimpeachable character and conduct. He
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constantly emphasises that inert and emasculated people would never be able to attain freedom
and individual consciousness alone would lift people out of servility. Gandhi considered weakness,
cowardice and fear as sins against human spirit. He taught the Indians the spirit of fearlessness.
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Swaraj for Gandhi also means positive freedom, to participate in the process of politics in every
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possible way. It implies participatory democracy as there exists an intimate relationship between
the citizen and the state. By swaraj I mean the government of India by the consent of the people as
ascertained by the largest number of adult population, male or female, native born or domiciled,
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who have contributed by manual labour to the services of the state and who have taken the
trouble of having registered their names as voters…. Real swaraj will come not by the acquisition of
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authority by a few but by the acquisition of the capacity by all to resist authority when it is abused.
In other words, swaraj is to be obtained by educating the masses to a sense of their capacity to
regulate and control authority
Gandhi prefers to use Swaraj instead of the English word, independence or freedom. It assumes a
different meaning in Gandhi rather than in the simple political sense that was used by his
predecessors. Freedom or swaraj, for Gandhi, is an inclusive concept - political, economic, social
and moral - emphasising on the utmost necessity of the human being to be as perfect as possible.
Gandhi borrows the term ‘swaraj’ from the Vedas. One meaning of swaraj is self-rule and self-
control and differs from the English usage, which implies freedom without restraints. Swaraj for
Gandhi also means positive freedom, to participate in the process of politics in every possible way.
It implies participatory democracy as there exists an intimate relationship between the citizen and
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the state. Gandhi’s concern for majority alleviation led him to advance the notion of Gram Swaraj
with its focus on the village, at the centre of his social, political and economic philosophy.
4) Define the concept of social equity and discuss the changing norms for citizen
participation in public administration 20
The term social equity has been conventionally referred to as equality, and now is being
understood in terms of social justice. In the contemporary context, it is called social engineering.
With the gradual change in the terminology, some new inputs have been incorporated to widen its
scope. For example, present concept of social equity is not just confined to earlier emphasis on
caste reform, removal of untouchability etc. On the contrary, it includes the expansion and
democratisation of social structure making society more and more equitable in terms of social
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resources, human capital, gender-equity, educational awareness, demographic composition and
ethnic profile. To broaden the canvas of social equity, factors of common good, community
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services, multiculturalism, cultural freedom, human rights, ethnicity, social harmony and ecological
concern have also been made an integral part of it. Managing diversities and respecting cultural
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identities are the major challenges for India and other countries as well. No country is entirely
homogenous. Nearly 200 countries of the world have some 5,000 ethnic groups. Two thirds have at
least one substantial minority, either an ethnic or a religious group consisting of at least 10 per cent
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of the population. Cultural liberty is vital for maintaining social harmony. Therefore, the State
should work out appropriate ways and means to manage it. The present era of globalisation has
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been criticised as culturally ‘homogenising’ because communication and information technology,

economic integration and trade flows have been continually shrinking the world and changing the
landscape of cultural diversity
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Participation in the governance processes is the new ‘mantra’. Old concept of democracy revolves
around direct participation by the citizens in policymaking. This kind of participation is quite old
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and almost a classic one. Participation in modern times is indirect and takes place through
representation. The modern form of indirect and representative democracy is based on people’s
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participation. However, the findings of behavioural political scientists have found the participation
levels to be faulty and half-hearted one. According to the Elitists, only few influential exercise
participation and power in the so-called representative democracy. The Pluralists speak of
involvement of varied groups and organisations in participatory democracy. Therefore, the new
norms of participation are to insure the involvement of the people from all the classes, especially
from the weaker sections and minorities. Participation is vital for good and effective governance.
The latter part of the 20th century has shown a growing concern towards enlarging the role of
citizens in the process of decision-making. Political leadership has come to feel the need for it in
view of the citizens’ apathy towards public administration. The traditional institutional means
available to the people have proved to be inadequate and insufficient in impacting on the issues of
public policies. There could be many reasons for this like poor planning and execution, specialised
nature of administration, and alienation of people from governance. Decision-making matters
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demand a greater role for citizens because of their diminished trust in public administration.
Equally significant is the realisation in the society that decision-making without citizens’
participation is bound to be ineffective and unsuccessful. People’s participation in public
administration is a part of the larger process, emphasising on the values of representation,
responsiveness and accountability to the people of the country. This ordains that people be
provided with planned means for participating in both the policy making and policy implementing
processes in public administration.
5) Analyse the general parameters on gender issues. 20
Gender issues generally pertain to the qualitative and interdependent character of the position of
men and women’s in society. Gender division is rooted in the conditions of production and
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reproduction and is reinforced by the cultural, religious and ideological bases prevailing in the
society. In other words, sex is the province of biology, i.e. fixed and unchangeable qualities, while
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gender is the province of social science, i.e. qualities that are conditioned by social situation and
interactions. These relations are not necessarily harmonious and nonconflicting, and may take
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different forms under different circumstances. The concept of gender distinguishes the biological-
sexual differences between men and women from the culturally determined differences between
them, and the role assigned to or undertaken by them in a society. This means that gender
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differences between men and women vary across countries and regions as well as over time within
countries. The culturally determined roles of men and women are workable and can be changed
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and influenced through education, government policy, media images and opinion leaders. Women
account for 495.74 million and represent 48.3 per cent of India’s total population as per the Census
2001. Therefore, the development of the country depends, to a considerable extent, on the
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betterment of women’s socio-economic condition and status. The Indian Constitution safeguards
the rights and privileges of this group, which is reflective of the national concern in this regard.
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Article 14 confers equal rights and opportunities on men and women in the political, economic and
social spheres. Article 15 prohibits discrimination against any citizen on the grounds of sex, religion,
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race, caste etc. Article 15(3) empowers the State to make affirmative discrimination in favour of
women and Article 16 provides for equality of opportunities in the matter of public appointments
for all citizens. Article 51A (e) imposes a fundamental duty on every citizen to renounce practices
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derogatory to the dignity of women. To transform this de-jure equality into a de-facto one, many
policies and programmes have been launched from time to time for the benefit of women. The
Legal Right to Property (Parental) for women is under consideration and the Protection of Women
from Domestic Violence Bill 2005 has come up for discussion in the Parliament. This is in addition
to the plethora of Acts such as Child Marriage Restraint Amendment Act (1956), Suppression of
Immoral Traffic in Women and Girls (1956), Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act
(1986), Commission of Sati Prevention Act (1987), the National Commission for Women Act (1990),
which have already been enacted. There is a demand for 33 per cent reservation for women in the
Lok Sabha. Pressure to reach a consensus in this between all political parties is mounting. The
Constitutional Provisions underlined on Articles 10, 14, 15 and 16, as we just read, strive to provide
equality and justice to the women. The 73rd Constitutional Amendment has already reserved one-
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third of the seats for women in the panchayats. It needs to be kept in view that “Reservation is an
ineffective tool for meeting social ends unless accompanied with effective training and inculcation
of self-confidence among vulnerable sections of the society (Basu, 2005)”. It has been pointed out
that the unitary category of ‘woman’ differentiated by class, race or nationality is not an
intellectually helpful in analysing the sociopolitical impact of women’s groups. One way of dealing
with the problem is to divide women’s groups between those which conceptualise their chief
concerns around ‘political’ gender interests such as economic survival and those involved in
‘strategic’ gender interests associated with foremost objectives (Haynes, 1997).
SECTION-II
6) Discuss the role of bureaucracy in policy formulation. 20
Policy formulation is often a non-linear process. It is incremental and subjected to influences
in
exerted by wide range of actors. Though it is based on policy learning inputs, it may not always
emanate from it. As has been put forth, policy formulation, on paper, is the craftsmanship of the
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legislature. In reality, however, bureaucracy is deeply involved in the proper articulation and
shaping of policies, as the policy process entails the identification of policy problems and policy
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agenda. Thomas R. Dye has defined public policy as whatever governments choose to do or not to
do. We contend that government’s inaction can have just as great an impact on society as
government action (Cf Sahni, 1987). Civil servants have to bring in a new orientation to the rules by
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which the everyday conduct of public affairs has to be regulated. Civil servants have much to
contribute to the shaping and not just implementation of the policy (Beteille, 2000). The basic
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objectives of any government pertain to provision of economic infrastructure and goods and
services, resolution of conflict situations, protection of natural resources, stabilisation of economy,
promotion of human welfare and social justice. These get translated into public policies which are
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made, executed and evaluated by the legislature and the executive. Judiciary also plays an
important role in policy review if it goes against the Constitutional norms. The role of bureaucracy
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in policy making is informative, suggestive and analytical.
Role of Middle Level Bureaucrats

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It is often presumed that only the top officials – heads of the state departments and their
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immediate subordinates, i.e. the two top ranks – are actually involved in policy advice, policy
formulation and policy monitoring. In practice, however, the incumbents of ranks three and four
from the top (the so-called middle ranks) are actively engaged in policy making as well as policy
execution. It is usually the incumbents of the middle ranks, who are responsible for the actual
drafting of bills and proposed amendments to existing legislations, compiling white papers,
pointing out to their supervisors whether the implementation of existing policies meets with the
laid down requirements or not and suggesting alternative strategies that need to be followed. In
fact, they are actively involved in policy formulation, innovation, monitoring, and advice.
Role of Top Level Bureaucrats
The top echelons of bureaucracy have a significant role in the policy process. The idea should not
be created that the top-level bureaucrats only serve as a sort of clearing house between the
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minister and middle level bureaucrats. The reality is far from that. True, the top level bureaucrats
are in direct contact with the minister, but their function is to challenge the proposals put to them
by their subordinates, to add their own knowledge and insight into the proposals, and above all to
see to it that the proposals eventually put before the minister have taken cognisance of the policy
of the government of the day.
Let us see how the bureaucrats are placed in the policy process and in what way does their position
influence policy making. There are many factors that put bureaucrats at an advantage vis-à-vis
policy formulation:
i Information Base
Under the Indian Constitution, the higher civil servants or top echelons of bureaucracy
have a Constitutional responsibility to advise on policy options. The secretaries to the
Government of India, for example, advise the ministers to take decisions that arise
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within the framework of the existing laws or policy, which otherwise cannot be dealt
with by routine procedures.
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ii) Knowledge and Experience
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Higher civil servants have a nearby total monopoly of the knowledge, which they have
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derived from their educational qualifications and their direct experience with the
operation of public policies. The vast experience and knowledge enable them to argue
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from positions of great strength about the financial and administrative difficulties of
policy proposals, the repercussions likely to be encountered from the affected groups,
and many new methods of dealing with policy problems. They are the think tanks of
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the government.
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iii) Permanence of Service

The bureaucrats’ position is further strengthened by their permanence in the
administrative organisation as compared to the frequent rotation of a minister. The
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average time spent by a minister with a department is much less than the average time
spent by a bureaucrat.
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iv) Advisory Expertise

To be implement able, a public policy must be realistic, which means that public official
should provide the elected political office bearer with complete data and advice him on
the possible implications of the specific policy alternatives.
7) Highlight the impact of globalisation on developing countries. 20
The impact of globalisation on public administration in developing countries is, on several fronts,
posing serious challenges. The impact of market forces on public services is bringing about adverse
repercussions. The privatisation of public enterprises, especially the loss making units are unable to
get suitable buyers and are hence being sold at low prices. The situation prevails in India also,
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where the privatisation is being faced with a lot of resistance. As Self (2002) observes “Privatisation
came at a cost in the form of increased unemployment (especially among older workers), that put
pressure on the welfare budget, human effects (in loss of pride and purpose among workers made
redundant), and increased economic inequality (with a rise in profit and fall in wage in the
privatised industries)”. The contracting out process is also open to corruption and mismanagement.
The process becomes immensely complex and difficult to manage as the need for constant
monitoring and supervision adds to the already heavy load of work and cost of the public agencies.
While the cost for service provision could be reduced, the quality of service remains lower in some
of the countries. These problems offset some of the financial gains achieved by marketisation for
increased managerial responsibilities. The introduction of user fees goes against the principles of
equity and ability to pay. In developing countries, this approach is likely to lead to higher cost of
essential services that a larger section of the impoverished population may be unable to afford. The
consequence could be a deepening of the already existing inequities and intensified dissatisfaction
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and dissent among the citizens. Many developing countries including India are being pressurised by
World Bank to increase tariffs and withdraw subsidies across a number of areas. As Huque points
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out, the process of marketisation of the public sector in developing countries leads to several
associated problems. Firstly, the highly publicised gains in efficiency and reduction in public
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expenditure is often surpassed by the extremely high indirect costs and artificial enhancement of
productivity, small savings in terms of money and manpower are attained at the expense of some
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of the fundamental principles of public service as well as loss of confidence of the public in the
competence of the government and its agencies. Secondly, there is an erosion in the power,
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credibility and legitimacy of the governments. Weak governments in developing countries have
little bargaining power in their dealings with the resourceful, organised and highly competent
service providers from the private sector as well as the influential international agencies and
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multinational corporations. Thirdly, consumers of public services are already in a weak position in
developing countries due to inadequate protection from the government and the existence of
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regulations titled in favour of the service providers. As a consequence, the consumers emerge as
the weakest party after the introduction of marketisation in public administration. The developing
countries are yet to arrive at a stage of development where the provision of public service can be
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handed over to private providers without the risk of major disruption or threat to the interest of
the consumer plans. Privatisation will not appeal to the citizens unless the costs and benefits are
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carefully calculated and demonstrated to benefit them. The marketisation of public administration
at the insistence of donor agencies has led to a host of undesired outcomes. Globalisation process
has taught some lessons (positive as well as negative), especially to the developing countries. It has
brought to the fore the need to appreciate the significance of indigenous local systems of
administration and governance, as well as adapt them in accordance to the new trends in
globalisation. The process of globalisation, in the context of developing countries, has to bring in
political, economic and social empowerment to the local level so that they may achieve sustainable
participatory development in an equitable and just environment.
8) ‘Contemporary bureaucratic paradigm is very different from the Weberian paradigm’

Comment. 20
CONTEMPORARY BUREAUCRATIC PARADIGM

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Based on participation, interaction, and coordination with people, these new approaches have
opened up distinct possibilities of rebuilding and restoring a culture of public accountability and
public trust in bureaucracy. These approaches are:
• New Public Administration (NPA)
• New Public Management (NPM) • Organisational Humanism, and
• New Public Service (NPS).
According to Max Weber, “Bureaucracy is universal social phenomenon and the means of carrying
community action to rationally ordered societal action”. Bureaucratic organisation, Max Weber
argued is the most technically efficient form of organisation. Many find this problematic, as it is
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possible to identify many anomalies in the Weberian ideal type. Limited and fixed jurisdiction can
mean tunnel vision. Hierarchy can mean servile behaviour, as well as communication and
50 ts.
information distortion. Knowledge of the files can mean routine and living by the book and so on
(Rockman, op.cit.). The Weberian claim of bureaucracy representing the highest extent of
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rationality did not fit in with the real life administration. The day-to-day administration is not
merely guided by rationality but myriad of influences. The ideal paradigm of bureaucracy, as
described by Weber, is viewed with some structural dimensions and an achievement of purpose i.e.
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it is meant to increase the efficiency of an organisation. But at the same time, it has been felt that it
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has facilitated the growth of capitalism as it helps to carry out special administrative functions. The
bounded rationality has been described as irrelevant by the critics of Weber. The postWeberian
view has emphasised on decentralisation and bottom-up approach. The contemporary view is not a
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rigid model of administration; instead it aims at an administration, which is responsive, responsible,

accountable, transparent and result oriented.
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9) Describe the good governance initiative in the Indian context. 20
In India, efforts are afoot and have also in some respects gained momentum in the direction of
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Good Governance reforms. The major administrative reforms in our country during the 1950s and
1960s were basically structural in nature with a view to improving the administrative machinery.
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With the nature of administration undergoing a change in the 1990s (from traditional bureaucratic
to responsive, citizen – oriented), the reforms are also now geared in this direction. Evolving a
citizen-centred bureaucracy, ensuring transparency and right to information, streamlining the
public grievances machinery, providing for code of ethics, and citizens’ charters are some
landmarks in this effort. The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments are important reform
measures fostering empowerment and participation of people in the governance process. The
current changes in government under the impact of reinvention are often considered to be the
market-oriented neo-liberal approach, and initiatives towards furthering this are visible in both
developed as well as developing countries. The role of the government, which was earlier direct in
nature, is now assuming a facilitating and indirect role. Good Governance, as a strategy in the
context of managerial reforms, assigns a steering and regulating role to the government vis-à-vis
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the private sector and a productive partnership between the government and societal
organisations.
The Conference of Chief Secretaries and Chief Ministers of all the Indian states and Union
Territories in 1996 and 1997 deliberated on the issue of improving governance, and an action plan
was formulated to bring about accountable and citizen-friendly government. In accordance with
this, several initiatives were taken by the Union and state governments. Let us highlight some of
these measures in the following section:
Citizens’ Charters
The concept of Citizens’ Charters originated in Britain. Citizens Charters are formulated by all those
public organisations providing different kinds of services to the people. These Charters are
statements that provide information to the general public about the nature of services being
in
provided by that organisation, procedures, costs involved, mechanisms for lodging complaints in
case the citizens are not satisfied, time taken for its redressal and so on. Nearly 68 organisations at
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the Central government level in India have formulated Citizens’ Charters.
Redressal of Citizens
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’ Grievances The machinery for getting redressal of any grievance that the citizen has against any
government organisation has been strengthened. A Directorate of Public Grievances has been set
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up in the Cabinet Secretariat in 1988 to examine complaints relating to various ministries and
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departments which have direct public dealings
Use of Information Technology

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Good Governance gives importance to use of Information Technology (IT) for efficient and effective
service delivery. As you know, train, airline, bus reservations are now computerised and at the
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village level also computerisation of land records, registration of births, deaths, and application for
necessary documents from district headquarters is making the tasks easier for the community.
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Right to Information
It has been increasingly felt that secrecy and lack of openness in government operations results in
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administration using powers arbitrarily in their dealings with people.
People’s Participation and Decentralisation
The government is ensuring people’s participation in governance through the 73rd and 74th
Constitutional Amendments by which Constitutional status is conferred on rural and urban local
bodies.
10) Discuss context of ethics and its significance for public administration. 20
Ethics, whether in an entire society, or in a social sub-system, evolves over a long period of time
and is influenced, during its nurturance and growth, by a variety of environmental factors.
Administrative ethics is no different. It is the product of several contextual structures and it never
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ceases to grow and change. Let us now look at some of these contextual factors that influence
ethics in the public administrative systems:
The Historical Context
The history of a country marks a great influence on the ethical character of the governance system.
The Spoils System in the USA during the initial phase of the American nation vitiated the ethical
milieu of the American Public Administration. “To victor belong the spoils” asserted American
President Jackson. Things would have continued the same way had not a disgruntled job seeker
assassinated President Garfield in 1881. Garfield’s assassination spurred the process of civil service
reforms in the USA, and the setting up of the US. Civil Service Commission in 1883 was the first
major step in this direction. India has witnessed a long history of unethical practices in the
governance system. Kautilya’s Arthashastra mentions a variety of corrupt practices in which the
administrators of those times indulged themselves. The Mughal Empire and the Indian princely rule
in
were also afflicted with the corrupt practices of the courtiers and administrative functionaries, with
‘bakashish’ being one of the accepted means of selling and buying favours. The East India Company
50 ts.
too had its share of employees who were criticised even by the British parliamentarians for being
corrupt.
The Socio-cultural Context

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Values that permeate the social order in a society determine the nature of governance system. The
Indian society today seems to prefer wealth to any other value. And in the process of generating
91 ign
wealth, the means-ends debate has been sidelined. Unfortunately, ends have gained supremacy
and the means do not command an equal respect. A quest for wealth in itself is not bad. In fact, it is
a mark of civilisational progress. What is important is the means employed while being engaged in
98 ss
this quest. We seem to be living in an economic or commercial society, where uni-dimensional

growth of individuals seem to be accepted and even valued, where ends have been subdued by
ua
means, and ideals have been submerged under the weight of more practical concerns of economic
progress.
no
Legal-judicial Context
The legal system of a country determines considerably the efficacy of the ethical concerns in
ig
governance system. A neatly formulated law, with a clear stress on the norms of fair conduct and
honesty, is likely to distinguish chaff from grain in the ethical universe. Conversely, nebulous laws,
with confusing definition of corruption and its explanations, will only promote corruption for it
would not be able to instill the fear of God or fear of law among those violating the laws of the land
and mores of the society.
The Political Context
The political leadership, whether in power or outside the power-domain, is perhaps the single
most potent influence on the mores and values of citizens. The rulers do rule the minds, but in a
democracy particularly, all political parties, pressure groups and the media also influence the
orientation and attitudes on moral questions.
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The Economic Context
The level of economic development of a country is likely to have a positive correlation with the
level of ethics in the governance system. Even when a causal relation between the two is not
envisaged, a correlation cannot be ruled out. A lower level of economic development, when
accompanied with inequalities in the economic order, is likely to create a chasm among social
classes and groups. The less privileged or more deprived sections of society may get tempted to
forsake principles of honest conduct while fulfilling their basic needs of existence and security. Not
that the rich will necessarily be more honest (though they can afford to be so), yet what is
apprehended is that the poor, while making a living, may find it a compelling necessity to
compromise with the principles of integrity.
in
50 ts.
PROJECT MATERIALS
80 en
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91 ign
98 ss
ua
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PROJECT MATERIALS

9891268050

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MPA-011: STATE, SOCIETY AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Course Code: MPA-011

1) Describe the role of the State in the globalisation context. 20

5) Analyse the general parameters on gender issues. 20

9) Describe the good governance initiative in the Indian context. 20

MPA-011: STATE, SOCIETY AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Course Code: MPA-011

Assignment Code: MPA-11/Asst/TMA/2022-23

1) Describe the role of the State in the globalisation context. 20

administration, dismantling of large bureaucratic structures, introduction of flexible production

IGNOU HLEP BOOKS | SOLVED ASSIGNMENT

IGNOU HLEP BOOKS | SOLVED ASSIGNMENT

3) Highlight Gandhi’s views on ‘Swaraj’ model of polity. 20

IGNOU HLEP BOOKS | SOLVED ASSIGNMENT

been criticised as culturally ‘homogenising’ because communication and information technology,

IGNOU HLEP BOOKS | SOLVED ASSIGNMENT

5) Analyse the general parameters on gender issues. 20

IGNOU HLEP BOOKS | SOLVED ASSIGNMENT

6) Discuss the role of bureaucracy in policy formulation. 20

Policy formulation is often a non-linear process. It is incremental and subjected to influences

in policy making is informative, suggestive and analytical.

Role of Middle Level Bureaucrats

Role of Top Level Bureaucrats

IGNOU HLEP BOOKS | SOLVED ASSIGNMENT

iii) Permanence of Service

iv) Advisory Expertise

7) Highlight the impact of globalisation on developing countries. 20

IGNOU HLEP BOOKS | SOLVED ASSIGNMENT

8) ‘Contemporary bureaucratic paradigm is very different from the Weberian paradigm’

CONTEMPORARY BUREAUCRATIC PARADIGM

IGNOU HLEP BOOKS | SOLVED ASSIGNMENT

• New Public Administration (NPA)

• New Public Management (NPM) • Organisational Humanism, and

• New Public Service (NPS).

rigid model of administration; instead it aims at an administration, which is responsive, responsible,

9) Describe the good governance initiative in the Indian context. 20

IGNOU HLEP BOOKS | SOLVED ASSIGNMENT

departments which have direct public dealings

Use of Information Technology

administration using powers arbitrarily in their dealings with people.

People’s Participation and Decentralisation

IGNOU HLEP BOOKS | SOLVED ASSIGNMENT

The Historical Context

The Socio-cultural Context

this quest. We seem to be living in an economic or commercial society, where uni-dimensional

The Political Context

IGNOU HLEP BOOKS | SOLVED ASSIGNMENT

The Economic Context

IGNOU HLEP BOOKS | SOLVED ASSIGNMENT

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