Term 4 PDH Notes: Risky Business & Valuing Diversity:

Risky Business:
Vocabulary List:

• Support Network: Group of people or services an individual can access for guidance
or advice.
• Responsibility: Expectations or duties an individual has to someone else.
• Contraceptives: Methods of preventing pregnancy and sometimes sexually
transmitted infections (STIs).
• Menstruation: Period of time where a female bleeds from the uterus because the
egg hasn’t been fertilised.
• Relationships: The connection people have with other people.
• Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male
sex characteristics.
• Harassment: Targeting others, with the intention to cause distress or
embarrassment.
• Abstinence: Refraining from engaging in sexual activity.
• Hormones: Substances secreted by various organs of the body that regulate growth,
metabolism, and reproduction. They influence the growth of activity cells.
• Oestrogen: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of female
sex characteristics.
• Sexuality: Describes how people experience and express themselves socially and
sexually. It includes an individual sex and gender it also encompasses by sexual
contact, sexual orientation, and their behaviours.
• Abuse: Is a general term for the use of treatment of something that causes some
kind of harm.
• Rights: The things you are entitled to.

Risk taking and young people: Young people are not for taking risks. This is because
adolescence is a time when individuals develop both cognitively and socially. This
transformation often involves pushing boundaries, trying new things, and developing a new
sense of identity. The risks that young people take can be either positive risks or negative
risks, and the reasons vary depending on the individual.
Risk taking and gender: Risk taking is linked to society’s perception about being male or
female. These gender stereotypes influence expectations and the risks taken by males and
females.
Assertiveness: Assertiveness lies in between being passive and aggressive. An assertive
person has learnt the control and skills required to communicate their needs, wants
feelings, beliefs, and opinions directly, honestly and with respect.
Safety at parties:
Adolescence is a time when lots of changes occur, particularly socially. During this stage
there are often a lot more parties for teenagers to attend and the nature of his parties’
changes dramatically from those in earlier years. In these situations, it is important to
recognise risks and how to best handle them to promote and ensure maximum safety for all
concerned.

To make decisions about the best choice for their own health teenagers must understand
how to manage their personal safety how to respond to situations involving drug use and
how to develop safe party plans:

• Avoid potentially violent situations

• Overdoses can be avoided
• Attend with a trusted group
• Don’t engage with total strangers alone
• Know who the part host is

Pre-loading: Pre-loading is a term used to describe drinking alcohol before going to the
intended event or place young people make preload for a number of reasons:

• They are waiting for friends at a central place before going out
• They are drinking while getting ready
• To save money on buying alcohol from the venue
• To “pump up” or get in the right mood before going out
• Some functions of venues don't serve alcohol, so people drink beforehand
• It is an accepted tradition for young people in Australia.

Road Safety:

Driving is an extremely high-risk activity. Driving is extremely common in Australia. It is often

considered a rite of passage when young people receive their licence and gain
independence, although risks associated with driving increase for adolescents an
inexperienced driver.

Statistics:

• 17-25 year old drivers account for 20% of all road deaths.
• 73% of road deaths are male.
• Alcohol involvement in fatal crashes has been decreasing but is responsible for 32%
of all deaths on remote roads.
• 65% of read deaths occur in regional and remote areas.
• Between 2012 and 2026, the number of road deaths involving drug impaired drivers
has increased by 55%.
Getting your License: An individual must be at least 16 years in order to obtain a driver’s
licence. They are to take the “Drivers Knowledge Test”, (DKT), whilst complete a logbook of
the number of hours driven, which should be a minimum of 120 hours. To complete the P1
test, the individual must be 17.

Speeding: Speeding is a contributing factor in about 40% of road deaths.

Statistics:

• Speeding causes about twice as many deaths as fatigue related crashes.

• Speed-related crashes injure about eight times more people than those hurt in
crashes because they didn’t wear seatbelts.
• In 2017, approximately 450 people died in speed-related crashes.

Driver Fatigue: Fatigue is a major contributing factor to road accidents. It is a factor in up to

35% of fatal road crashes. Fatigue related crashes are most likely to occur between midnight
and 6:00 AM.

Early Warning Signs:

• Yawning
• Restlessness
• Moving in and out of lanes
• Tired eyes
• Oversteering
• Unaware changes in speed

Distracted Driving: Distracted drivers put themselves and the lives of the passengers at risk.
The use of mobile technological devices while driving has led to countless motor vehicle
accidents, many of them with fatal outcomes.

Drink and Drug Driving: Drink: the level of alcohol in your blood stream is referred to as
blood alcohol concentration (BAC).

BAC Limits:

• L-Plate: 0%
• P-Plate: 0%
• Fully Licensed: 0.05%

Drug: Drug driving is a serious road safety issue. In the last five years approximately 41% of
all drivers and motorcyclists killed who were tested had, drugs in their system. With
cannabis, methamphetamine, and ecstasy the most common substances detected.

Any driver may be asked to take a saliva test at any time. Penalties for drink and drug driving
include loss of licence, fines, and jail terms. Harsher penalties apply for a second offence.
First Aid for Road Injury and Trauma: There are many accidents settings requiring first aid.
The most common first aid scenario is a traffic accident. In a traffic accident involving two or
three casualties the first aider will need to assess each of the casualties’ injuries and
situations to determine the order of first aid management. Knowing D.R.S.A.B.C.D, is vital to
aid in the survival of the harmed.

Road Safety Campaigns:

• “RBT means you need a PLAN B”

• “Get you hand off it”
• “Towards Zero”
• “Stay wider off the rider” (QLD)
• “Who’s Your Sober Bob?” (NT)

Power in Relationships – no means no:

Everyone has the right to make their own decisions, unaffected by pressure from a partner
or peers. Individuals must be confident that the choices they make our right with for them
without the influence of alcohol and other drugs. Wise choices and assertive skills are the
best chances to avoid regret and maintain safety from physical and sexual violence.’

Safety: During ones developing years of adolescence, there are changes happening in your
brain that will make a lesson small absorbed by the reward they may feel and very well-liked
by their friends and let's focus on any potential negative consequences.

Peer Pressure: paper shot is when another person your age precious you to do something.
Sometimes this pressure can be a good thing, while other times it can be the opposite.

• It's a positive risk if there is a possibility of a positive outcome.

• It's a negative risk if there are potentially harmful consequences.
Contraception:
Contraception is the intentional prevention of pregnancy using varying methods.

Abstinence is deciding not to do something and abstaining from having sexual intercourse will
ensure that pregnancy doesn’t occur.

Male condom:

Pro
Provides a barrier between partners,
preventing the sharing of body fluids
Protects against both pregnancy and STI’s
If used correctly, condoms are 98% effective
Con
If male condoms aren't used properly, they can
slip off or split and then need to be backed up
by an emergency contraceptive
Need to be carefully stored
The only form of contraceptive a male can use
(excluding medical procedures)

The Birth Control Pill:

Pro
Women don’t ovulate when taking the pill,
which results in a much lighter and shorter
period
The pill can protect against cancer around the
private areas
If it's used correctly, the pill can be 99%
effective
Contains hormones which prevent pregnancy
Con
The chance of pregnancy if not taken correctly
(at the same time every day)
If the pill doesn’t stay in the body long enough,
it may cause it to be less effective
Not suitable for women over 35 who smoke or
have certain medical conditions
There's a very low risk of side effects, including
blood clots and cervical or breast cancer

Alternative Methods of Contraception:

• Diaphragm: A dome shaped bowl made f thin, flexible rubber that sits over the cervix
• Female condom: A thin sheath or pouch worn by women during sexual intercourse
• Mini pill: A pill that changes the cervical mucus and the lining of the uterus
• Female sterilisation: A method of contraception involving the surgical blocking of the
fallopian tubes
• Male sterilisation: An operation known as vasectomy designed to sterilise a man. The
permanent for involves cutting and blocking off the tubes In the groin carrying sperm from
the testicles to the penis

Sexually transmitted infections: An STI is an infection that is passed on through skin-to-skin contact
and the exchange of infected body fluids. They mostly spread through sexual contact or intercourse.
Examples include:
Chlamydia:

• Unusual discharge from sexual organs

• Bleeding and pain during urination
• Fever
• Weight loss for no reason
• Swollen glands
Herpes:

• Blisters/ sores on genitals or mouth

• Pain and itching
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Fevers
• Fatigue

Hepatitis B:

• Yellowing on the eyes

• Dark urine
• Fatigue
• Abdominal pain
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea
• Joint pain

Genital warts:

• Small flesh- coloured, brown, or pink swellings in genital area

• A cauliflower- like shape caused by several warts close together
• Itching and discomfort
• Bleeding with intercourse
• Warts are very small and almost invisible
Valuing Diversity:
Vocabulary List:

• Health Promotion: The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to
improve, their health. Often carried out through the medium of television, radio,
print or media.
• Access: The ability and opportunity for individuals or groups to identify, locate, and
use the information that will meet the educational, occupational, and personal
needs.
• Vilification: The public act of discrimination that entices people to hate others based
on their ethnicity or beliefs.
• Discrimination: Unfair treatment of a person or a group on the basis of prejudice.
• Barriers: Objects, ideas, practices, structures, or systems that prevent or discourage
action.
• Empower: To enable, equip or supply an individual with an ability to help
themselves.
• Inequity: A term to describe a range of visible and invisible differences between
individuals based on their ethnicity, and beliefs.

Advocacy: Advocacy involves speaking up for groups and to raise support for their rights,
needs and concerns. This can be done through bringing positive media attention to the
problem, suing a positive role model to raise support for the area of concern or lobbying
politicians to bring about change.

Empathy: Empathy is one’s ability to recognise, perceive and feel the emotion of another.
Empathy is often characterised as the ability to “put oneself into another’s shoes” or
experience the outlook or emotions of another being within oneself, a sort of emotional
resonance.
Sexual Harassment: Sexual harassment is behaviour of sexual nature that is uninvited and is
intimidating, embarrassing and/or offensive. Examples include:

• Sexually suggestive comments and jokes

• Unwelcome requests for sex
• Sexually explicit communications
• Inappropriate touching
• Offensive graffiti
• Insults and sexual based bullying

Racism in Sport: Racism occurs at all levels of sport. It may be subtle or obvious. Sports
remains as an ideal vehicle to foster community and racial acceptance, working as a model
for change and [progress in the wider community.
 • Adam Goodes: Indigenous AFL player Adam Goodes has been targeted by racism on
numerous occasions-on the field and off, in the media and personally, directly and
indirectly.
People with Disabilities: A disability is defined as being a condition that “gets in the way” of
persons undertaking of core activities, that is, activities that are associated with self-care,
mobility, and communication.
Specific Needs of People with Disabilities: The specific needs of people who have a
disability are dependent on what type of disability they have. The factors in relation to
human species needs our standards od living, health issues, access to education,
employment opportunities, safety and security, and sense of identity.

Environmental Factors:

• Living in rural areas away from hospital centres, lack of resources and access to
health facilities, and disability services
Socioeconomic Factors:

• Lack of income to pay for health services.

• Lack of education or level of education to understand health terms or obtain access
to health institutes.
Sociocultural Factors:

• Language Barriers
• Cultural, home, and religious remedies.

Advantages and Disadvantages of forming a group:

• Advantages: Connectedness, sense of belonging, friendship, support, sense of

identity, inclusivity.
• Disadvantages: Tension with other groups, discrimination, exclusivity.
Types of Discrimination:

• Race
• Gender
• Occupation
• Sexual Orientation
• Disability
• Age
• Socioeconomic Status
• Marital Status
• Physical Appearance