ETHERNET AND INTERNET

WALT : How can I explain ethernet and

internet and evaluate its features?
Starter

• Describe bit streaming

• Describe difference between real time and on demand bit
streaming
Starter Answer
• Bit streaming is a method of transmitting digital data in a continuous
stream of individual bits, one after the other, without any framing or
synchronization information.
• Real time bit streaming is where is data is retrieved live from the
source as it is being created.
• On demand bit streaming is used to transmit data that has been
pre-recorded.
 Ethernet
• Ethernet is a protocol used by many wired LANs.
• A network using Ethernet is made up of:
• a node (any device on the LAN)
• medium (path used by the LAN devices, such as an Ethernet
cable)
• frame (data is transmitted in frames which are made up of
source address and destination address – the addresses are often
the MAC address).
 CONFLICT
• When using Ethernet, it is possible for IP addresses to conflict; this could show
up as a warning
• This may occur if devices on the same network have been given the same IP
address; without a unique IP address it is not possible to connect to a network.
• This is most likely to occur on a LAN where dynamic IP addresses may have
been used.
• Dynamic IP addresses are temporary and may have been assigned to a device
on the network, unfortunately, another device using static IP addresses may
already have the same IP address.
• This can be resolved by re-starting the router. Any dynamic IP addresses will be
re-assigned, which could resolve the issue.
 Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision
Detection (CSMA/CD)
• CSMA is an early MAC Address based ethernet protocol to verify that
no other node is transmitting before sending data along early coaxial
and twisted pair networks (Half Duplex Networks). It was later
modified to include collision detection(CD) to terminate the
transmission if a collision is detected.
• The node senses to see if data is being transmitted.
• If no signal is detected it will send data.
• If it senses a signal it waits until the data has finished being sent.
• If a collision is detected the node stops sending, sends out a jamming
signal to notify that a collision has occurred. The node then waits a
random amount of time to transmit again.
 Carrier Sense Multiple Access /
Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)
• This is the collision protocol used on wireless networks.
• Here a node listens for transmission before sending data.
• When all the data has been received the data the receiving
node sends an acknowledgement that the data has been
received.
• If the sender doesn’t receive the acknowledgement the
sender starts the process all over again.
 INTERNET vs WWW
Internet
• The internet is a massive network of networks which are made up of various
computers and other electronic devices.
• It stands for interconnected network.
• The internet makes use of transmission control protocol (TCP)/internet protocol (IP).
World Wide Web (WWW)
• This is a collection of multimedia web pages and other documents which are stored on websites.
• These pages contain hyperlinks which direct access to other websites, hosted anywhere on the
internet. These links join the pages of the internet and therefore form a web of interlinked pages.
• We access resources using http(s) protocols, which are written using HTML.
• Uniform resource locators (URLs) specify the location of all web pages.
• Web resources are accessed by web browsers.
• It uses the internet to access information from servers and other computers.
 Hardware & software to support the internet
The fundamental requirements for connecting to the internet are
• a device (such as a computer, tablet or mobile phone)
• a telephone line connection or a mobile phone network
connection (however, it is possible that a tablet or mobile phone
may connect to the internet using a wireless router)
• a router (which can be wired or wireless) or router and modem
• an internet service provider (ISP) (combination of hardware and
software)
• a web browser.
 Dedicated Lines
• A dedicated line is an internet connection that's not shared with other
users.
• They are most commonly used by businesses who rely on the internet to
function
• Benefit:
• faster connection / communication / transmission of data
• more consistent transmission speed
• Improved security
Drawback:
• Expensive to set-up / maintain
• Disruption to the dedicated line would leave no alternative
 PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)
• The telephone network system, public switched telephone
network (PSTN), is used to connect computers/devices and LANs
between towns and cities.
• The PSTN consists of many different types of communication lines
• Data is transmitted in both directions at the same time (full duplex
data transmission).
• The communication passes through different switching centre.
• Fibre optic telephone networks are usually identified as ‘fast
broadband’.
 Telephone call using PSTN
• uses a standard telephone connected to a
telephone line.
• connection is always open whether or not
anybody is talking – the link is not terminated
until the receivers are replaced by both
parties.
• use circuit switching-- when a phone call is
made the connection (circuit) is maintained
throughout the duration of the call
• remain active even during a power cut; they
have their own power source
• Modern phones are digitized systems and use
fibre optic cables (although because of the
way it works this is a big waste of capacity – a
10 minute phone call will transmit about 10
MB of data).
Telephone calls using the internet
• The user’s voice is converted to digital
packages using Voice over Internet Protocol
(VoIP). Data is split into packages (packet
switching) and sent over the network, via the
fastest route.
• The internet connection is only ‘live’ while data
(sound/video image) is being transmitted.
• Data is routed through thousands of possible
pathways, so there is no dedicated line, unlike
PSTN.
• VoIP also carries out file compression to reduce
the amount of data being transmitted.
• Because the link only exists while data is being
transmitted, a typical 10 minute phone call may
only contain about 3 minutes where people are
talking; thus only 3 MB of data is transmitted
making it much more efficient than PSTN.
 CELLULAR NETWORKS
• Mobile phones use the cellular network.
• Here, the mobile phone providers act as the ISPs and the
phones contain communication software which allows
them to access the telephone network and also permits
them to make an internet connection.
 AFL
• Sort the following into whether they belong to the internet, WWW or both
• VOIP telephone calls/Email desktop client/Whatsapp
messaging/router/ISP/website/Javascript/Gmail/Fortnite/gateway/server/
FTP/hyperlinks/NIC/fiber optic cabling/tracert/HTML/HTTP/Web browser
AFL ANSWER
INTERNET Both WWW
• FTP • Server • HTML
• Gateway • Email desktop • Javascript
• Router client • Hyperlinks
• ISP • Websites
• Fibre optic cabling
• Gmail
• Web browser
• HTTP
• NIC
• Tracert • Whatsapp
• VOIP telephone messaging
calls
• Ping • Fornite
 ALGORITHM TO USE LEARNING MENU (10 Minutes)

Choose the task corresponding to your ‘Target Grade”.

Choosing tasks that supports your learning style will enable

maximum progress.

After finishing your ‘Target Grade’ task ‘Progress’ to the next

level. Reaching ‘A*’ is the ultimate target.

Students with Even bias can attempt either Spatial or Verbal

bias tasks.

Choose 2 more tasks for your home learning, preferably from a

different learning style
Bias Applying (C) Analysing (B/A) Evaluating/Creating (A*)
Spatial Differentiate between internet and Each department of the university h
A LAN consists of four computers and
WWW one server. The LAN uses bus its own network. All the department
topology networks connect to the university’s
A computer A starts transmitting a main Local Area Network (LAN). The
LAN has a bus topology and uses the
packet to Computer C. At exactly the CSMA/CD protocol.
same time, the file server Describe the CSMA/CD protocol
transmitting a packet to Computer D.
This causes a problem.
(i) State the name given to this
problem. [1]
(ii) Give three steps taken by both
Computer A and the file server
to allow them to transmit their
packets successfully [3]
Verbal A LAN consists of four computers and one
Differentiate between Internet A local college has CSMA/CD in
and WWW server. The LAN uses bus topology operation on its Local Area
A computer A starts transmitting a packet Network (LAN).
to Computer C. At exactly the same time, One function of CSMA/CD is to
the file server transmitting a packet to
Computer D. This causes a problem.
monitor traffic on the network.
17

(i) Adding a switch to the LAN changes its State two other tasks performed
Applying (C) Evaluating (B/A) Creating (A*)

18
Plenary
• Telephone calls can be made by using:
• Conventional telephones(using the PSTN system) over a wired network a
computer, equipped with speakers and microphone, connected to the internet.
CSMA VIDEO