NETWORKS

What is a Network?
• Group of computer systems that are linked together through
communication channels to facilitate communication and
resource-sharing
• A network can be very small or as large as the Internet itself,
covering the whole world.
Types of Computer Networks
1. Personal Area Network (PAN)
• PAN is smallest network which is very personal to a user.
• This may include Bluetooth enabled devices or infra-red
enabled devices.
• PAN has connectivity range up to 10 meters.
Types of Computer Networks
2. Local Area Network (LAN)
• A computer network spanned inside a building and operated
under single administrative system is generally termed as Local
Area Network.
• LAN uses either Ethernet or Token-ring technology.
• Ethernet is most widely employed LAN technology and uses
Star topology while Token-ring is rarely seen.
Types of Computer Networks
3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• MAN, generally expands throughout a city such as cable TV
network.
• It can be in form of Ethernet, Token-ring, ATM or FDDI.
Types of Computer Networks
4. Wide Area Network (WAN)
• This network covers a wide area which may span across
provinces and even a whole country.
• Generally, telecommunication networks are Wide Area
Network.
• These networks provides connectivity to MANs and LANs.
Types of Computer Networks
5. Virtual Private Network (VPN)
• VPN is a network that is constructed by using public wires
usually the Internet to connect to a private network.
• There are a number of systems that enable you to create
networks using the Internet as the medium for transporting
data.
• These systems use encryption and other security mechanisms
to ensure that only authorized users can access the network
and that the data cannot be intercepted.
Network Topology
• Point-to-Point or Line Topology
Network Topology
• Bus Topology: A bus topology is such that there is a single line
to which all nodes are connected and the nodes connect only
to this bus.
Network Topology
• Mesh Topology: This type of network topology contains at
least two nodes with two or more paths between them.
Network Topology
• Ring Topology: In this network topology, every node has
exactly two branches connected to it. The ring is broken and
cannot work if one of the nodes on the ring fails.
Network Topology
• Star Topology: In this network topology, the peripheral nodes
are connected to a central node, which rebroadcasts all
transmissions received from any peripheral node to all
peripheral nodes on the network, including the originating
node.
Network Topology
• Tree Topology: This is a network topology in which nodes' are
arranged as a tree. The function of the central node in this
topology may be distributed.
Network Topology
• Daisy Chain or Line Topology
Network Topology
• Hybrid Topology
Network Devices
• Network Repeater: Network repeaters regenerate
incoming electrical, wireless or optical signals.
• Network Hub: A hub is a small Network Device. A hub
joins multiple computers together to form a single network
segment. On this network segment, all computers can
communicate directly with each other.
• Network Switch: Network Switch is a small hardware
device that joins multiple computers together within one local
area network (LAN).
Network Devices
• Network Router : It is a network device with interfaces in
multiple networks whose task is to copy packets from one
network to another. Router gives path to data packet to
destination. Routers provide connectivity inside enterprises,
between enterprises and the Internet, and within an Internet
Service Provider (ISP).
• Network Bridge : It reads the outermost section of data on
the data packet, to tell where the message is going only the
outermost hardware address of the packet. It reduces the
traffc on other network segments, since it does not send all
packets.
Network Devices
• Gateway : A gateway is an interconnecting device which joins two different
network together they are also known as protocol converters. It accepts packet
formed for one protocol and converts the formatted packet into another
protocol.
• Modem : Modem is a device that converts digital signal to analog signal
(modulator) at the sender’s end and converts back analog signal to digital
signal (demodulator) at the receiver’s end. A modem is always placed between
a telephone line and a computer.
• Connecting Cables : RJ-11(Telephone Cable), RJ 45 (LAN Cable), Twisted pair
cables (used in connecting 2 computers), Null Modem Cable (RS232) , Optical
Fibre Cable (Gigabit Ethernet).
Types of Network Models
1. Peer-to-Peer Network
• A peer-to-peer network has no dedicated servers instead; a
number of workstations are connected together for the
purpose of sharing information or devices.
• A big disadvantage of peer-to-peer networking is that you
can’t do your day-to-day administration in a single place.
Types of Network Models
2. Server-Based Networks
• Usually after four or five systems have been networked, the need
for a dedicated server to store all of the user accounts and data
files becomes apparent—this is a server-based network.
• The advantage of a server-based network is that the data files that
will be used by all of the users are stored on the one server.
• There are a number of different roles that a server could play on a
network: 1. File and print servers
2. Application servers
3. Web servers
4. Directory servers
IP Addresses
• Every machine on a network has a unique identifier. Most
networks today, including all computers on the Internet, use
the TCP/IP protocol as the standard for how to communicate
on the network. In the TCP/IP protocol, the unique identifier
for a computer is called its IP address.
IP Addresses
There are two standards for IP addresses:-
1) IP Version 4 (IPv4)
2) IP Version 6 (IPv6).
IPv4
• IPv4 uses 32 binary bits to create a single unique address on the network. An
IPv4 address is expressed by four numbers separated by dots. Each number is
the decimal (base-10) representation for an eight-digit binary (base-2) number,
also called an octet. For example: 216.27.61.137.

Class A - 0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255 Class B - 128.0.0.0 -

191.255.255.255
Class C - 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255 Class D - 224.0.0.0 -
239.255.255.255
Class E - 240.0.0.0 - 247.255.255.255
IPv6
• IPv6 uses 128 binary bits to create a single unique address on
the network.
• An IPv6 address is expressed by eight groups of hexadecimal
(base-16) numbers separated by colons, as in
2001:cdba:0000:0000:0000:0000:3257:9652
• Groups of numbers that contain all zeros are often omitted to
save space, leaving a colon separator to mark the gap
(as in 2001:cdba::3257:9652).
INTERNET
Introduction

• The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer

networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP)
to link various billion devices worldwide.
• It is an international network of networks that consists of
millions of private, public, academic, business, and
government packet switched networks, linked by a broad
array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking
technologies.
Ways to Connect to the Internet
1. Dial-Up : Dial-up connections require users to link their
phone line to a computer in order to access the Internet. This
particular type of connection does not permit users to make or
receive phone calls through their home phone service while
using the Internet.
Ways to Connect to the Internet
2. Broadband : This high-speed Internet connection is provided
through either cable or telephone companies. The term
broadband is shorthand for broad bandwidth.
• DSL : DSL which stands for Digital Subscriber Line, uses
existing 2-wire copper telephone line connected to one’s home
so service is delivered at the same time as landline telephone
service. Customers can still place calls while surfing the internet.
• Cable : Cable Internet connection is a form of broadband
access. Through use of a cable modem, users can access the
Internet over cable TV lines.
Ways to Connect to the Internet
3. Wireless Connection : Wireless Internet enables wireless connectivity to the
Internet via radio waves rather than wires on a person’s home computer, laptop,
smart phone or similar mobile device.
• Wireless (WiFi) : wireless fidelity (wif) allows high speed internet
connections without use the use of cable or wires radio frequency bands are used
in place of telephone or cable networks. One of the greatest advantages of
wireless Internet connections is the “always-on” connection that can be accessed
from any location that falls within network coverage.
• Mobile : Many cell phone and smart phone providers offer voice plans
with Internet access. Mobile Internet connections provide good speeds and allow
you to access the Internet on the go.
Ways to Connect to the Internet
• Hotspots : Hot-spots are sites that offer Internet access over a
wireless local area network (WLAN). Hotspots can be phone-
based or free-standing, commercial or free to the public.
• Satellite : In certain areas where broadband connection is not
yet offered, a satellite internet option may be available. Similar to
wireless access, satellite connection utilizes a modem.
• ISDN : ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) allows
users to send data, voice and video content over digital
telephone lines or standard telephone wires.
Internet Connection Protocols
• Transmission Control Protocol
• ISO/OSI
• TCP/IP Network Model
• File Transfer Protocol
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• HyperText Markup Language (HTML)