EC3005: COMMUNICATION SYSTEM PRACTICE

LAB - 1: AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

Jossan Eleazar B EC21B1001

February 4th , 2024

Aim
• To perform Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation of DSB-FC,DSB-SC and SSB-SC
using MATLab.

Theory
Amplitude Modulation (AM) is a modulation technique used in analog audio and video broad-
casting, two-way radio communication, and various other applications. In AM, the amplitude
of a carrier wave is varied in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of a modulating signal
(message signal).
Modulation Index: The modulation index (also known as modulation depth or modulation
factor) is a dimensionless parameter that characterizes the extent of modulation in an AM
signal. It is denoted by the symbol β and is defined as the ratio of the peak amplitude of the
modulating signal to the carrier amplitude. Mathematically, it is expressed as:

• β= Am /Ac .

• Undermodulation [β is between 0 and 1]: In this case, the modulation index is less than
1, and the modulation is not complete. The resulting signal may sound distorted, and
some information from the message signal is not faithfully transmitted.

• Critical Modulation [β is equal to 1]:This is the condition where the modulation index
is equal to 1, resulting in optimal modulation without distortion. It is the desired state
for efficient and clear transmission of the message signal.

• Over Modulation [β is greater than 1]:Here, the modulation index is greater than 1,
leading to distortion and the generation of unwanted sidebands. Overmodulation can
cause interference and is generally avoided in practical applications

Amplitude Modulation (AM) and Demodulation in MATLAB:

• DSB-FC AM:

– Mathematical Representation: The DSB-FC signal can be mathematically repre-

sented as follows:
s(t) = Ac [1 + m(t)]cos(2πfc t)
∗ s(t): Modulated signal
∗ Ac : Carrier amplitude

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 ∗ m(t): Message signal (baseband signal)
∗ fc : Carrier frequency
∗ t:time
– The Block Diagram:

Figure 1: DSB-FC Amplitude Modulation

– Carrier Signal:The carrier signal, denoted as cos(2π fc t), is a high-frequency signal.

It is multiplied by the message signal to produce the modulated signal.
– Amplitude Modulation:Amplitude modulation is achieved by multiplying the mes-
sage signal with the carrier signal. The term Ac [1 + m(t)] represents the varying
amplitude of the carrier signal based on the message signal.
– Frequency Spectrum:The frequency spectrum of DSB-FC modulation consists of
the carrier frequency and two sidebands located symmetrically around the carrier
frequency.
∗ Upper sideband frequency: fc + fm
∗ Lower sideband frequency: fc - fm
∗ fm : Maximum frequency in the message signal
Mathematically:
S(f ) = Ac /2[δ(f-fc )+δ(f+fc )]+Ka kc /2[M(f-fc )+M(f+fc )]
– Bandwidth Requirement:The bandwidth requirement for DSB-FC modulation is
twice the maximum frequency in the message signal 2fm . This is because both
upper and lower sidebands need to be accommodated. This can be deduced from
the Frequency domain plot below[Note: Its just an illustation and not to scale]

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 Figure 2: (a) Spectrum of message signal m(t) (b) Spectrum of AM wave s(t).

Therefore, B T = 2W
– Demodulation of Double Sideband Full Carrier (DSB-FC) :
∗ Envelope Detector:Envelope detector is used to detect (demodulate) high level
AM wave. Following is the block diagram of the envelope detector.

Figure 3: Envelope Detector

∗ This envelope detector consists of a diode and low pass filter. Here, the diode
is the main detecting element. Hence, the envelope detector is also called as
the diode detector. The low pass filter contains a parallel combination of the
resistor and the capacitor.
– Power Analysis:
∗ Carrier Power= 12 Ac 2
∗ Upper-Side Frequency Power= 81 β 2 Ac 2
∗ Upper-Side Frequency Power= 81 β 2 Ac 2
• DSB-SC AM:DSB-SC stands for Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier modulation. It
is a type of amplitude modulation in which both sidebands are transmitted, but the

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carrier signal is suppressed or not transmitted. DSB-SC modulation is often used in
communication systems to conserve power and bandwidth

– Mathematical Representation: The DSB-SC signal can be mathematically repre-

sented as follows:
s(t) = Ac cos(2πfc t)m(t)
∗ s(t): Modulated signal
∗ Ac : Carrier amplitude
∗ m(t): Message signal (baseband signal)
∗ fc : Carrier frequency
∗ t:time
∗ The Block Diagram:

Figure 4: DSB-SC Amplitude Modulation

– Suppressed Carrier:Unlike DSB-FC modulation, in DSB-SC modulation, the carrier

signal cos(2π fc t) is not transmitted. Only the sidebands, which are the product of
the message signal and the carrier, are transmitted.
– Frequency Spectrum:The frequency spectrum of DSB-SC modulation consists of
two sidebands located symmetrically around the origin (zero frequency). The carrier
frequency is not present in the transmitted signal.
∗ Upper sideband frequency: fc + fm
∗ Lower sideband frequency: fc - fm
∗ fm : Maximum frequency in the message signal

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 This can be deduced from the Frequency domain plot below[Note: Its just an
illustation and not to scale]

Figure 5: (a) Spectrum of message signal m(t) (b) Spectrum of DSB-SC wave s(t).

Mathematically:
S(f ) = Ac /2[[M (f − f c ) + M (f + f c )]
– Bandwidth Requirement:The bandwidth requirement for DSB-SC modulation is
the same as that of DSB-FC modulation, which is twice the maximum frequency
in the message signal.This is because both upper and lower sidebands need to be
transmitted
Therefore, B T = 2W
– Demodulation:
∗ Coherent Detector:Here, the same carrier signal (which is used for generating
DSBSC signal) is used to detect the message signal. Hence, this process of
detection is called as coherent or synchronous detection. Following is the block
diagram of the coherent detector.

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 Figure 6: Coherent Detector

– Power Analysis:
∗ Upper-Side Frequency Power= 81 β 2 Ac 2
∗ Lower-Side Frequency Power= 81 β 2 Ac 2

• SSB-SC AM:Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSB-SC) amplitude modulation is

a type of modulation where only one of the sidebands is transmitted, and the carrier
signal is suppressed.

– Mathematical Representation: The SSB-SC signal can be mathematically repre-

sented as follows:
Ac Am
U pperSideBand : s(t) = cos(2π(fc +fm )t)
2

Ac Am
LowerSideBand : s(t) = cos(2π(fc +fm )t)
2
– The Block Diagram for SSB-SC modulation using Phase Discrimination Method

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 Figure 7: SSB-SC Amplitude Modulation

∗ s(t): Modulated signal

∗ Ac : Carrier amplitude
∗ m(t): Message signal (baseband signal)
∗ fc : Carrier frequency
∗ t:time
– Suppressed Carrier:In SSB-SC modulation, only one of the sidebands (either upper
or lower) is transmitted, and the carrier is completely suppressed. This results in
a more bandwidth-efficient transmission compared to DSB-FC modulation.
– Frequency Spectrum:The frequency spectrum of DSB-SC modulation consists of
two sidebands located symmetrically around the origin (zero frequency). The carrier
frequency is not present in the transmitted signal.This can be deduced from the
Frequency domain plot below[Note: Its just an illustation and not to scale]

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Figure 8: (a) Spectrum of a message signal with energy gap centered around zero frequency.
Corresponding spectra of SSB-modulated waves using (b) upper sideband, and (c) lower side-
band. In parts (b) and (c), the spectra are only shown for positive frequencies.

∗ Upper sideband frequency: fc + fm to fc + 2fm

∗ Lower sideband frequency: fc - 2fm to fc - fm
∗ fm : Maximum frequency in the message signal
– Bandwidth Requirement:The bandwidth requirement for SSB-SC modulation is half
of that required for DSB-FC modulation because only one sideband is transmitted.
The absence of the carrier further reduces the bandwidth.
Therefore, B T = W
– Demodulation:
∗ Coherent Detector:Here, the same carrier signal (which is used for generating
DSB-SC signal) is used to detect the message signal. Hence, this process of
detection is called as coherent or synchronous detection. Following is the block
diagram of the coherent detector.
• Power Analysis:
– Upper-Side Frequency Power= 81 β 2 Ac 2
OR
– Upper-Side Frequency Power= 81 β 2 Ac 2

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1 MATLAB Code - For All Question
• Question 1:
Ac=1;
Am=1;
fs=1000;
t=0:1/fs:1-(1/fs);
fc=100;
fm=10;
carrier freq=sin(2*pi*fc*t);
message freq=sin(2*pi*fm*t);
vam=(Ac+Am.*message freq).*carrier freq;
subplot(8,1,1);
plot(t,Am.*message freq);
title(’Message signal’);
xlabel(’Time’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);
subplot(8,1,2);
plot(t,Ac.*carrier freq);
title(’Carrier Signal’);
xlabel(’Time’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);
subplot(8,1,3);
plot(t,vam);
title(’Modulated signal’);
xlabel(’Time’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);
fftSignal = fft(vam);
fftSignal = fftshift(fftSignal);
f = fs/2*linspace(-1,1,fs);
subplot(8,1,4);
plot(f,abs(fftSignal));
title(’DSB-FC Modulation Frequency domain’);
xlabel(’Frequency’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);
[demod u,demod l]=envelope(vam);
subplot(8,1,5);
plot(t,demod u);
title(’DSB-FC Demodulation’);

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 xlabel(’time’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);
subplot(8,1,6);
plot(f,abs(fftshift(fft(Ac.*carrier freq))));
title(’carrier in frequency domain’);
xlabel(’time’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);
subplot(8,1,7);
plot(f,abs(fftshift(fft(Am.*message freq))));
title(’Message in frequency Domain’);
xlabel(’time’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);
subplot(8,1,8);
plot(f,abs(fftshift(fft(demod u))));
title(’Message in frequency Domain’);
xlabel(’time’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);

• Question 2: Ac=1;
Am=1;
fs=1000;
t=0:1/fs:1-(1/fs);
fc=100;
fm=10;
carrier freq=sin(2*pi*fc*t);
message freq=sin(2*pi*fm*t);
vam=((Am*Ac).*(message freq.*carrier freq));
subplot(8,1,1);
plot(t,Am.*message freq);
title(’Message signal’);
xlabel(’Time’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);
subplot(8,1,2);
plot(t,Ac.*carrier freq);
title(’Carrier Signal’);
xlabel(’Time’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);
subplot(8,1,3);

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 plot(t,vam);
title(’Modulated signal’);
xlabel(’Time’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);
fftSignal = fft(vam);
fftSignal = fftshift(fftSignal);
f = fs/2*linspace(-1,1,fs);
subplot(8,1,4);
plot(f,abs(fftSignal));
title(’DSB-SC Modulation Frequency domain’);
xlabel(’Frequency’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);
demod u=lowpass(vam.*carrier freq,100,fs);
subplot(8,1,5);
plot(t,demod u);
title(’DSB-SC Demodulation’);
xlabel(’time’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);
subplot(8,1,6);
plot(f,abs(fftshift(fft(Ac.*carrier freq))));
title(’carrier in frequency domain’);
xlabel(’time’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);
subplot(8,1,7);
plot(f,abs(fftshift(fft(Am.*message freq))));
title(’Message in frequency Domain’);
xlabel(’time’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);
subplot(8,1,8);
plot(f,abs(fftshift(fft(demod u))));
title(’Message demodulated in frequency Domain’);
xlabel(’time’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);
Ac=1;

• Question 3: Ac=1;
Am=1;
fs=1000;

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t=0:1/fs:1-(1/fs);
fc=100;
fm=10;
vam=((Am*Ac).*(cos(2*pi*(fc+fm)*t)));
subplot(8,1,1);
plot(t,Am.*message freq);
title(’Message signal’);
xlabel(’Time’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);
subplot(8,1,2);
plot(t,Ac.*carrier freq);
title(’Carrier Signal’);
xlabel(’Time’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);
subplot(8,1,3);
plot(t,vam);
title(’Modulated signal’);
xlabel(’Time’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);
fftSignal = fft(vam);
fftSignal = fftshift(fftSignal);
f = fs/2*linspace(-1,1,fs);
subplot(8,1,4);
plot(f,abs(fftSignal));
title(’SSB-SC Modulation Frequency domain’);
xlabel(’Frequency’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);
demod u=lowpass(vam.*carrier freq,100,fs);
subplot(8,1,5);
plot(t,demod u);
title(’SSB-SC Demodulation’);
xlabel(’time’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);
subplot(8,1,6);
plot(f,abs(fftshift(fft(Ac.*carrier freq))));
title(’carrier in frequency domain’);
xlabel(’time’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);

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 subplot(8,1,7);
plot(f,abs(fftshift(fft(Am.*message freq))));
title(’Message in frequency Domain’);
xlabel(’time’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);
subplot(8,1,8);
plot(f,abs(fftshift(fft(demod u))));
title(’Message demodulated in frequency Domain’);
xlabel(’time’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);

LabView Outputs
Question 1:

Figure 9: DSB-FC Under Modulation

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 Figure 10: DSB-FC Over Modulation

Figure 11: DSB-FC Critical Modulation

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Question 2:

Figure 12: DSB-SC Modulation

Question 3:

Figure 13: SSB-SC Upper Side Band Transmission

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 Figure 14: SSB-SC Lower Side Band Transmission

Calculations
Given: Note: The Formulae used can be reffered from the Theory section.

• fc =1KHz

• fm =100Hz

For DSB-FC:

• For Critical Modulation β=1

– Am = Ac and they are equal to 1.

– Upper Side Band Frequency = fc +fm = 1100Hz
– Lower Side Band Frequency =fc -fm = 900Hz
– Central Frequency in Frequency Spectra= fm = 1000Hz
– Bandwidth = Upper Side Band-Lower Side Band = 200Hz
– power
∗ Carrier Power= 12 Ac 2 = 0.5 W
∗ Upper-Side Frequency Power= 81 β 2 Ac 2 = 0.25 W
∗ Lower-Side Frequency Power= 81 β 2 Ac 2 = 0.25 W

• For Over Modulation β=2

– Am = 2
– Ac = 1
– Upper Side Band Frequency = fc +fm = 1100Hz
– Lower Side Band Frequency = fc -fm = 900Hz

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 – Central Frequency in Frequency Spectra= fm = 1000Hz
– Bandwidth = Upper Side Band-Lower Side Band = 200Hz
– power
∗ Carrier Power= 12 Ac 2 = 0.5 W
∗ Upper-Side Frequency Power= 81 β 2 Ac 2 = 1 W
∗ Lower-Side Frequency Power= 81 β 2 Ac 2 = 1 W

• For Under Modulation β= 21

– Am = 1
– Ac = 2
– Upper Side Band Frequency = fc +fm = 1100Hz
– Lower Side Band Frequency = fc -fm = 900Hz
– Central Frequency in Frequency Spectra= fm = 1000Hz
– Bandwidth = Upper Side Band-Lower Side Band = 200Hz
– power
∗ Carrier Power= 12 Ac 2 = 0.5 W
∗ Upper-Side Frequency Power= 81 β 2 Ac 2 = 0.0625 W
∗ Lower-Side Frequency Power= 81 β 2 Ac 2 = 0.0625 W

For DSB-SC:

• Am = 1

• Ac = 1

• Upper Side Band Frequency = fc +fm = 1100Hz

• Lower Side Band Frequency = fc -fm = 900Hz

• Bandwidth = Upper Side Band-Lower Side Band = 200Hz

• power

– Upper-Side Frequency Power= 18 β 2 Ac 2 = 0.25 W

– Lower-Side Frequency Power= 81 β 2 Ac 2 = 0.25 W

For SSB-SC:

• For Upper Side-Band Modulation β=1

– Am = Ac and they are equal to 1.

– Upper Side Band Frequency = fc +fm = 1100Hz
– Lower Side Band Frequency = fc -fm = 900Hz
– Central Frequency in Frequency Spectra= fm = 1000Hz
– Bandwidth = Bandwidth = U pperSideBand−LowerSideBand
2
= 100Hz
– power
∗ Upper-Side Frequency Power= 81 β 2 Ac 2 = 0.25 W

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 • For Lower Side-Band Modulation β=1

– Am = 1
– Ac = 1
– Upper Side Band = fc +fm = 1100Hz
– Lower Side Band fc -fm = 900Hz
– Bandwidth = U pperSideBand−LowerSideBand
2
= 100Hz
– power
∗ Lower-Side Frequency Power= 81 β 2 Ac 2 = 1 W

Inference
• From the Above Experiment We can clearly infer that The Bandwidth and Power are
Having a trade-off relationship

• DSB-FC Transmits a Very Large Power And require a very Large Bandwidth

• DSB-SC Requires the Same Bandwidth that DSB-FC uses But it requires less power in
comparision and therefore more efficient

• SSB-SC is the most efficient and it transmit even more lesser power And require the half
of the Bandwidth of what DSB-FC and DSB-SC need.

• But Demodulation circuit Complexity is least for DSB-FC and increases as we move
from DSB-FC to SSB-SC. modulated signals through waveform charts and graphs

Result
• We Learned to use MATLABLabVIEW, a graphical programming environment, to im-
plement AM modulation and demodulation.

• Gained knowledge about different amplitude modulation techniques, including DSB-FC,

DSB-SC, and SSB-SC.

• Understood the demodulation process for DSB-FC, DSB-SC, and SSB-SC signals in
MATLAB LabVIEW

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