EC3005:COMMUNICATION SYSTEM PRACTICE

LAB - 1: AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

Jossan Eleazar B EC21B1001

January 28th , 2024

Aim
• To perform Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation of DSB-FC,DSB-SC and SSB-SC
using Labview.

Theory
Amplitude Modulation (AM) is a modulation technique used in analog audio and video broad-
casting, two-way radio communication, and various other applications. In AM, the amplitude
of a carrier wave is varied in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of a modulating signal
(message signal).
Modulation Index: The modulation index (also known as modulation depth or modulation
factor) is a dimensionless parameter that characterizes the extent of modulation in an AM
signal. It is denoted by the symbol β and is defined as the ratio of the peak amplitude of the
modulating signal to the carrier amplitude. Mathematically, it is expressed as:

• β= Am /Ac .

• Undermodulation [β is between 0 and 1]: In this case, the modulation index is less than
1, and the modulation is not complete. The resulting signal may sound distorted, and
some information from the message signal is not faithfully transmitted.

• Critical Modulation [β is equal to 1]:This is the condition where the modulation index
is equal to 1, resulting in optimal modulation without distortion. It is the desired state
for efficient and clear transmission of the message signal.

• Over Modulation [β is greater than 1]:Here, the modulation index is greater than 1,
leading to distortion and the generation of unwanted sidebands. Overmodulation can
cause interference and is generally avoided in practical applications

Amplitude Modulation (AM) and Demodulation in LabVIEW:

• DSB-SC AM:

– Mathematical Representation: The DSB-FC signal can be mathematically repre-

sented as follows:
∗ s(t)=Ac [1+m(t)]cos(2πfc t)
∗ s(t): Modulated signal
∗ Ac : Carrier amplitude

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 ∗ m(t): Message signal (baseband signal)
∗ fc : Carrier frequency
∗ t:time
– Carrier Signal:The carrier signal, denoted as cos(2pi fc t), is a high-frequency signal.
It is multiplied by the message signal to produce the modulated signal.
– Amplitude Modulation:Amplitude modulation is achieved by multiplying the mes-
sage signal with the carrier signal. The term Ac [1 + m(t)] represents the varying
amplitude of the carrier signal based on the message signal.
– Frequency Spectrum:The frequency spectrum of DSB-FC modulation consists of
the carrier frequency and two sidebands located symmetrically around the carrier
frequency.
∗ Upper sideband frequency: fc + fm
∗ Lower sideband frequency: fc - fm
∗ fm : Maximum frequency in the message signal
– Bandwidth Requirement:The bandwidth requirement for DSB-FC modulation is
twice the maximum frequency in the message signal 2fm . This is because both
upper and lower sidebands need to be accommodated.
– Demodulation of Double Sideband Full Carrier (DSB-FC) modulation involves mul-
tiplying the received modulated signal by a locally generated carrier signal, typi-
cally in the form of cos(2pi fc t) is the carrier frequency. The multiplication results
in a product signal containing both sum and difference frequencies. To extract
the original message signal, the product signal is then passed through a low-pass
filter designed to retain only the low-frequency components. This filtering pro-
cess effectively eliminates the unwanted high-frequency components, leaving the
demodulated message signal. The demodulation process essentially reverses the
modulation, reconstructing the original message signal from the modulated wave-
form. Practical implementations may include additional techniques such as carrier
synchronization to enhance demodulation accuracy.
• DSB-SC AM:DSB-SC stands for Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier modulation. It
is a type of amplitude modulation in which both sidebands are transmitted, but the
carrier signal is suppressed or not transmitted. DSB-SC modulation is often used in
communication systems to conserve power and bandwidth
– Mathematical Representation: The DSB-SC signal can be mathematically repre-
sented as follows:
∗ s(t)=Ac m(t)cos(2πfc t)
∗ s(t): Modulated signal
∗ Ac : Carrier amplitude
∗ m(t): Message signal (baseband signal)
∗ fc : Carrier frequency
∗ t:time
– Suppressed Carrier:Unlike DSB-FC modulation, in DSB-SC modulation, the carrier
signal cos(2pi fc t) is not transmitted. Only the sidebands, which are the product
of the message signal and the carrier, are transmitted.
– Frequency Spectrum:The frequency spectrum of DSB-SC modulation consists of
two sidebands located symmetrically around the origin (zero frequency). The carrier
frequency is not present in the transmitted signal.

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 ∗ Upper sideband frequency: fc + fm
∗ Lower sideband frequency: fc - fm
∗ fm : Maximum frequency in the message signal
– Bandwidth Requirement:The bandwidth requirement for DSB-SC modulation is
the same as that of DSB-FC modulation, which is twice the maximum frequency
in the message signal.This is because both upper and lower sidebands need to be
transmitted
– Demodulation:Demodulation of DSB-SC modulation involves multiplying the re-
ceived signal by a local oscillator signal of the carrier frequency. This process is
known as synchronous detection, and it helps recover the original message signal.

• SSB-SC AM:Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSB-SC) amplitude modulation is

a type of modulation where only one of the sidebands is transmitted, and the carrier
signal is suppressed.

– Mathematical Representation: The SSB-SC signal can be mathematically repre-

sented as follows:
∗ s(t)=Ac m(t)cos(2πfc t)
∗ s(t): Modulated signal
∗ Ac : Carrier amplitude
∗ m(t): Message signal (baseband signal)
∗ fc : Carrier frequency
∗ t:time
– Suppressed Carrier:In SSB-SC modulation, only one of the sidebands (either upper
or lower) is transmitted, and the carrier is completely suppressed. This results in
a more bandwidth-efficient transmission compared to DSB-FC modulation.
– Frequency Spectrum:The frequency spectrum of DSB-SC modulation consists of
two sidebands located symmetrically around the origin (zero frequency). The carrier
frequency is not present in the transmitted signal.
∗ Upper sideband frequency: fc + fm to fc + 2fm
∗ Lower sideband frequency: fc - 2fm to fc - fm
∗ fm : Maximum frequency in the message signal
– Bandwidth Requirement:The bandwidth requirement for SSB-SC modulation is half
of that required for DSB-FC modulation because only one sideband is transmitted.
The absence of the carrier further reduces the bandwidth.
– Demodulation: Demodulation of SSB-SC modulation typically involves frequency
conversion to shift the single sideband back to the baseband. This process is often
achieved using a product detector or mixer.
– Various techniques can be employed to suppress the carrier in SSB-SC modulation,
such as filter methods, phasing methods, and the Hilbert transform.

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LabView Outputs
Question 1:

Figure 1: ”Q1-Block Diagram”

Figure 2: ”Q1-Grid Diagram”

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Question 2:

Figure 3: ”Q2-Block Diagram”

Figure 4: ”Q2-Grid Diagram”

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Question 3:

Figure 5: ”Q3-Block Diagram”

Figure 6: ”Q3-Grid Diagram”

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Calculations
Given: Note: The Formulae used can be reffered from the Theory section.

• fc =1KHz

• fm =100Hz

For DSB-FC:

• Upper Side Band = 1100Hz

• Lower Side Band = 900Hz

• Central Frequency in Frequency Spectra = 1000Hz

• Bandwidth = 200Hz

For DSB-SC:

• Upper Side Band = 1100Hz

• Lower Side Band = 900Hz

• Central Frequency in Frequency Spectra is Suppressed to reduce power

• Bandwidth = 200Hz

For SSB-SC:

• Upper Side Band = 1100Hz to 1200Hz (or)

• Lower Side Band = 800 Hz to 900Hz

• Central Frequency in Frequency Spectra is Suppressed to reduce power

• Bandwidth = 100Hz [Lowest Bandwidth, Half of the Bandwidth Other modulations

require].

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Inference
• Upon completing the experiment on Amplitude Modulation (AM) and Demodulation
at various modulation schemes (DSB-SC, DSB-SS, and SSB-SC) using LabVIEW, we
have gained a comprehensive understanding of modulation techniques and practical pro-
ficiency in utilizing LabVIEW for signal processing

• Throughout the experiment, we successfully generated carrier and message signals us-
ing LabVIEW, implemented different amplitude modulation techniques, and visualized
modulated signals through waveform charts and graphs

Result
• We Learned to use LabVIEW, a graphical programming environment, to implement AM
modulation and demodulation.

• Gained knowledge about different amplitude modulation techniques, including DSB-SC,

DSB-SS, and SSB-SC.

• Understood the demodulation process for DSB-SC, DSB-SS, and SSB-SC signals in
LabVIEW