Analog

Communication
MODULATION
Introduction
 Baseband vs Passband Transmission
• Baseband Signal:- Information bearing Signal or
Message Signal.
• T h e te r m B a s e b a n d refe rs to t h e b a n d o f
frequencies representing the original signal
obtained from the source (or Base).
– Voice (0-4kHz)
– TV (0-6 MHz)
• A signal may be sent in its baseband format when
a dedicated wired channel is available.
• Otherwise, it must be converted to passband.
 What is Modulation?
• So for better transmission, we need to send a high
frequency signal.
• But message signal is of low frequency.
• If we alter the frequency of message signal, the
information will be lost.
• We can send a high frequency signal which reflects
the characteristics of message signal.
• This high frequency signal is called CARRIER
SIGNAL
 What is Modulation?
• The message signal is called MODULATING SIGNAL
or BASEBAND SIGNAL.

• The word modulation means the systematic

alteration of one waveform, called the carrier,
according to the characteristic of another
waveform, the modulating signal or the message.

• We use c(t ) and m(t ), to denote the carrier and

the message waveforms respectively.
 What is Modulation?
• The resultant signal after modulation is called
MODULATED SIGNAL.

• For study purpose, the commonly used carrier and

message signal is SINUSOIDAL WAVE.

• Transmitter Side - Modulation

• Receiver Side - Demodulation
 Definition for Modulation

• Modulation is defined as the process by

which some characteristic of a carrier wave
is varied in accordance with the message
signal.
Modulation and Demodulation
 Types of Modulation
• Modulation - Characteristics of Carrier Wave is
varied in accordance with the characteristics of
message signal.
• Consider a Carrier wave: ( 2πfc t + φ )
c(t) = Ac Cos ( θ )
Instantaneous
Value Frequency
Maximum
Angle
Amplitude Phase
 Types of Modulation
MODULATION
AM DSB FC
Amplitude AM DSB SC
Modulation (AM) SSB
VSB

Frequency NBFM
Modulation (FM) WBFM
Angle
Modulation
Phase NBPM
Modulation (PM) WBPM
Amplitude & Angle Modulation -
Definition
 AM, FM & PM
• AM – The amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in
accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the
message signal.

• FM – The frequency of the carrier signal is varied in

accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the
message signal.

• PM – The phase of the carrier signal is varied in

accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the
message signal.
 AM & FM Waveforms
CARRIER

MESSAGE

AM

FM
 AMPLITUDE
MODULATION
 Definition of Amplitude
Modulation (AM)

üAmplitude Modulation (AM) is defined as the

process in which the amplitude of the Carrier
Signal, c(t) is varied about a mean value,
linearly with the Base band Signal, m(t).
 Types of Amplitude Modulation

Non Linear
AM DSB FC
AM

AMPLITUDE
MODULATION
AM DSB SC
Linear SSB
AM
VSB
Introduction
 AM DSB FC or simply AM
• Consider a Carrier Signal:

• Message si g n al m (t) and Carri er si g n al c(t) a re

independent.

• AM is defined as the process in which the amplitude of

the Carrier Signal, c(t) is varied about a mean value,
linearly with the Base band Signal, m(t).

• where Ka = 1/Ac, is the Amplitude Sensitivity Factor or

Modulation Sensitivity measured in volt-1
Conditions for AM
 Modulation Index of AM
• K a = 1 / Ac

• Ka*m(t) = (1/Ac) * Am Cos (2πfmt)

= (1/Ac) * Am (1)
= Am / Ac
= ka*Am

• This “ Ka * Am ” is called as Modulation Index.

• It is denoted using ma or μ
 Modulation Index of AM
Two cases arise, depending on the magnitude of
kam(t), when comparing with unity:
1) Undermodulation, which is governed by the condition
k a m (t )  1 for all t 1 + kam(t) > 0
2) Overmodulation, which is governed by the weaker
condition
k a m (t )  1 for some t

Percentage of modulation  kam(t) 100%

 Modulation Index
Important conclusion:

1. The envelope of the AM wave has a waveform that

bears a one-to-one correspondence with that of the
message signal if the percentage modulation is less
than or equal to 100%.

2. If percentage modulation > 100%, the modulated

wave is said to suffer from envelope distortion.
Modulation Index
Modulation Index
Modulation Index
Signal Representation of AM
Signal Representation of AM

1st
Condition

Envelope
Distortion
 Spectrum Representation of AM
• To draw the spectrum of any wave, we need to
find out the Fourier Transform of that signal.
• Cos (x) = (1/2)*(e jx + e -jx)
• F [m(t) Cos (x)] = M(f – x)/2 + M(f + x)/2
1 1
cos( A) cos( B )  cos A  B   cos A  B 
2 2

s (t )  Ac cos c t  KaAc Am cos c t cos mt

KaAc Am KaAcAm
 Ac cos c t  cosc  m t  cosc  m t
2 2
Bandwidth
Bandwidth of AM
 Spectral Overlap (2nd Condition)

Spectral 2nd
Overlap Condition

Spectral overlap phenomenon in amplitude modulation. The

phenomenon arises when the carrier frequency c is less than the
highest frequency component m of the modulating signal.
Time domain & Frequency domain
Power relation in AM
 AM Modulators

1. Switching Modulator
– Utilizing the Switching characteristic or time varying
characteristic of a diode.

2. Square Law Modulator

– Utilizing the non linear characteristic of any square
law device ( like Diode, Transistor etc.)
 AM Demodulators

1. Square Law Demodulator

2. Envelope Detector
Envelope Detector
Envelope Detector
Envelope Detector
• The operations of the circuit requires
careful selection of t=RC
• If RC is too large, discharging will be
slow and the circuit cannot follow a
decreasing envelope.
• When RC is too small the ripples will
be high.
• The ripples are finally removed by
LPF.
• The DC va l u e i s b l o c ke d by a
capacitor.
Envelope Detector
 Features of AM
• AM system is very cheap to build and
maintain.

• AM is wasteful of power - max efficiency

is 33%

• AM is wasteful of bandwidth - twice the

message bandwidth is required
Demerits of AM DSB FC

An unmodulated RF
carrier requires narrow
bandwidth

Modulation results in
creation of a carrier and 2
Sidebands. This
requires more power.
Moreover carrier contains
no information.
 Why DSB SC?

Ø The carrier contains no information.

Ø So we can think of avoiding or suppressing carrier.

 In-Phase and Quadrature
Components of Linear Modulation

Depending on sI(t) and sQ(t), three types of linear modulation

are defined:

1) DSB SC modulation, where only the upper and lower

sidebands are transmitted.

2) SSB modulation, where only the lower or the upper

sideband is transmitted.

3) VSB modulation, where only a vestige of one of the

sidebands and a modified version of the other sideband are
transmitted.
 Linear Modulation Schemes

1. AM DSB SC (AM Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier)

2. SSB (Single Side Band)

3. VSB (Vestigial Side Band)

 AM DSB SC
• Derivation
• Signal & Spectra
• Modulators
– Product Modulator
• Balanced Modulator
• Ring Modulator (Double Balanced Modulator)

• Demodulator
– Coherent Detector
– Costas Receiver
 Introduction

DSB-SC modulation is generated by using a

product modulator that simply multiplies the
message signal m(t) by the carrier wave
Accos(2fct). Specifically, we write:

s(t) = Acm(t) cos(2fct) (2.8)

 Introduction

s DSB (t )  Ac m(t ) cos(2 f c t ).

The modulated signal s(t) undergoes a phase reversal
whenever the message signal m(t) crosses zero.

This is called double side-band suppressed carrier (DSB-

SC) modulation.
1. Transmission bandwidth is same as standard AM.

2. Transmitted power is less than that used by standard AM.

 Signal Representation

Double-sideband-suppressed carrier modulation. (a) Message

signal. (b) DSB-SC modulated wave, resulting from multiplication of
the message signal by the sinusoidal carrier wave.
Signal Representation
 Spectrum Representation
• The envelope of a DSB-SC signal is different from
the message signal; unlike the case of an AM wave
that has a percentage modulation < 100 %.

• The Fourier transform of s(t) is obtained as:

 Spectrum of AM DSB SC

Because it doesn’t
have components of
the carrier, we call
this kind of
modulation
suppressed carrier
 Time domain Vs Frequency domain
Time-domain
(on the left)
and frequency-
domain (on the
right)
characteristics
of DSB-SC
modulation
produced by a
sinusoidal
modulating
wave. (a)
Modulating
wave. (b)
Carrier wave.
(c) DSB-SC
modulated
wave. Note
that  = 2.
 Modulators
Product Modulator
• Balanced Modulator
• Ring Modulator (Double Balanced Modulator)
Product Modulator
Balanced Modulator
Ring Modulator
 Demodulators
1. Coherent Detector
• AM DSB SC Modulator + Filter
• Also called Synchronous or Homodyne
Detector.
• Quadrature Null Effect – Phase Error.

2. Costas Receiver
• Employs two Coherent detectors.
• Avoids Quadrature Null Effect.
Coherent Detector
 Coherent Detector – Quadrature
Null Effect
• Assume the Local Oscillator signal have same
frequency of that of the Carrier, but a different
phase.
• Let the Phase difference is Ø.
• The LO signal is:
Coherent Detector – Quadrature
Null Effect
Costas Receiver
 Costas Receiver
• I-channel:
• After downconverwsion, v I (t )  Ac m(t ) cos c t   cos c t   
Ac
 m(t )cos2 c t     cos  
2

• At the output of the lowpass filter,

Ac
m I (t )  cos   m(t )
2

• Q-channel: Ac
vQ (t )  m(t )sin 2 c t     sin  
2
Ac
mQ (t )  sin   m(t )
2
 Why SSB?

Ø The carrier contains no audio information.

ØThe sidebands contains duplicated information

 Introduction to SSB
• Two main parameters to be considered while
designing a Communication System are :
1. Transmission Power
2. Transmission Bandwidth.

• In AM DSB FC, both are very high.

• In AM DSB SC Transmission Power is less than AM

DSB FC, but Transmission Bandwidth is same as
that of AM DSB FC.
 Introduction to SSB
• In AM SSB SC or SSB, only one Sideband will be
Transmitted (Both the Sidebands contain the same
information).

• The Transmission Power as well as the Transmission

Bandwidth can be reduced.

• Transmission Bandwidth will be reduced to half of

that of AM DSB FC & AM DSB SC.

• To accomplish these merits, the Equipment Design in

more Complex.
 SSB Modulators

• Frequency Discriminator
– Generating SSB signal from DSB SC signal by using
BPF

• Phase Discriminator
– Generating SSB signal by using Hilbert Transform
Frequency Discriminator
Phase Discriminator
 SSB Demodulators

• Coherent Detector

• Envelope Detector
 Coherent Detector

• Same Coherent Detector used for AM DSB SC.

 Demerit of SSB
• Selective Filtering using filters with sharp cutoff characteristics.
Sharp cutoff filters are difficult to design.
• The audio signal spectrum has no dc component, therefore ,
the spectrum of the modulated audio signal has a null around
the carrier frequency.
• This means a less than perfect filter can do a reasonably good
job of filtering the DSB to produce SSB signals.
Introduction to VSB
 VSB
To produce SSB signal from DSB signal ideal filters should be used.
In VSB system one sideband and a vestige of other sideband are
transmitted together.
The resulting signal has a bandwidth > the bandwidth of the
modulating (baseband) signal but < the DSB signal bandwidth.
Basics of Signal to Noise Ratio
Basics of Signal to Noise Ratio