2023-2024

Spring Semester

Mobile and Sensor Networks

Dr. Ahmed Abdelreheem

Lec_4
 Free Space Path Loss
▪ Whenever an RF signal is transmitted from an antenna, its amplitude decreases as it travels through free space. Even if there are no obstacles
in the path between the transmitter and receiver, the signal strength will weaken. This is known as free space path loss.

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 Free Space Path Loss

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 Free Space Path Loss

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 Modulation
▪ First of all, we need to know why we need modulation ?
▪ Modulation allows us to send a signal over a specific frequency range.
▪ If every signal gets its own frequency range, then we can transmit multiple signals
simultaneously over a single channel, all using different frequency ranges.
▪ Another reason to modulate a signal is to allow the use of a smaller antenna.
▪ A baseband (low frequency) signal would need a huge antenna because in order to be
efficient, the antenna needs to be about 1/10th the length of the wavelength.
▪ Modulation shifts the baseband signal up to a much higher frequency, which has
much smaller wavelengths and allows the use of a much smaller antenna
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 Modulation

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 Modulation

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 Modulation

▪ In all modulation types, there should be what is called a "carrier" wave, which

carries the information signal from source to destination.

▪ This carrier is usually a sinusoidal wave (single frequency signal).

▪ Modulation could be analog or digital depending on the kind of the signal to be

carried.

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 AM Modulation

▪ The first and simplest type of modulation is Amplitude Modulation (AM).

It is the first method used to transfer voice information from one place to
another.
▪ The amplitude of a carrier signal is varied as the information signal required to
transmit . While the frequency and phase are constant .
▪ The total power of the transmitted wave varies in amplitude in accordance
with the power of the modulating signal.

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 AM Modulation
• Mathematically, the modulated carrier signal s(t) is.

where : Acos(2πfct) : is the carrier signal with amplitude A and carrier

frequency fc,
x(t) : is the modulating signal.
A : is the direct current (dc) portion of the signal.

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 AM Modulation

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 AM Modulation

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 AM Modulation

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 AM Modulation

The total bandwidth required for AM can be determined from the bandwidth of
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 FM Modulation
• In Frequency modulation (FM) the modulating signal (information)
vary the instantaneous frequency of the carrier .
• The carrier is stretched or squeezed by the information signal, and
the frequency of the carrier is changed according to the value of the
modulating voltage.
• Thus, the signal that is transmitted is of the form .

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 FM Modulation
where f : is the peak frequency deviation that is the
farthest away from the original frequency that the FM
signal can be with the condition fΔ << fc.

Figure 1 shows the FM waveforms.

We can define the BW as:

BW=2(b+1)fm
with b= fD/fm;
fm is the maximum modulating frequency used
Where fD is the peak frequency deviation from the original frequency
and fD << fc

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 Frequency Modulation (FM)

Message signal
Time
x(t)

Carrier signal Time

FM signal Time
s(t)

The modulated carrier signal s(t) is:

 t 
s(t ) = A cos  (2 f c t + 2 f D  x( )d +  0 
 
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 t0 