ET-353, Lecture 13&14 (AM) (AM-DSB-LC, DSBSC)

MIRPUR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(MUST), MIRPUR
MIRPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Communications Technology 1
This Lecture includes
Lecture No. 13 and 14
Communications Technology
ET-353
Lecture No.13: Amplitude Modulation
Engr. Faisal Iqbal

Lecturer
Date: January 05, 2022
Lecture Outline
Baseband and carrier Communication
What is modulation?
What are the reasons for modulation?
Amplitude Modulation
What are the Basic Types of Analogue Modulation
Methods ?
What are the different Forms of Amplitude Modulation ?
Example of AM Transmitter and Receiver
Introduction
 Modulation is a process that causes a shift in the range
of frequencies of a message signal.
 A communication that does not use modulation is
called baseband communication
 A communication that uses modulation is called
Carrier communication
Baseband and carrier Communication
 The bandwidth B represents a measure of frequency range. It is
typically measured in Hz with 1 Hz = 1/sec.
 The bandwidth of a signal indicates the frequency range in which the
signal‘s Fourier transform has a power above a certain threshold
(typically half of the maximum power)
 Often the frequency f =  / 2 is used instead of the angular frequency .
Baseband and carrier Communication
 The term baseband designates a frequency range starting at 0 Hz
 Example of a baseband signal spectrum:
 In baseband communication baseband signals are sent without any shift

in the range of frequencies
 Any communication that uses modulation of a high- frequency carrier
signal is called carrier communication
What is modulation?
 Modulation is the process of putting information

onto a high frequency carrier for transmission.
Once this information is received, the low frequency information must
be removed from the high frequency carrier. This process is known as
“ Demodulation”.
What are the reasons for modulation?
 Modulation allows us to send a signal over a bandpass
frequency range. If every signal gets its own frequency
range, then we can transmit multiple signals simultaneously
over a single channel, all using different frequency ranges.
 Another reason to modulate a signal is to allow the use of a

smaller antenna.
M1(f)
M(f) Multiplexed
f
signal
0
+
M2(f)
0 f1 f2
f
f
0
What is Modulation
 Modulation
 In the modulation process, some characteristic of a high- frequency
carrier signal (bandpass), is changedaccording to the instantaneous
amplitude of the information (baseband) signal.
 Why Modulation is used
 Suitable for signal transmission (distance…etc)
 Multiple signals transmitted on the same channel
 Capacitive or inductive devices require high frequency AC input
(carrier) to operate.
 Stability and noise rejection
CSULB May 22, 2006 3
About Modulation
 Application Examples
 broadcasting of both audio and
video signals.
 Mobile radio communications,such
as cell phone.
 Basic Modulation Types

 Amplitude Modulation: changes the amplitude.
 Frequency Modulation: changes the frequency.
 Phase Modulation: changes the phase.
CSULB May 22, 2006 4
Figure: Types of analog-to-analog modulation
Amplitude Modulation
A carrier signal is modulated only in amplitude value
The modulating signal is the envelope of the carrier
The required bandwidth is 2B, where B is the
bandwidth of the modulating signal
Since on both sides of the carrier freq. fc, the spectrum
is identical, we can discard one half, thus requiring a
smaller bandwidth for transmission.
Figure: Amplitude modulation
Note
The total bandwidth required for AM

can be determined
from the bandwidth of the audio
signal: BAM = 2B.
Figure : AM band allocation
Basic Amplitude Modulation
 Amplitude Modulation is the simplest
and earliest form of transmitters
 The information signal varies the
instantaneous amplitude of the
carrier
AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM)
 In amplitude modulation, the message signal m(t) is impressed on
the amplitude of the carrier signal c(t) = Accos(2fct)
 This results in a sinusoidal signal whose amplitude is a function
of the message signal m(t)
 There are several different ways of amplitude modulating the
carrier signal by m(t)
 Each results in different spectral characteristics for the
transmitted signal
 We will describe these methods, which are called
(a) Double sideband, suppressed-carrier AM (DSB-SCAM)
(b) Single-sideband AM (SSB AM)
6
Amplitude Modulation
•Amplitude modulation (AM) varies the amplitude of a carrier signal
Acos(wct  c ) according to a modulating signal m(t).
• The modulated signal is :- m(t) cos(wct)
What are the Basic Types of Analog Modulation
Methods ?
Consider the carrier signal below:
sc(t ) = Ac(t) cos( 2fc t +  )
1. Changing of the carrier amplitude Ac(t) produces
Amplitude Modulation signal (AM)
2. Changing of the carrier frequency fc produces
Frequency Modulation signal (FM)
3. Changing of the carrier phase  produces
Phase Modulation signal (PM)
Analogue Modulation Methods
What are the different Forms of Amplitude
Modulation ?
1. Conventional Amplitude Modulation (DSB-LC) (Alternatively known as
Full AM or Double Sideband with Large carrier (DSB-LC) modulation
2. Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC)

modulation
3. Single Sideband (SSB) modulation
4. Vestigial Sideband (VSB) modulation
Conventional Amplitude Modulation (Full AM)
Example of AM transmitter
Example of AM (radio) Receiver
Any Question?
ET-353
Lecture No.14: AM-Double Sideband- Large
Carrier and Double Sideband- Suppressed carrier
Engr. Faisal Iqbal

Lecturer
Date: January 13, 2022
Lecture Outline
Amplitude Modulation (AM) Double Sideband Large
Carrier (DSB-LC)
Modulation Index
Sideband and Carrier Power
Amplitude Modulation (DSB)
Modulation / Demodulation
Modulators
Switching Modulators
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Double Sideband Large Carrier (DSB-LC)
s AM (t )  m (t ) cos 2 f ct  A cos 2 f ct
Modulation Index
 The amount of modulation in AM signal is given by its

modulation index:
mp E max  E min
 or , m p  min m (t)
A E max  E min
E max  A  m p ,E min  A  m p
When mp = A ,  =1 or 100% modulation.
Over-modulation, i.e. mp >A , should be avoided
because it willCommunications
createTechnology
distortions. 36
Effect of Modulation Index
 =1
Effects of Modulation Index
=1 >1
Sideband and Carrier Power
A2
Pc 
• Carrier Power 2
Pm
• Sideband Power Ps 
2
• Total power ptot  Pc  Ps
• Power efficiency   Ps
Pc Ps
• For single tone modulation
  2
2
100%, Ptot  Pc[1 ]
2  2 2
Amplitude Modulation (DSB)
 Amplitude modulation (AM) varies the amplitude of a carrier signal Acos(wct  c )
according to a modulating signal m(t).
 The modulated signal is m(t) cos(wct)
Amplitude Modulation (DSB) cont…
Frequency-Shifting Property of Fourier transform:
 This type of modulation shifts the spectrum of m(t) to the carrier
frequency.
If m(t)  M (w)
m(t) cos wct  M(w  wc )  M (w  wc )
1
2
m(t) cos wct 

1
M(w  wc )  M (w  wc )
2
 This modulation shifts the frequency spectrum to the right and the left by
wc
 The modulated signal is composed of two parts, above wc and
below wc
– the upper sideband (USB) containing the frequencies |w| > | wc |
– the lower sideband (LSB) containing the frequencies |w| < | wc |
 The modulated signal in this scheme does not have a discrete component of
the carrier frequency wc for this reason this is called double-sideband
suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) modulation
B Vs wc
 If the bandwidth of the original signal m(t) is 2 B, then the bandwidth
of the modulated signal will be 4B, consisting of
– the upper sideband (USB) containing the frequencies |w| > |wc |
– the lower sideband (LSB) containing the frequencies |w| < |wc |
To avoid overlap of the two spectral parts, wc > 2B must be fulfilled
(if c < 2B , the information of m(t) will be partly lost in the process of
modulation) Communications Technology 45
Example
Spectrum
Spectrum of the DSB-SC signal m(t)cos10,000t
1
cos cos   cos(   )  cos(   )
2
Spectrum
Spectrum
Modulation / Demodulation
Modulation
Demodulation
Demodulation
 The process of receiving the original signal from the modulated signal is
called demodulation.
 Demodulation is similar to modulation and can be performed by multiplying the
modulated signal again with the carrier signal cos(w t) c
The resulting signal
e(t)  m(t) cos w t  1

2
c
2
m(t)  m(t) cos(2w t)
c
It has the Fourier transform
E(w)  1 2 M (w)  1 4 M (w  2w )  M (w  2w ) c c
Demodulation
Modulators
Multiplier modulators:
 Modulation is achieved directly by multiplying m(t) by cos wct
 using an analog multiplier.
 The output is proportional to the product of two input
signals.
 Difficult to maintain linearity and are expansive.
Better to avoid
Modulators (cont…)
Nonlinear modulators:
Modulation is achieved by using nonlinear devices such as
semiconductor diode or a transistor
NL: Two identical

nonlinear elements
Let output characteristics of NL be approximated by the power series as:
Where x(t) and y(t) are input & output

Changing inputs
Gives:
 Spectrum m(t) is centered at the origin, while of m(t)coswct is centered at +-wc

 The signal is ready for transmission, but we do not need the m(t) part of z(t)
 Z(t) is passed through a band-pass filter tuned to wc , the signal m(t) is suppressed
while 4bm(t)coswct passed unharmed.
Summary nonlinear modulator:

 Two inputs m(t) and coswct
 The summer output does not contain one of the input coswct
 Circuits which have this characteristic are called balanced circuits.
 The previous circuitry is an example of balanced modulators.
This circuit is balanced to only one input carrier, the other input m(t) still
appear at the filter input, which must reject it…….for that reason it is called a
single balanced modulator
Modulation through any periodic signal:
Modulated signal can not only be obtained by a pure sinusoid but by
any periodic signal.of fundamental frequency wc. E.g:
Trigonometric Fourier series
Spectrum of the modulated signal is the spectrum M(w) shifted to
If we pass this modulated signal through band-pass filter of

bandwidth 2B tuned to wc
Switching Modulators
Multiplication operation of modulation can be replaced by switching

operation. If we a periodic signal having Fourier series as:
carrier
Modulated signal
Now consider a periodic square pulse train with Fourier series as

1 2
  cos w t  cos3w t  cos5w t  cos 7w t  ....
1 1 1
w(t) 
2  
c c c c
3 5 7
From example 2.8 59
The modulated signal m(t)w(t) is given by
Modulated signal m(t)w(t) consists of the component m(t) plus infinite
numbers of modulated signals with carrier frequencies w ,3w ,5w ,.....
c c c
The spectrum of m(t)w(t) consists of M(w) and M(w) shifted to

 w ,3w ,5w ,.....
c c c
As we are interested in modulated component m(t) cos w t only. To

c
separate this component from others we pass m(t)w(t) through a

bandpass filter of bandwidth 2BHz, centered at  w c
gives the required modulated signal 2 m(t) cos w t

 c
Therefore the multiplication of a signal by a square pulse train is is

reality a switching operation means turning off and on signal m(t)
periodically and can be accomplished by switching element
controlled by w(t) Communications Technology 61
Diode bridge modulator:

Consider the following electronic switch circuit driven by Acos w t to produce
c
the switching action
D ,D andD ,D
1 2 3 4
are matched pairs
When terminal c is positive with respect to d, all the diodes conduct, terminal
a & b are effectively shortened.
During the next half cycle d is positive with respect to c, all the diodes open,
terminal a & b are open.
Therefore the the circuit act as a desired electronic switch, where the terminal a
& b open and close periodically with the carrier frequency fc . When Acos wct is
applied across the terminal ab
To obtain m(t)w(t) we may place terminal ab in series or in parallel as:
Series-bridge diode modulator Shunt-bridge diode modulator
Switching on and off m(t) for each cycle of the carrier, resulting in the
switched signal m(t)w(t) and passing through bandpass filter gives the
desired signal:
Ring modulator:
Consider the following circuit
During the positive half cycle of the carrier D1 & D3

conduct and D2 & D4 are open, hence terminal a is
connected to c & b to d
During the negative half cycle of the carrier D1 & D3 are
open and D2 & D4 conduct, hence terminal a is connected
to d & b to c
Output is proportional to m(t) during positive cycle &
-m(t) during negative cycle
The Fourier series of bipolar square wave is given by:
Example 2.8 p-52
Gives modulated signal as:
Filtering this signal to bandpass filter tuned to wc gives the

required modulated signal:
In this circuit there are two inputs m(t) and coswct, the input of the final
bandpass filter does not contain either of the inputs……
this circuit is an example of double balanced modulator
Topic AM DSB-LC and DSB-SC will continue in next lecture
Any Question?

ET-353, Lecture 13&14 (AM) (AM-DSB-LC, DSBSC)

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MIRPUR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

MIRPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Lecture No. 13 and 14

Lecture No.13: Amplitude Modulation

Engr. Faisal Iqbal

Date: January 05, 2022

 Often the frequency f =  / 2 is used instead of the angular frequency .

 In baseband communication baseband signals are sent without any shift

 Modulation is the process of putting information

 Another reason to modulate a signal is to allow the use of a

 Basic Modulation Types

The total bandwidth required for AM

2. Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC)

3. Single Sideband (SSB) modulation

4. Vestigial Sideband (VSB) modulation

Engr. Faisal Iqbal

Date: January 13, 2022

 The amount of modulation in AM signal is given by its

Frequency-Shifting Property of Fourier transform:

m(t) cos wct 

Spectrum of the DSB-SC signal m(t)cos10,000t

Spectrum of the DSB-SC signal m(t)cos10,000t

Spectrum of the DSB-SC signal m(t)cos10,000t

The resulting signal

e(t)  m(t) cos w t  1

It has the Fourier transform

NL: Two identical

Let output characteristics of NL be approximated by the power series as:

Where x(t) and y(t) are input & output

 Spectrum m(t) is centered at the origin, while of m(t)coswct is centered at +-wc

Summary nonlinear modulator:

Trigonometric Fourier series

Spectrum of the modulated signal is the spectrum M(w) shifted to

If we pass this modulated signal through band-pass filter of

Multiplication operation of modulation can be replaced by switching

Now consider a periodic square pulse train with Fourier series as

The spectrum of m(t)w(t) consists of M(w) and M(w) shifted to

As we are interested in modulated component m(t) cos w t only. To

separate this component from others we pass m(t)w(t) through a

gives the required modulated signal 2 m(t) cos w t

Therefore the multiplication of a signal by a square pulse train is is

Diode bridge modulator:

the switching action

are matched pairs

Series-bridge diode modulator Shunt-bridge diode modulator

During the positive half cycle of the carrier D1 & D3

The Fourier series of bipolar square wave is given by:

Example 2.8 p-52

Gives modulated signal as:

Filtering this signal to bandpass filter tuned to wc gives the

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