ET-353, Lecture 05 & 06 (RADAR Comm. Systeml)

MIRPUR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(MUST), MIRPUR
MIRPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Communications Technology 1
Communications Technology
ET-353
Lecture No.05 & 06:RADAR Communication System
Engr. Faisal Iqbal

Lecturer
Date: December 08,09, 2021
Lecture Outline
 Introduction to RADAR
 History
 Principle of operation
 Doppler effect
 The Range
 Working of RADAR
 Types of RADAR
 Factors that affect RADAR performance
 Stealth Technology
3
INTRODUCTION
RADIO DETECTION AND

RANGING
“R A D A R”
INTRODUCTION TO RADAR
 The term RADAR was coined in 1940 by the United States Navy as an
acronym for RAdio Detection And Ranging.
 Radar is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range,
altitude, direction, or speed of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships ,
missiles, weather formation, and terrain.
 Radar was secretly developed by several nations before and during World War II.
Antenna
Propagation
Target
Cross
Section
Reflected
Transmitted Pulse
Pulse (“echo”)
Radar observables:
• Target range
• Target angles (azimuth & elevation)
• Target size (radar cross section)
• Target speed (Doppler)
• Target features (imaging)
 Bats use a basic form of radar.
 They send sound waves that reflect off an object just as electric
radar systems do.
 The first form of radar created by humans was the
telemobiloscope.
 It was mainly used to detect ships to avoid collisions.
 Radar was kept fairly secret during world war II
 Following the war, it was published that the United
States used radar to measure the distance to the moon
 It was later discovered that Hungary had done this
two years earlier than the U.S.
Radar Frequencies
Principle of Operation
 Reflection of electromagnetic waves
 Measurement of running time of transmitted pulses
Determining Range With Pulse Radar
Range  c*t
2
c = 3 x 108 m/sec
t is time to receive return
divide by 2 because pulse traveled to object and back
Basic principle and operation of radar
 A radar system has a transmitter that emits radio waves called radar signals in
predetermined directions.
 When these come into contact with an object they are usually reflected or
scattered in many directions.
 Radar signals are reflected especiallywell by materials of considerable electrical
conductivity
 The Time Delay Between The Transmitted Pulse And The Received Echo Can Be
Used To Determine The Distance To The Target .
R = Ct/2 meters.
Basic principle and operation of radar
The components of a radar system.
1. Transmitter
2. Antenna
3. Receiver
4. Display unit
5. Power supply
6. Duplexer( improved radar).
 Distance from the radar
 Measured from time delay
between transmitted pulse
and returned signal received
 Remember, in general v=d/t and d=vt
 The range is just a distance
 Since radio waves travel at the speed of
light (v = c = 300,000 km/sec )
range = c•time/2
 Why divided by 2?
 The “2” is because the measured time is for a round trip to and
from the target. To determine the range, you only want the time to
the object, so you take half!
Target
c
• Target range =
2
where c = speed of light
 = round trip time
Radar beams can be attenuated, reflected and
bent by the environment
 Atmospheric attenuation
 Reflection off of earth’s

surface
 Over-the-horizon
diffraction
 Atmospheric refraction
21
Communications Technology
 Doppler effect is the change in frequency that occurs when a source
and a target are in relative motion.
 The Doppler affect can be used in a CW radar in order to determine
velocity.
 Fd = 2Vr
λ
Fd = doppler shift
Vr = relative velocity of target with respect to
radar.
Motion Away:
Echo Frequency Decreases
Motion Towards:
Echo Frequency Increases
A Basic Radar System
Radars create an electromagnetic (EM)
pulse that is focused by an antenna, and
then transmitted through the atmosphere
(Figure A).
Objects in the path of the transmitted EM

pulse, called "targets" or "echoes," scatter
most of the energy, but some will be
reflected back toward the radar (Figure B).
The receiving antenna (normally also

the transmitting antenna) gathers
back-scattered radiation and feeds it to
a "receiver."
An EM pulse encountering a
target is scattered in all
directions. The larger the
target, the stronger the
scattered signal (Figure C).
Also, the more targets, the stronger

the return signal, that is, the targets
combine to produce a stronger signal
(Figure D).
The radar measures the

returned signal, generally
called the "reflectivity."
Reflectivity magnitude is
related to the number and
size of the targets
encountered.
Duplexer
 The duplexer is a waveguide switch
 It passes the transmitted high-power pulses to the antenna and
the received echoes from the antenna to the receiver
 Duplexer switches automatically based on the timing control
signal
Antenna System
 Radiation from a directional source
 The energy is focused in a given directions
 This allows the energy to travel further, hence a gain, G,
compared to the isotropic source
Antenna System
 Coastal Surveillance and Vessel Traffic System radars are usually fan or
inverse-cosecant-squared beams.
Inverse-cosecant-square beam pattern
fan beam pattern
RADAR
SECOND
PRIMARY
ARY
CONTINIOUS
PULSE
WAVE
MODULAT UNMODU- DOPPLE

MTI
E LATE R
Factors That Affect Radar Performance
• Signal-to-noise ratio • Signal Reception
• Receiver Sensitivity • Receiver Bandwidth
• Pulse Compression • Pulse Shape
• Power Relation
• Scan Rate
• Mechanical • Beam Width
• Electronic • Pulse Repetition Frequency
• Carrier Frequency • Antenna Gain
• Antenna aperture • Radar Cross Section of Target
Stealth Technology
 Material.
 Shape, Directivity and Orientation.
 Active Cancellation.
 Radar Absorbent Paint.
Material
 Materials such as metal are strongly radar reflective and tend to
produce strong signals.
 Wood and cloth (such as portions of planes and balloons used to
be commonly made) or plastic and fiber glass are less reflective or
indeed transparent to RADAR making them suitable for readmes
Even a very thin layer of metal can make an object strongly radar
reflective
 Submarines have extensive usage of rubber mountings to isolate
and avoid mechanical noises that could reveal locations to
underwater passive sonar arrays.
Shape, Directivity and Orientation
 The surfaces of the F-117A are designed to be flat and very angled.
This has the effect that RADAR will be incident at a large angle (to the normal
ray) that will then bounce off at a similarly high reflected angle; it is forward-
scattered. The edges are sharp to prevent there being rounded surfaces.
Rounded surfaces will often have some portion of the surface normal to the
RADAR source. As any ray incident along the normal will reflect along the
normal this will make for a strong reflected signal.
 With purpose shaping, the shape of the target’s reflecting surfaces is

designed such that they reflect energy away from the source.
Active Cancellation
 With active cancellation, the target generates a radar

signal equal in intensity but opposite in phase to the
predicted reflection of an incident radar signal.
 This creates destructive interference between the
reflected and generated signals, resulting in reduced RCS
(Radar cross-section).
Radar Absorbent Paint
 The SR-71 Blackbird and other planes were painted with a special "iron
ball paint“. This consisted of small metallic-coated balls. RADAR energy is
converted to heat rather than being reflected.
 One of the most known types of RAM is iron ball paint. It contains tiny
spheres coated with carbonyl iron or ferrite.
 Radar waves induce molecular oscillations from the alternating magnetic
field in this paint, which leads to conversion of the radar energy into
heat. The heat is then transferred to the aircraft and dissipated.
Interference
 Noise.
 Clutter.
 Jamming.
Radiation Hazards and Precaution
SEA CLUTTER
 Sea clutter echoes are caused by reflection of the radar pulse against the
sea waves. The reflection is specular and conditions for the pulse to
return to the scanner are favorable near the ship. At longer ranges the
beam will be deflected away from the ship.
 Marine radars are equipped with rejection systems to minimize the effect
of sea clutter. This control is often named “Anti Clutter Sea” or “STC”.
Noise
 Signal noise is an internal source of random variations in the signal, which is
generated by all electronic components. Noise typically appears as random variations
superimposed on the desired echo signal received in the radar receiver. The lower the
power of the desired signal, the more difficult it is to discern it from the noise (similar
to trying to hear a whisper while standing near a busy road).
 Noise figure is a measure of the noise produced by a receiver compared to an ideal

receiver, and this needs to be minimized.
 Noise is also generated by external sources, most importantly the natural thermal
radiation of the background scene surrounding the target of interest.
 There will be also flicker noise due to electrons transit, but depending on 1/f, will be
much lower than thermal noise when the frequency is high.
PPI (Plan Position Indicator) Scope
Jamming
 Radar jamming refers to radio frequency signals originating
from sources outside the radar, transmitting in the radar's
frequency and thereby masking targets of interest.
 Jamming may be intentional, as with an electronic warfare
(EW) tactic, or unintentional, as with friendly forces operating
equipment that transmits using the same frequency range.
 Jamming is considered an active interference source, since it is
initiated by elements outside the radar and in general
unrelated to the radar signals.
ADVANTAGES OF MILITARY RADARS
 All-weather day and night capability.
 Multiple target handling and engagement capability.
 Short and fast reaction time between target detection and ready to fire moment.
 Easy to operate and hence low manning requirements and stress reduction under
severe conditions.
 Highly mobile system, to be used in all kind of terrain
 Flexible weapon integration, and unlimited number of single air defence weapons can
be provided with target data.
DISADVANTAGES
 Time - Radar can take up to 2 seconds to lock on
 Radar has wide beam spread (50 ft diameter over 200 ft range).
 Cannot track if deceleration is greater than one mph/second.
 Large targets close to radar can saturate receiver.
 Hand-held modulation can falsify readings.
FIELDS OF APPLICATION
 MILITARY REMOTE SENSING
 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
 LAW ENFORCEMENT AND HIGHWAY SECURITY
 AIRCRAFT SAFETY AND NAVIGATION SHIP SAFETY
 SPACE
 MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS
MILITARY
Important part of air defense system, operation of offensive missiles & other
weapons Target detection, target tracking & weapon control Tracks the
targets, directs the weapon to an intercept and assess the effectiveness of
engagement, Also used in area, ground & air surveillance.
REMOTE SENSING
WEATHER OBSERVATION-T.V.REPORTING
PLANETARY OBSERVATION BELOW GROUND PROBING MAPPING
OF SEA ICE
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
USED TO SAFELY CONTROL AIR TRAFFIC IN THE
VICINITY OF THE AIRPORTS AND ENROUTE
GROUND VEHICULAR TRAFFIC & AIRCRAFT TAXING
MAPPING OF REGIONS OF RAIN IN THE VICINITY
OF AIRPORTS & WEATHER
SHIP SAFETY
RADAR IS FOUND ON SHIPS & BOATS FOR COLLISION AVOIDANCE
& TO OBSERVE NAVIGATION, BUOYS WHEN THE VISIBILITY IS
POOR
SHORE BASED RADARS ARE USED FOR SURVEILLANCE OF
HARBOURS & RIVER TRAFFIC
RADAR is used to find velocity, range and position of the
object.
LIDER is Advanced type of RADAR which uses visible light from
LASER
Technology will continue to grow, and RADAR will advance with
it.
Growth of RADAR technologies will be accompanied by a wider
variety of applications.
RADAR in the future will most likely be as common as cell
phone applications are today.
Any Question?

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MIRPUR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

MIRPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Lecture No.05 & 06:RADAR Communication System

Engr. Faisal Iqbal

Date: December 08,09, 2021

RADIO DETECTION AND

 Reflection of electromagnetic waves

 Measurement of running time of transmitted pulses

divide by 2 because pulse traveled to object and back

 Reflection off of earth’s

Objects in the path of the transmitted EM

The receiving antenna (normally also

Also, the more targets, the stronger

The radar measures the

Inverse-cosecant-square beam pattern

fan beam pattern

MODULAT UNMODU- DOPPLE

 With purpose shaping, the shape of the target’s reflecting surfaces is

 With active cancellation, the target generates a radar

 Noise figure is a measure of the noise produced by a receiver compared to an ideal

 Multiple target handling and engagement capability.

 Highly mobile system, to be used in all kind of terrain

 Cannot track if deceleration is greater than one mph/second.

 Large targets close to radar can saturate receiver.

 Hand-held modulation can falsify readings.

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