ET-353, Lecture 15&16 (AM-DSB-LC, DSBSC)

MIRPUR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(MUST), MIRPUR
MIRPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Communications Technology 1
Communications Technology
ET-353
Lecture No.15 & 16: AM-Double Sideband- Large

Carrier and Double Sideband- Suppressed carrier
Engr. Faisal Iqbal

Lecturer
Date: February 16-17, 2022
Lecture Outline
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Generation of AM signals
Demodulation of AM Signals
Double-sideband suppressed carrier DSBSC
DSBSC Modulators
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
For DSB-SC a receiver must generate a carrier in frequency and phase
synchronism with the carrier at the transmitter.
Problem:
Transmitter and receiver may be located thousands of miles away, this call
for a sophisticated receiver and could be costly.
Solution:
Transmit a carrier Acoswct along with the modulated signal m(t)coswct so
no need to generate a carrier at the receiver.
This type of modulation is called amplitude modulation and denoted by  (t)
AM
and is given by:
It has the Fourier spectrum
The spectrum of  (t) is the same as m(t)coswct plus two additional impulses at  wc
AM
• DSB-SC signal m(t)coswct and AM signal are identical with

A+m(t) as modulating signal instead of m(t)
• To sketch  (t) ,we sketch A+m(t) & -(A+m(t) ) and fill in between the carrier
AM
frequency.
As we sketch A+m(t) & -(A+m(t) ):
Consider two cases:
A  m(t)  0 and A  m(t)  0
For simple envelope detection for AM signal is:
A = 0, also satisfies the condition. In this case there is no need to add carrier,
because the envelope of DSB-SC signal m(t)coswct is m(t)
Such a DSB-SC signal can be detected by envelope detection
Assume for all t

Let mp is the peak amplitude (positive or negative) of m(t)
Then
Hence the condition is equivalent to

Thus the minimum carrier amplitude required for the envelope detection is mp
We define the modulation index  as:

A = carrier amplitude
mp = constant of m(t)
As A is the carrier amplitude and there is no

upper bound on A,
This is the condition for the viability of demodulation of Am signal by an

envelope detector
Sideband and carrier power:
There is a disadvantage of envelope detection in terms of power waste, as the

carrier term does not contain any information
The carrier power Pc is given by
The sideband power Ps is given

by
Hence the power efficiency  is given by:
For the special case of tone modulation:
m(t)  Acos wmt and
Hence
With condition
Thus under best condition only one third of the transmitted power is used for
carrying message, for practical signals the efficiency is even worst
Generation of AM signals
• Am signals can be generated by any DSB-SC modulators.

• The input should be A + m(t) instead of just m(t).
•The modulating circuit do not have to be balanced because there is no need to
suppress the carrier
Switching action is provided by a single diode

and controlled by c cos wct with
Generation of AM signals
The diode opens and short periodically with infect

multiplying the input signal by w(t).
The voltage across bb/ is:
Demodulation of AM Signals
The AM signal can be demodulated coherently by a locally generated carrier. E.g.
A  m(t)cos wct cos wct No benefit of sending carrier on the channel
There are two well known methods of demodulation of AM signals:

1) Rectifier detection 2) Envelope detection
Rectifier detector:
AM signal is applied to a diode and resistor circuit, the negative part of the the
AM wave will be suppressed.
The output across the resistor is the half wave rectified version of the AM signal
means multiplying AM with w(t).
Rectifier Detector
The rectified output VR

v  A  m(t) cos w t w(t)
R
c

1 2 
 A  m(t) cos w t   cos w t  cos 3w t  cos 5w t  ...
1 1
c 2   c 3 c 5 c 

1
A  m(t) otherTerms

Rectifier Detector (cont…)
Envelope Detector
In an envelope detector, the output follows the envelope of the modulated signal.
The following circuit act as an envelope detector:
•During the positive cycle of the input signal, the diode conducts and the
capacitor C charges up to the peak voltage of the input signal.
•When input signal falls below this peak value, the diode is cut off. (because the
diode voltage which is nearly the peak voltage is greater than the input signal
voltage causing the diode to open ).
•At this stage the capacitor discharge at the slew rate (with a time constant RC)
• during the next positive cycle the process repeats.
Envelope Detector (cont…)
During each positive cycle the capacitor charges up to the peak voltage of the
input signal and then decays slowly until the next positive cycle.
This behavior of the capacitor makes output voltage Vc(t) follow the envelope of
the input signal.
Capacitor discharges during each positive peaks causes a ripple signal of
frequency wc at the output
Advantages/Disadvantages of Conventional AM
(DSB-LC)
 Advantages
– Very simple demodulation (envelope detector)
– “Linear” modulation
 Disadvantages
– Low power efficiency
– Transmission bandwidth twice the message
bandwidth.
Double-sideband suppressed carrier
DSBSC
The modulating signal m(t)
DSBSC signal: m(t) cos(ct)
Modulated signal m(t) cos(ct)
Example.
DSBSC Modulators
 DSBSC signal can be generated

using several types of modulators:
– Multiplier Modulators
– Nonlinear Modulators
– Switching Modulators
Multiplier modulator
Nonlinear Modulators
Switching Modulators
Demodulation of DSBSC
m (t ) cos(2 f c t )
V(t)
LPF
A
2 m (t ) cos
A cos(2 f c t   )
Local
oscillator
Any Question?

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MIRPUR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

MIRPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Lecture No.15 & 16: AM-Double Sideband- Large

Engr. Faisal Iqbal

and is given by:

It has the Fourier spectrum

• DSB-SC signal m(t)coswct and AM signal are identical with

Consider two cases:

A  m(t)  0 and A  m(t)  0

Assume for all t

Hence the condition is equivalent to

We define the modulation index  as:

As A is the carrier amplitude and there is no

This is the condition for the viability of demodulation of Am signal by an

Sideband and carrier power:

There is a disadvantage of envelope detection in terms of power waste, as the

The carrier power Pc is given by

The sideband power Ps is given

For the special case of tone modulation:

m(t)  Acos wmt and

• Am signals can be generated by any DSB-SC modulators.

Switching action is provided by a single diode

The diode opens and short periodically with infect

The voltage across bb/ is:

There are two well known methods of demodulation of AM signals:

The rectified output VR

 DSBSC signal can be generated

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