Welcome to

A Brief Discussion on the Tele-communication System

Presented by:
Md. Shahid Ullah, lecturer ,
Department of EEE, IIUC, Chittagong
 Communications
 It may established by using conventional
language, Body language, Signal with various
colored flags etc. This types of communications
are possible only for short distance.
 Using electrical signals we may communicate at
very long distance. It may wireless or with wire
system.
 Basic Communication Path
Communication System

Source of User’s
Transmitter Receiver
Information Message Estimated Information
signal Message
Signal

Channel
Transmitted Received
Signal Signal

Basic Communication System

Transmitter
 Transducers – Devices that change any form
of energy to electrical energy and vise versa.
 i.e. – Acoustic energy to Electrical energy.

 Boost the signal power to increase the

transmission range.
Transmission Channel

 Air
 Water
 Wire
 Co-axial
 Fiber Optics
 Transmit/Receive Capability

 Simplex – one or the other

 i.e. – car radio
 Half-Duplex – both, but not at the same time.
 i.e. – “walkie-talkie” or BTB
 Full-Duplex – both and at the same time
 i.e. – telephone system and most shipboard
communications.
Receiver
Receiver is the device which extract the
message from transmitted signal.
 Tuner – this is what allows you to listen in on
a particular frequency.
 Demodulator – It is help to extract the
message signal from modulated wave.
 Lowpass Filter – It is allowed only message
signal frequency.
 Speaker – It is a transducer which produce
sound wave from demodulated electrical
signal.
Noise and Noise Figure
 Noise is any unwanted electrical signal added
to transmitted signal from transmission
channel or any other source. The frequency,
Phase and amplitude of Noise are
unpredictable.
 Noise figure is defined as the ratio of the
signal-to-noise power supplied to the input
terminals of a receiver to the signal-to-noise
power supplied to the output. It is denoted
by f . So input SNRPower
f 
output SNRPower
 Signal-to-Noise Ratio
 Can be expressed in a pure number:
 Signal power / Noise power
 More commonly expressed in Decibels.
 Signal level is on a relative scale compared to the noise.
 The more positive the dB number, the clearer the signal.
 SNR is the performance indicator of the communication channel.

Decibel is the logarithmic scale of power ratio.

So,
Powerout
dB  10 Log
Powerin
 Analog Communications Systems
Baseband Model
Baseband
Message + To
S
Output
Signal LPF (Signal+ Modulator
m(t) + Noise)

D Noise
n(t)
Noisy Receiver Model
Modulated + Output
Signal S BPF Demodulator (Signal
+
s(t)
+ Noise)
C Noise
n(t)
 Modulation
 The process of encoding information on the
“Carrier Wave”.
 A simple Sine wave.

 The Sine wave has 3 independent parameters:

 Amplitude
 Frequency
 Phase
 Why modulate ?

 Ease of radiation
 The size of antenna  /2 = c/2f
 If we wish to throw a piece of paper(baseband signal), it
cannot go too far by itself. But by wrapping it around a
stone(carrier), it can be thrown over a longer distance.

 Simultaneous transmission of several signals

 FDM (Frequency Division Modulation)

 Reduce the influence of interference

 Modulation Process

Modulated
Message Signal
Signal Modulator
(or
modulating
Signal)
Carrier Signal
 Classes of Analog Modulation

Modulation

Amplitude Modulation Angle Modulation

Frequency Modulation Phase Modulation

 Amplitude Modulation
Needs
 Base band signal

 Carrier signal

In Amplitude Modulation (AM), the amplitude of

the carrier signal is varied by the modulating
signal (message or base band signal) whose
frequency is invariably lower than that of carrier.
Wave Form of Amplitude Modulation

Carrier signal

Message signal

Modulated signal
 AM (Amplitude modulation)

 Also known as “Linear modulation”

 Small bandwidth, Power inefficient
 Applications
 AM radio, TV video broadcasting(VSB), Point-to-point communications(SSB),
Transmission of many telephone channels over microwave links
 Class of AM
 DSB-AM(Double Side Band – AM)
 BW = 2W = 2 * BW of the message signal
 SSB-AM(Single Side Band – AM)
 BW = W
 VSB-AM(Vestigial Side Band – AM)
 BW = W ~ 2W
 Types of Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation

Full Amplitude Double side band Single side band

Modulation suppressed carrier suppressed carrier
(DSB-FC) (DSB-SC) (SSB-SC)

Vestigial side band

(VSB-AM)
 Full Amplitude Modulation (DSB-FC)
This modulation contains
1. Carrier Signal and
2. Two Side band signals
a. ct   Ac sin 2f ct  It is carrier signal
b. mt   Am sin 2f mt  It is base band signal

Then the modulated signal is

e AM  Ac 1  m. sin 2f c t sin 2f c t  wher
Am
m It is called modulating index.
Ac
 1st requirement of AM
m1 m>1
2nd requirement of AM
M(f )

Fc >> W Fc < W

eAM(f ) eAM(f )
 Amplitude Modulation (AM)
 Now analyze the frequency content of this AM
signal : sin A sin B  12 cos( A  B)  12 cos( A  B)
eAM  Vc (1  m  sin 2 f m t )sin 2 f ct
 Vc sin 2 f ct  mVc  sin 2 f m t  sin 2 f ct
mVc mVc
 Vc sin 2 f ct  cos 2  f c  f m  t  cos 2  f c  f m  t
2 2
carrier lower sideband
upper sideband
(LSB)
VC (USB)
mVC mVC
 Frequency plot: Amplitude 2 2
f (Hz)
0 fC
fC – fm fC+ fm
 AM in the Frequency Domain
 To determine the characteristics of the signal in the frequency
domain, it can be rewritten in the following form :

e AM  f   C  f c  
m. Ac
M  f c  f m   M  f c  f m 
2
 It can be seen that this is made up from three independent
frequencies:
 The original carrier

 A frequency at the difference between the carrier and the

baseband signal
 A frequency at the sum of the carrier and the baseband signal
 B is the band width of message signal

eAM(f )
 Required Band Width for DSB-FC

• From previous slide bandwidth of DSB-FC signal is

BT   f c  B    f c  B   2B
The necessary bandwidth of double sideband full carrier
(DSB-FC) is twice of message bandwidth.
Simulated Spectrum of AM
 Generation of AM Signal

Modulated
Signal
Carrier Signal
 AM: Power

 Recall that the power in a sinusoidal voltage waveform is

given by:
2
V
P p (in watts)
2R
 Where Vp is the peak amplitude of the sinusoid and R is a load
resistance.
 Then using the AM equation,
mV c mVc
eAM  Vc sin 2 f ct  cos 2  f c  f m  t  cos 2  f c  f m  t
2 2
 Carrier power is
2
Vc
Pc  (in watts)
2R
 And power in either sideband is:
2
 mVc 
  m2  V 2  m2
  =
2
PLSB  PUSB 
c
= Pc (in watts)
2R 4  2R  4
AM: Power
 Power spectrum for a sinusoidal message:

Power distribution for the AM wave with sine-wave modulation.

 Power of Conventional AM
 From the spectrum
 Power of modulated signal = Power of Carrier + Power
of Sidebands
If the power of modulated signal is Pt then
Pt  Pc  PLS B  PUS B
2 2 2 2 2
Vc m .Vc m .Vc
Pt   
2R 4R 4R

Useful power to transmit message

Waste power by carrier
 Power Relation in AM Wave
 Total power Pt
 m2 
Pt  Pc 
1  2 

 
Pc 2
 
Pt 2m 2

 For 100% modulation ( m=1)

 33.33% of total power is useful power of two sideband
 66.67% of total power is waste by the carrier
 Efficiency is very low
 DSB-SC Amplitude Modulation

This type modulation contains two side band and

carrier is suppressed.
1. One side band which frequency is fc  fm
2. Other side band which frequency is fc  fm
and carrier frequency is suppressed.
 DSB-SC AM Signal

• The message signal is mt   Am sin 2f mt 

• The carrier signal is ct   Ac sin 2f ct 
• The DSB-SC signal is eDSB  c(t ) * m(t )

eDSB   Ac sin 2f c t *  Am sin 2f mt 

eDSB 
Ac Am
cos 2  f c  f m   cos 2  f c  f m 
2
Lower sideband Upper sideband
Generation of DSB –SC Signal
 Amplitude of modulated signal is proportional
to the message signal
mt  eDSB t 

ct   Ac cos 2f ct

DSB-AM at frequency domain
 Take FT
Ac Ac
 U ( f )  F[ Ac m(t ) cos(2 f c t )]  M ( f  fc )  M ( f  fc )
2 2
 Transmission Bandwidth: BT
 BT = 2B

DSB-AM U(f)
M(f) 2B
A Ac Am
f 2 f
0 B -fc 0 fc
 DSB-SC Amplitude Modulation

 No carrier transmitted with signal

 Advantages of SC 2
Ac
• Required low Power of DSB-SC PDSB  Pm
2
• All transmit power in message component
• Efficient use of transmit power
 Disadvantages of SC
• Harder to demodulate
• Can get phase errors
Single Sideband (SSB-SC) AM

 Sidebands contain identical information.

 Only need to transmit upper or lower sideband to
reconstruct the signal—single sideband AM
 Sends only one sideband f c  f m or f c  f m
 Eliminates other sideband and carrier
 Advantages
 Only half the bandwidth is required
 Less power is required
 Disadvantages
 Suppressed carrier can’t be used for synchronization
purposes
SSB AM

 Bandwidth
 BSSB = fm given BM = fm
 More bandwidth efficient than AM
 Transmitted power
 PSSB = Ac2Pm
 Generation of SSB-SC Signal
M1
Balance
Modulator
AF in Audio (M1)
Amp Carrier 900
Phase shifter SSB out
C 90o Adder
( C 90o)

Carrier
Source

AF 90o M2
Balance
AF 90o phase Modulator
Shifter (AF 90o) (M2)
 Vestigial Sideband

 In Vestigial sideband (VSB) modulation the one

sideband is passed almost completely and the
vestige of the other sideband is retained.
 It is suitable for wideband signals like TV signal.
 Bandwidth is close to the message bandwidth.
AM Advantages

 Low bandwidth
 Easy to modulate, demodulate signal
 Low cost
AM Disadvantages

 Must maintain linearity of message signal and

transmitted signal  need to use special filters which
are not as efficient as those that do not maintain strict
linearity; relates to battery lifetime
 Interfering signals received additively and must be
discriminated during demodulation
 Noise greatly affects amplitude of received signal
 Hard to lock frequency of receiver local oscillator to
carrier frequency (esp. in S.C. systems)
 Can use pilot tone AM to mitigate these effects
 Transmit known pilot tone either in-band or out-of-band
 PLL can detect pilot tone and lock the frequency and
amplitude of the local oscillator
Demodulation of Analog signals
 Demodulation
 The process of extracting the message signal from
modulated signal
 Type of demodulation
 Coherent demodulation
 Local oscillator with same frequency and phase of the carrier at the
receiver
 DSB – AM , SSB – AM
 Non-coherent demodulation
 Envelope detector which does not require same frequency and
phase of carrier
 Easy to implement with low cost : Conventional AM
 AM detection
 A simple and highly effective demodulation device
is envelope detector.

 It consists of a diode and resistor – capacitor filter.

First the diode is forward-biased and the capacitor
C charges up rapidly to peak value. When input
signal false below this value, the diode becomes
reverse-biased and the capacitor C discharges
slowly through the load resistor R.
Demodulation

(a) (b)
(c)

Demodulation Circuit
Envelope detector
 Non-coherent (or Asynchronous) demodulation
 It does not require any information of phase(or
frequency) of carrier signal
 DSB-SC demodulators
 Demodulation of DSB-SC signal can be done
by Coherent Detection or Costas receiver.
 Effect of phase error on DSB – AM
 In practice, it is hard to synchronize phase
u(t )  Ac m(t ) cos(2 f ct ) Lowpass Ac
m(t ) cos( )
Filter 2

cos(2 fc t   )
y (t )  Ac m(t ) cos(2 f c t ) cos(2 f c t   )
Ac Ac
 m(t ) cos( )  m(t ) cos(4 f c t   )
 Power in lowpass 2 2
Ac2
 Pdem  Pm cos 2 ( )
4    4  cos2 ( )  1 2
 3 dB power loss when
 Nothing can be recovered when     cos 2
( )  0
2
Super Heterodyne Receiver
Frequency Modulation
 In FM, it is the instantaneous frequency that
varies linearly with message amplitude, i.e.

f i t   f c  k f mt 

Where k f (volt/Hz) is proportionally constant.

 Wave Form of FM Signal
1
Inst.frequency
FM
0.8 message Moves with the
Message amplitude
0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
FM for Tone Signals
 Consider a sinusoidal message m(t)  Am cos2fmt 
 The instantaneous frequency corresponding
to its FM version is
fi t   fc  k f m(t)
 fc  k f Am cos2 fmt 
resting frequency
 Instantaneous Frequency
 We used the signals with constant carrier
frequency. There are cases where carrier
frequency itself changes with time.
 We can therefore talk about instantaneous
frequency defined as
1 di t  d i t 
fi t    i 
2 dt dt
  i t     dt    1  k
i c f 
Am cos  mt dt
FM Signal
 Therefore, Instantaneous angle

  i t    c t 
f
fm
sin  mt 
; f  k f Am 
 f 
  i t   ct   sin  mt ;   
 fm 

Where β is called the FM modulation index.

Frequency Deviation
 Inst. frequency has upper and lower bounds
given by
fi t   fc  f cos2fmt 
where
f  frequency deviation  k f Am
then
fi max  fc  f
fi min  fc  f
 FM Modulation index
 The equivalent of AM modulation index is 
which is also called deviation ratio. It quantifies
how much carrier frequency swings relative to
message bandwidth
f f
 or
W fm
baseband tone
 Frequency Modulation
• The instantaneous angle of FM signal is
 i t   ct   sin mt

Therefore the FM signal is

eFM t   Ac cos  i t 
eFM  Ac cos ct   sin mt 
 Generation of FM signal

Baseband
Signal FM wave
Integrator Phase Modulator
m(t )
Carrier Signal
Ac cos ct
 Types of FM

• Narrowband FM
• Wideband FM
 Narrowband FM, for which  is small compared to one
radian.
 Wideband FM, for which  is larger then one radian.
Wideband vs. narrowband FM
 NBFM is defined by the condition
 ∆f<<W BFM=2W
 This is just like AM. No advantage here

 WBFM is defined by the condition

 ∆f>>W BFM=2 ∆f
Boundary between narrowband and wideband FM

 This distinction is controlled by 

 If >1 --> WBFM
 If <1-->NBFM

 Needless to say there is no point for going

with NBFM because the signal looks and
sounds more like AM
 Narrowband FM
The FM signal is eFM  Ac cos ct   sin mt 

 eFM  Ac cos ct cos sin mt   Ac sin ct sin sin mt 

For Narrowband  is small compared to one radian, So
cos sin  mt   1
amd sin sin mt    sin mt
Therefore the NBFM is
eFM  Ac cos ct  Ac  sin ct sin mt
 Generation of NBFM

Message
Narrowband
Signal Product - 
Integrator FM out
Modulator
mt  +

Carrier signal
-900
Phase-shifter Ac cos ct
Wideband FM Spectrum
Wideband Wave Form of FM Signal
 Simulated Spectrum of WBFM
 Even though the instantaneous frequency lies
within the range fc+/-f, the spectral
components of the signal don’t lie within this
range
 The spectrum comprises a carrier with
amplitude Jo() with sidebands on either side
of the carrier at offsets of m, 2m, 3m, ….
 The bandwidth is infinite, however, for any ,
most of the power is confined within finite
limits
 Carson’s Rule states that the bandwidth is
about twice the sum of the maximum
frequency deviation plus the modulating
frequency
FM bandwidth
 The range just defined is one expression for
FM bandwidth. There are many more!

BFM=4W+2kfmp

 Using =∆f/W with ∆f=kfmp

BFM=2(+2)W
Commercial FM
 Commercial FM broadcasting uses the
following parameters
 Baseband;15KHz
 Deviation ratio ():5
 Peak freq. Deviation=75KHz
BFM=2(+1)W=2x(5+1)x15KHz=180KHz
 FM receiver
 FM receiver is similar to the superheterodyne
layout

RF

IF De-emphasis
mixer limiter Discriminator Network

AF power
Local Oscillator
amp
Phase Modulation(PM)
 In PM, carrier angle changes linearly with the
message

ePM t   Ac cos i t   Ac cos2f ct  k p mt 

 Where
 2fc=angle of un-modulated carrier
 kp=phase sensitivity in radians/volt

It is same as the FM signal

 Generation of Phase Modulation(PM)

Baseband
Signal PM wave
Differentiator FM Modulator
m(t )
Carrier Signal
Ac cos ct
Relation between PM and FM
 Assume two message signal
 mp(t) for PM and mf(t) for FM
 Then we have t
2 k  m ( )d  k
f f p mp (t )
 
2 k t

k 
m (t )  m f ( )d
f
 p

p

k p dm p (t )
 m f (t ) 
2 k f dt
 We can generate PM from FM, and vice versa
Generation of PM, FM
 Generation of FM using phase modulator
m f (t ) m p (t ) u f (t )
Integrator Phase
2 k f
Gain= modulator FM signal
kp

 Generation of PM using frequency modulator

m p (t ) m f (t ) u p (t )
Differentiator Frequency
kp
Gain= modulator PM signal
2 k f
PM and FM

FM – higher amplitude
= higher frequency of
transmitted carrier

PM – higher slope =
higher frequency of
transmitted carrier
Power of angle modulation
 Although instantaneous frequency and phase
of u(t) is varied with time, The amplitude of
Ac is always constant
 Hence the power of PM and FM is constant
Ac2
 Pu 
2
 Independent of m(t) and 
 NBPM(Narrow Band PM)
90 Phase shift
 Similar to AM
 NBPM:
 AM: uc (t )  Ac cos(2 fc t )  Ac amn (t )cos(2 fct )

m(t) k p m(t ) - up(t)

Gain = kp
+

Local Osc. -90

f=fc Phase shift Ac sin(2 fc t )
Ac cos(2 fc t )
 PM Signal

The equation of PM and FM signal are

same. So all criteria of PM is the same
Performance Evaluation of Analog
Modulation
 According to Bandwidth and Power
consideration.
 According to Noise consideration.
 According to Complexity of modulation and
Demodulation and Costing.

The second kind is the main concern of

communication systems.
 Bandwidth and power Consideration

Parameter Full AM DSB-SC SSB-SC Angle Mod

2B (NB)
Bandwidth 2B 2B B 2(+1)B

2 2 2 2
m Ac Ac Ac
Useful Pm 2
Ac Pm Pm
Power 4 2 2
 Noise Consideration

Parameter Full AM DSB-SC SSB-SC Angle Mod.

Figure of SNR  SNR o
o

m 2
SNR o 1 1
SNRo 3 2
 
Merits SNR c 2  m2 SNR c SNR c SNRc 2

Result Low quality Quality Quality Better than

Not Not Any other
Improve Improve system
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