21 60 Comparison of adjectives Humpback whales are larger than killer whales, but the blue whale isthe largest ofthe whales Comparative and superlative forms adjectives with add -(e)r: add ~()st: one syllable’ large larger small smaller large -+ the largest small + the smallest young younger fast — faster young the youngest. fast the fastest adjectives with use morefless + adjective: use the most/the least + adjective: ‘twoormore useful + more/less useful Useful + the mostlleast useful syllables? ‘expensive ~* morelless expensive expensive —* the mostileast expensive interesting -* morelless interesting interesting ~* the mostlleast interesting bad worse good —* better bad the worst good — the best far farther/further far — the farthestfturthest well (= healthy) + better + Sometimes the speling changes: dry drevthe driest, big -* biagevthe biggest (see page 351) 2 Adjectives with two syllables where the second syllable fs unstressed (often ending inh -ow, of can sometimes form the comparative and superlative in the same way as one-sylable adjectives: friendly ~ friendlerte friendliest gentle ~ gentleithe gentest funny —* funnierthe funniest Comparative adjectives We use comparative adjectives to compare two things. When we use a comparative adjective in front of a noun we add than: X Humphack-whales-are-larger-killer whales. X Humpback whales-arelarger-of killer whales. ¥ Humpback whales are larger than killer whales. We use object pronouns (me, her, etc.), not subject pronouns (I, she, etc.) after than: Maria is taller than Anna, X Marie-is-taHler-than-she. J Maria is taller than her. ‘We don’t use more or less with an adjective that is already comparative: X Kevin is more taller than Sue, X Sue is-less-taller than Kevin. ‘We can use two comparatives to show that something is changing. The weather is getting hotter and hotter. Food is becoming more and more expensive these days. Pronunciation > 1.06 Superlative adjectives We use superlative adjectives to compare more than two things. We use the or a possessive adjective (my/your/his, etc.) before the superlative form: Blue whales are the largest whales. What was your best subject at school? After superlatives we use in before singular nouns (i.e. the name of a place or group): The blue whale is the largest creature in the world. Ben is the oldest player in the team. But we use of before plural nouns: The blue whale is the largest of the whales. Ben is the oldest of the players. Making comparisons stronger and weaker > Unit 22.3Practice 11 Use the words below to write comparative sentences. Canada / big / Britain. Canada is bigger than Britain, This towel / dry / that one Magazines / interesting / newspapers My spelling / bad / Lucy's The airport / far / the railway station Paris / beautiful / Berlin Steak / good / lamb RwnHo au 2. Use the words below to write superlative sentences. Listen and check. 0 France / large country / the European Union France. ir the, largest country in the, European. Union. 1 Mario / old student / my class 2 Selima / tallest / the athletes 3. New York / big city / North America 4 That / beautiful tree / the garden 5S. Harry / experienced / the workers 6 Mine / nice / the rooms 3 Find six more mistakes in the tour guide's statement and correct them. isten and check. "ie chi ae fou work (ia eeehs here st-Son lla Res pete oa aaah Aha RMnAn farms in the area, The largest elephant farm ofthis part of Thailand has 30 elephants! The four elephants here have different backgrounds and personalities. Mao-Mao travelled the most far; he came from Chaing Ral in the north of the country. Changra is the goodest worker, he loves lifting wood. But he's very greedy. He eats alot more than the others! Selma isthe most bad worker, she's very lazy. She's only eighteen years old but each year she gets lazier and more lazier! Tanan is friendlyer than the other elephants; she really loves people.’ _ elephant. age weight Changra 22 years old 4500 kg, selma 18 years old 1750 kg Meo-Mao 24 years old 5000 kg Tanan 17 years old 1500 kg A nll tl lt 4 write sentences about the elephants. Use information from Exercise 3 and the words in brackets. 0 (the lightest) Tanan.is.the lightest of the elephants... (the heaviest) (Changra / younger) (Selma / older) (the youngest) (greedier / the others) (the friendliest) wn wne a To 6122 Comparative structures The rabbits aren’t as expensive as the kittens. The tortoise is much more expensive than the other animals. 1 as+ adjective + as To say that two things have the same quality we use as + adjective + as: The guinea pigs are €20. 1e guinea pigs are as expensive as the rabbits. The rabbits are €20. 1 rabbits are as expensive as the guinea pigs. To describe a difference in quality we can use not as + adjective + as: The guinea pigs are €20. = The guinea pigs aren't as expensive as the kittens. The kittens are €30. e kittens aren’t as cheap as the quinea pigs. If there is a big difference, we can use not nearly as + adjective + as: I'm not nearly as clever as my brother. (= He's much cleverer than me.) If there is a small difference, we can use almost as/not quite as + adjective + My house is almost as big as yours. = My house isn’t quite as big as yours. (slightly smaller) (DD Pronunciation > 1.07 2. the same (as) and different from ‘We use the same (as) when two things are equal: The price of the rabbits and the guinea pigs is the same. They both cost €20. Mikal’s motorbike is the same as mine. We both have Honda 250s. ‘We use similar (to) when something is nearly the same: Indian elephants are similar to African elephants, but they're a bit smaller. ‘The opposite of the same as is different from. We can also use different to, but it is less common: Tigers are different from leopards. Tigers are much bigger. ‘American English different than > page 352 & We use nouns and pronouns after the same (as), similar (to) and different (from), not adjectives: X Thep-are-thesame-espensive. / They are the same price. X My brother and-tare differenttall. / My brother and I are different heights. 3 Making comparisons stronger or weaker We can make comparisons stronger with much, a lot and far: The tortoise is much more expensive than the other animals New York is a lot bigger than Paris. ‘We can make comparisons weaker with a bit, slightly or a little: The rabbits are slightly cheaper than the kittens. My sister is a bit younger than me. We can make superlatives stronger with by far. It means there is a big difference: Fredrik is by far the tallest student in our class. (= He’s much taller than all the others.) We can make superlatives weaker with one of or among: This is one of the best hospitals in the country. (Only a few hospitals may be better.) Julie is among the cleverest of our students. too, enough and sofsuch with adjectives. > Unit 79.2/3 62Practice 11 Choose the best answer, A or B. 0 Your sunglasses are similar to mine. A They are exactly the same. (8) They are almost the same. 1 Jackie isn’t as friendly as Lucy. A Lucy is friendlier than Jackie. B Jackie is friendlier than Lucy. 2 This bed is as comfortable as my old one. A My old bed was more comfortable. B The beds are both comfortable. 3 Ana isn't nearly as rich as Susie. A Susie is much richer than Ana. B Susie is a little richer than Ana. 4 Our TV is almost as big as Michael's. A Michael’s TV is a little bigger than ours. B Michael's TV is much bigger than ours. 5 [had one of the best exam results in the school. A Nobody had a better result. B One or two people had a better result. 2 The words in the box are missing from the text. Put them in the correct positions. (They are in the same order as in the text.) {DERE Listen and check. tot of far to from not more Television viewers are sometimes surprised to learn that natural history programmes are often fe more popular than soap operas or films. One the most famous presenters is David Attenborough. He hhas been making programmes about nature since the 1960s. In those days Jacques Cousteau was by the most famous TV presenter of nature programmes. Although Cousteau only made programmes about life in the sea, his style of presenting was similar Attenborough’s ~ they both seem lke friendly uncles who really ove nature. Of course, today’s programmes are different those of fifty years ago. In those days cameras were nearly as small and light as they are now. Today the technology is much advanced and there are digital special effects which can help us understand the complexity of the natural world 3 Complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first, using the words in brackets. Use two to five words in your answer. Listen and check. 0 Lions are stronger than tigers. (aren’t) Tigers rem? as strong as lions. 1 I'm notas old as my sister. (than) My sister < 2 Our cat is slightly smaller than Daniel's. (quite) Our cat isn’t Daniel's. 3. Look, Melanie's dress is really similar to your mother’s. (same) Look, Melanie's dress .... sous Your mother's. 4 Nokia phones are not the same as Motorola ones. (from) Nokia phones . Motorola ones. 5. The Metropole is much more expensive than any other hotel in our town. (far) ‘The Metropole is hotel in our town. 6 Prices aren't quite as low as they used to be. (bit) Prices are they used to be. eke 63The Arctic Tern can't fly as fast as some other birds, but it fies the furthest. Each spring it travels more than 20,000 kilometres. 68 Regular comparative and superlative forms We use more + adverb (+ than) to make comparative forms of adverbs of manner and of the adverbs often, rarely and frequently: Leat more slowly than other people. Can you speak more quietly? I'm trying to rest. You see foxes in towns more frequently these days. ‘We make superlative forms of adverbs with (the) most + adverb: Daniel has the highest phone bill because he uses his phone (the) most often. The opposite of more/the most + adverb is less/the least + adverb: 1 go to the dentist less regularly than I used to. Of all the heaters in the test, the MaxHleat worked the least efficiently. Other comparative and superlative forms Some adverbs have the same comparative and superlative forms as adjectives: early ~+ earlier/(the) earliest high + higher/(the) highest low — lower/(the) lowest fast + faster/(the) fastest late ~ later/(the) latest near ~+ nearer/(the) nearest hard ~* harder/(the) hardest —_long —+ longer/{the) longest soon + sooner/(the) soonest We don’t use more/the most with these adverbs: X Gats-can-elimb-more-high-thar-degs. J Cats can climb higher than dogs. X Borzow-ran-the-most fasti-therace. J Borzov ran the fastest in the race. There are some irregular comparative and superlative adverbs: well ~+ better/(the) best badly -+ worse/(the) worst _ far farther/further/(the) farthest/furthest Do you live further from college than me? I played worse than usual yesterday. The Arctic Tern flies the furthest. Karl played best in last Saturday's match. We often leave out the in superlative adverbs, especially irregular ones: Karl played best in last Saturday's match. ‘We don’t use superlative adverbs very often; we prefer to use a superlative adjective: Karl played best in last Saturday's match. + Karl was the best player. as + adverb + as We use (not) as + adverb + as to compare two actions: I speak Polish as fluently as Tomas. The Arctic Tern can't fly as fast as some other birds. Making comparisons stronger or weaker We can make the meaning of comparative adverbs stronger with much, a lot and far: ‘My grandmother has been walking much more slowly since her accident. exercise far less often than my brothers. Athletes have to train a lot harder these days. We can make comparisons weaker with a bit, slightly or a little: Computers work a little faster if you add memory to them. Can you come a bit sooner? On Sundays trains run slightly less frequently than during the week.Practice Complete the sentences with a comparative (C) or superlative (5) form of the adverb in brackets. 0 I'm putting on weight - I should go to the gym mare often. (C often) 00 Which website sells airline tickets Zhe. mast cheaply 2 (S cheap) 1 Which bird flies 2 high) 2. Children need to visit a dentist than adults do. (C frequent) 3. Who sang on the show yesterday? (S good) 4 Ofall the cars in the test, the Mazda went (S fast) 5 Please speak ~Ican’t understand you. (C slow) 6 Which type of battery lasts ..2 (Slong) 7 You've made lots of mistakes. Please work sooone Hext time. (C careful) 8 Don't get the ten o'clock train. It arrives than the others. (C late) Complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first, using the word in brackets. Use two to five words in your answer. Listen and check. 0 I don’t use the Internet as often as my colleagues. (less) Tuse the Internet less often than, my colleagues. 1 Computers work much faster than they used to. (as) Computers didn’t use to they do now. 2. I think Carreras sang better than the others. (best) 1 think Carreras 3. Sue doesn’t speak Spanish as fluently a as1do. (more) I speak Spanish . Sue. 4 Ali played the worst in the golf tournament. (player) Ali in the golf tournament, 5. People wear formal clothes less frequently these days. (as) People don’t wear formal clothes they used to. EXMMEMINES Complete the text with suitable forms of the words in brackets. Add any other words that are necessary, e.g. more, less, as, than. Listen and check. Caring for elderly pets As pets get older their needs change. You should be aware of these changes and treat older pets re, carefull) . (much / careful) younger ones. ‘* Elderly cats and dogs don't see or hear (1) . (good) young ones. As a result, they sometimes fll ver or bang into things. Because of the dangers of traffic, don’t allow | them to travel (2). .. (far) a short distance outside your home. * Older animals often have probes such as «artis, so they can’t move @).. .. (easy) they used to, Even if they are healthy, they can't walk or run @. (quick) young animals. They exercise (5) .. (far/ frequent) and get tired (6) vessasse (Ch /quich) * Older pets eat smaller amounts but they need to eat (7) cones — as much as three times a day. You will notice that they eat (8) . (often) young (slow) they did when they were young, but this is usually nothing to worry about. 69TEST 1C 2B 3B 4A 5B 9c CA IZA 16C 17A 18B 19 Module 4 UNIT 19 41 Is that bird alive? 2 Our new neighbours seem friendly. 3. Are your guests awake? 4 The weather ‘was hot and sunny. 5 Are you getting a new car? 6 It wasa long and difficult tes. 7 We've got yellow and orange/orange and yellow wallpaper. 8 My aunt lives in a big old house. 21 shocking 2 exciting 3 broken 4 confusing 5 painted 6 missing 3 Do you think zoos ate bored boring and unnatural? Do you prefer to see beautiful-and-wild beautiful wild animals in their natural environment? Jarrold’s Nature Park is an exeited exciting new ‘way of seeing animals. We know our animals are sensitive lived living creatures so we keep them in enclosures that are laege-open large and open. ‘There are no ugly cages or high fences We have anisnals-beautiful beautiful animals from all parts of the world, Your children will love the amazed amazing tropical forest with its birds and monkeys. From enormous teriged terrifying spiders to cute panda bears. Jarrold’s has them all. Jarrolé’s Nature Park. I's much more than a#ee- ordinary an ordinary zoo! UNIT 20 1 1 pleasant little stone (cottage) 2_big new wooden (chest of drawers) 3. pretty blue silk (dress) 4 nice big living (room) 5 small round silver (picture frame) 6 famous seventeenth-century Dutch (artist) 7 expensive German washing, (machines) 8 horrible ted cotton (T-shirt) 2.1 slightly 2 very 3 more violent than 4 a few minutes § better than 6 very 3 1 nice tourist 2 lovely large 3 quite old 4 old wooden § bigred 6 very 7 rather expensive 8 pretty late UNIT 21 111 This towel is drier than that one. 2 Magazines are more interesting than newspapers. (OR Magazines are less interesting than newspapers. My spelling is worse than Lucy’. ‘The airport is further/farther than the railway station, 'S Paris is more beautiful than Berlin. (OR Paris is less beautiful than Berlin 6 Steak is better than lamb. 1 Mario is the oldest student in my class. 2 Sclima is the tallest of the athletes. 3. New York is the biggest city in North America, 4 5 6 Be That is the most beautiful tree in the garden. Harry is the most experienced of the workers. Mine Is the nicest of the rooms. ANSWER KEY 3 We only have four working elephants here at Songklan so it is saere-smieHt swaller than the other elephant farms in the area. The largest elephant farm of in this part of Thailand has 30 elephants! ‘The four elephants here have different backgrounds and personalities. Mao-Mao travelled the ost-far furthest; he came from Chaing Rai in the north of, the country. Changra is the geeelest best worker, he loves lifting wood. But he’s very greedy. He eats a lot more than the others! Selma Is the sest-bad worst, worker, she's very lazy. She's only eighteen years old but each year she gets lazier and moreJaaies lazier! Tanan is friendyer friendlier than the other elephants; she really loves people. 4 1 Mao-Mao is the heaviest of the elephants. 2 Changra is younger than Mao-Mao. 3 Selma Is older than Tanan. 4 Tanan is the youngest elephant. 5. Changra is greedier than the others, 6 Tanan is the friendliest of the elephants. uNtT 22 VIA 2B 3A 4A 5B 2 Television viewers are sometimes surprised to learn that natural history programmes are often a/thore popular than soap operas or films. One of thé most famous presenters is David Attenborough. He has been making programmes about nature since the 19605. In those days Jacques Cousteau was by far the ‘most famous TV presenter of nature programmes. Although Cousteau only made programmes about life in the sea, his style of presenting was similar to Attenborough’s - they both seem like friendly uncles ‘who really love nature. Of course, today’s programmes are different from those of fifty years ago. In those days cameras ‘were not nearly as small and light as they are now. Today the technology is much more advanced and there are digital special effects which can help us understand the complexity of the natural world, 3 1 isolder than me. 2 quiteasbigas 3 is almost the same as 4 are different from 5 by far the most expensive 6 a bit higher than UNIT 23 1 [svat [erly yore | nwo [wel] 21 early 2 well 3 happily 4 hard $ usually 6 fast 3 1 very 2 quite interesting 3 computer games alot 4 extremely 5 happily 6 fairly easy 7 imasilly way 8 rather 9 perfectly 10 really 4 1 quite well 2 extremely fast 3 really slowly 4 very carefully $ quite often 6 very much 7 rather hard 8 alittle 375ANSWER KEY unit 24 1/1 ve never seen a dolphin 2. We rarely go tothe theatre 3 Chaistne didn’t go to work this week, This week Christine dint go t0 work, 4 Va like to speak french fluently 5 When did you live there? 6 The busi frequently late 7 The traffic is always bad in London. J In London the trafic is always bad 8 Answer the questions carefully. 21A213D 4751 6G 7B 85 3 1 SheGccasionally‘is/on the same train as meV 20 don’t ken the evenings eating a heavy meal 23 claysWe, buy organic food. 4 this moming received an interesting email’ 5 Danny had6ftea fruit for breakfast 6./My aster and Tang the daytime watch TY 7 It’s snowing so everyone isSlowly-driving |. 8 You should J wash your handsalways before a meal. 9 Wetherajhardly ever have lunch) 10 Samantha Well'Sang Vat the concert on Friday. UNIT 25 11 the highest 2 more frequently 3 the best 4 the fastest 5 more slowly 6 the longest 7 more carefully 8 later 2.1 work as fast as 2 sang the best 3. more fluently than 4 was the worst player 5 as frequently as, 31 aswellas 2 furtherthan 3 aseasily as 4 as quickly as 5 far less frequently 6 much more quickly 7 more often than 8 more slowly than REVIEW 41 Lbought a beautiful blue bath towel at the market 2 We weren't interested in Cathy's boring story. 3 Their new Italian sofa is rather uncomfortable. 4 Alastair often watches depressing black and white films on TV. 5 Does your grandmother still use that enormous 1960s washing machine? 6 Fred's behaviour was quite shocking. 2-1 quiet place 2 everyone was awake 3 quite high 4 nice young 5 uncomfortable old 6 black and white 7 rather 8 interesting 3 1 moredangerous 2 The lightest 3 The laziest 4 thebest 5 more powerful 6 the largest/ widest 7 wider/larger 8 the longest 9 shorter 10 the greediest 41 isan older invention than the iPod. 2 is faster than a car 3 are little) more expensive than four- starhotels 4 is larger than the Atlantic Ocean, 5 is much more popular than cricket 6 is much smaller than a rugby ball 7 aren’t as low as they used to be 8 is (much) more expensive than a motorbike 5 1 less 2 much more 3 more 4 slightly worse 5 got etter 6 frequently 7 not very 8 very well 376 feling this man 6 NURSE. How are you thismoming feeling? SUSIE Not fantastic. You know I fec-hoedly-ever hardly ever feel great at this time of day. NURSE, How about a cup of tea? Always that always makes you feel more-good better. Susie OK. That would be nice. NURSE. The doctor says that if you go slowly fey fairly slowly, you today can have a walk around the gardens today SUSIE I'm not sure. My leg still slot huts hurts alot. Actually, I think it feels nore bad worse than it di yesterday, Which doctor i coming today? NURSE Well, It ways is usually Doctor Marshall on Wednesdays SUSIE I don't like her. She #-bitannoys-me annoys mea bit. NURSE Why's that? SUSIE. She speaks so quickly. I dontt-understand- scolly really don't understand what she says atall 7 1 faster than ever before 2 regularly you lose weight 3 quite boring 4 the trees become red and gold 5 less often than nowadays 8 1 was frightening 2 much more frequently 3 arenot 4 bored and exhausted 5 beautiful old French 6 as expensive 7 less often 8 long and relaxing 910 2B3C 4A5C 6B 7A 8C TEST 1B 2A 3C 4BSC 6A 7C BA 9A 10B 11A 12C 13C 14B 15 A l6C 174 18C 19C WA Module 5 UNIT 26 11 have 2 haveshave got 3 doesn’t have 4's 5 Have... got/Do... have 6 have 7 has 8 have 9 Is 10 Has... got/Does ... have 211m 2 Ive got/Ihave 3 is 4 doesn't have/ hasn't got 5 are 6 aren't 7 She's got/She has 8 have 9 I've got/I have 10 Have you got/ Do you have 3 He's 29. He's Irish. He’s married and he's got two children. He's 1.82m tall and he’s got/he has blond. hair and a beard. He's an accountant in a small finance company. UNIT 27 11 connect 2 lives 3 doesn’tknow 4 agrees 5 artive 6 aren't 7 uncovers 8 Does bring 9 does 10 Does... provide 11 don't think 12 don’t link 2 1 Does water boil at 100°C? Yes, it does. 2. Does the sun always rise in the west? No, it doesn’t, 3. Does Switzerland have a coastline? No, it doesn't 4 Do shops near you usually open on Sundays? Yes, they do. / No, they don't