Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming framework based on the

concept of "objects," which can contain data in the form of fields (attributes or
properties), and code, in the form of procedures (methods or functions). The
primary aim of OOP is to structure code in a way that mimics real-world entities and
relationships, making it easier to understand, maintain, and modify.
Key concepts in OOP include:
1. Classes and Objects: A class is a blueprint or template for creating objects.
Objects are instances of classes, representing specific entities with their own
unique data and behavior.

2. Encapsulation: Encapsulation refers to the bundling of data (attributes) and

methods that operate on that data within a single unit, i.e., the class. It hides the
internal state of an object from the outside world and only exposes the necessary
functionalities through methods.

3. Inheritance: Inheritance allows a class (subclass or child class) to inherit

attributes and methods from another class (superclass or parent class). It
promotes code reusability and establishes a hierarchical relationship between
classes.

4. Polymorphism: Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated as

objects of a common superclass. This concept enables a single interface to be
used for entities of different types, providing flexibility and extensibility in code
design.

5. Abstraction: Abstraction involves focusing on the essential qualities of an object

while ignoring irrelevant details. It simplifies complex systems by representing
only the necessary features, making the implementation more manageable and
understandable.
OOP languages, such as Java, Python, C++, and C#, provide built-in support for these
concepts, allowing developers to implement solutions that are modular, scalable,
and easier to maintain.