1.

Introduction
In our country, various laws have been issued for many years, and efforts have been made to
ensure that the citizens can argue in accordance with the law and get appropriate decisions. In
particular, the implementation of the constitution, criminal and civil laws in our country not
only enables citizens to be law-abiding, but also helps them to defend their rights and restore
their property when faced with violations of rights and property theft. Therefore, even though
laws have been approved and implemented, they have been interpreted outside the spirit of
the legislature, the professional competence of judges and prosecutors, and the lack of a
consistent system of prosecution and decision-making, and the monitoring and control system
has remained very lax.
Recently, however, the government has been making efforts to improve the functioning of the
judicial system to establish a transparent and accountable system. In particular, professional
prosecutors and judges are being made to improve their professional skills by providing short
and long-term pre-work and on-the-job training. In this article, what is wanted to be focused
on is how a professional working in the judiciary should write down the decision in a case. It
is necessary to describe all skills in a decision writing system to facilitate writing. Decisions
written by a judicial body at any level are where orders are communicated with other judicial
bodies, the community or the subject matter.
In order for the written decision to be accepted, it should not only be measured as required for
the work, but it should follow its own writing technique that is readable and persuasive. Just
as there is a technique that we generally use and agree upon for decision writing, the personal
skills of the writer are also important. The best experts in case preparation and decision 1|
Page
Viewing the judgment writing system and reading the Judgment Writing texts offered by
some universities are important to develop and improve writing skills. As much as possible,
expert opinion texts should be readable and persuasive, otherwise they are open to criticism.
The reason for this may be the content of the decision or following unethical writing skills. In
general, the main purpose of this article is to serve as a starting point for a better decision
writing system by eliminating problems in decision writing.
2. Considerations for pre-trial preparation,
Any police officer who receives the police investigation record should carefully examine and
study the police report before making the appropriate decision in accordance with Article 38
of the Criminal Code. Accordingly, special attention should be paid to the following points.
2.1 Order of Operation.
When the prosecutors study and examine the records of the police in their hands, they should
give priority to the cases where serious crimes have been committed, which are believed to
have caused serious damage to the public interest.
A. Confirming whether the case investigated by the police is a criminal act or not, that is,
whether it fulfills the characteristics of the law (egal element), material element, and moral
element that constitute a crime according to the provisions of Law No. 23.
B. According to the Law No. 24, first verifying the existence of a relationship between cause
and effect.
C. Since it is a priority to ensure that the exhibit statement is related, when the prosecutors
examine the case file, if there is any substance that indicates that the crime is supported by
the exhibit evidence, it is necessary to verify that the exhibit statement is properly related to
the same case.
2.2 Attachment of previous conviction record statement
Since the previous conviction record will be presented as important evidence for sentencing
decision making, the alleged crime committed in the light of the record held by the
prosecutor.21 Page
If there is incriminating evidence, the record should be accompanied by a statement of
previous convictions.
2. 3 Examining the Content of Evidence.
When the prosecutors examine the investigation record before the appropriate decision,
whether the testimonies given by the witnesses considered as evidence are similar and
mutually supportive, or whether one destroys the other, and if the alleged crime is also
supported by documentary evidence, the testimony of the witnesses and the content of the
documentary evidence are consistent or there are many documentary evidences. If so, the
probative capacity of these documentary evidences on the contentious topic should be
thoroughly examined. Accordingly, the prosecutors should study the case file forwarded to
them from any criminal investigation department and complete the above-mentioned and
other relevant pre-trial preparations. If it is not necessary to issue instructions, the next step of
the prosecutor's office is to prepare an application for criminal charges.
An application is the basis of any criminal case before a court. From the day the case is
scheduled to be heard until the final judgment is reached, a bitter litigation battle is held
between the plaintiff and the defendant, where the attention of the witnesses is gathered and
they confront each other with their statements both factually and falsely. Therefore, the main
work that requires strong caution in a case before the court should be done before and during
the preparation of the criminal case.
Once the prosecutors have completed the draft of the indictment, they should read the
indictment over and over again to make sure there is nothing to add or subtract from the
indictment. After the drafting of the charge application is completed, the prosecutors must be
sure that the charge has been able to overcome the objections by raising objections in
accordance with Criminal Code Procedure No. 130. Undoubtedly 31Page
They have to prove it. It is not appropriate to transfer the case application prepared by the
prosecutor to the court, knowing that it has weaknesses in content and form that cannot pass
preliminary objections. And great care should be taken when preparing a criminal case, as it
violates the spirit of impartial professional responsibility expected from the prosecutors,
restricts the defendant's right to defense, causes loss of resources, and generally causes
irreparable multifaceted damage.
When the report sent from any criminal investigation unit to the Attorney General's Office is
found to be incriminating, the prosecutors must prepare the case application and submit it to
the competent court to hear the case within fifteen days of receiving the report. / No. 109
stipulates that any criminal case, except for violation of rules, cannot be heard in court
without a written application prepared according to the procedural law. The case application
filed against will be the same as filed against defendants who have reached the age of
majority; 172 of the Ministry of Education and Culture will be implemented.
3. Objections that prosecutors should know and verify in advance during the case preparation
process
It is necessary to realize that there are other points that require attention in addition to the
ones mentioned above, both before and during the preparation of the criminal case. The main
ones are as follows.
3.1 Ensuring that the court has the appropriate substantive and local jurisdiction to hear and
decide the case:41 Page
Prosecutors prepare and submit a criminal case application to the court that has the authority
to hear the case, and if the case is prepared and presented to the court without confirming that
the court to which the prosecutor will file the criminal case has the jurisdiction of the subject
and area, then according to Law No.110, the court will dismiss the case. It is better to be
careful not to cause the violation of rights and other unnecessary problems in this process
because it will return the application by rejecting it.
3.2 Confirming that there is no other similar case in another court.
As indicated in the Criminal Code No.130/2/A,any case filed in a pending case involving the
same type of crime will result in a preliminary objection.He will have to do it.
3.3 Confirming that the case has not already been decided by the court. Article 23 of the
Constitution of the Federal Republic of Tajikistan clearly stipulates the prohibition of re-
punishment for a single crime. The law also clearly states in Article 25 of the principle of
legality that no one will be charged or punished again for a crime for which he was convicted
or acquitted by a final decision in accordance with the law.
Based on this, in accordance with the Criminal Procedure Code No. 130/2/b, a case
application against an individual who has been acquitted or convicted of the same crime may
be objected to. It is required to confirm whether he has been convicted or acquitted in the
case before.
3.4 Confirming that the case is not barred by the Irga Law Basically, to determine whether a
case is barred by the Irga Law or not, the period of the Irga should be calculated correctly.5
Page
Calculate the time of the Yirga carefully because it is caused by not calculating the time
correctly
It is required. Basically, prosecutors should carefully read and understand the principle stated
in the provisions of articles 216 to 222 of the criminal law regarding the period of probation,
the suspension or termination of probation. According to this, unless otherwise provided by
law, after the expiration of the period of probation mentioned above, a private complaint or
criminal complaint cannot be filed for any crime. It is not possible to accept a charge and try
the case in a jury.
3.5 Failure to file a case separately does not cause damage to the defendant Verify that.
Basically, the prosecutor prepares a charge application for a single crime committed by a
single defendant or, on the other hand, for a crime committed jointly by the defendants as the
main perpetrator, accomplice, attachment, or instigator. Apart from that, the indictment may
contain many charges related to one criminal act or not, related to more than one defendant.
As long as the case is cleared by one investigation file, defendants who have committed one
crime or many different crimes can be summarized in one indictment and provide evidence of
one charge or more than one charges. It will be easier for the prosecutor to hear it, and this
will prevent the witnesses from walking around and being distracted from their daily work.
On the other hand, especially when many defendants are charged with different crimes and
charges through a single lawsuit application, some of them may be harmed. The disadvantage
is that some defendants have a case to be acquitted because of the strength of their defense in
a short period of time, while some of them, knowingly or unknowingly, create a situation
where they delay their case from getting a quick decision. Since the court will give a decision
on all cases once, the defendants who delay their cases from reaching a decision will be the
most harmed to other defendants who have cases that require an urgent decision. He will have
to. Basically, if they don't have to be sued in one lawsuit 6 Page
Even if the prosecutor files separate charges, the problem can be avoided. If the prosecutor
does not want to do this on his own initiative, any defendant can file an objection to be tried
separately from other defendants as it is harmful to be charged with other defendants
according to Criminal Procedure Code No. 130/2/d. After hearing the prosecutor's answer, the
court will accept or reject the objection and give the necessary verdict.
3.6 Confirmation that permission to sue has been granted. In order to allow some high
government officials or public elected officials to perform their elected duties or duties and
powers properly, they should be given better legal protection, both in the constitution and in
the Fed. He clearly looked at the criminal law. Accordingly, it is stated in the law that when
these parties commit serious crimes, neither arrest nor prosecution should be carried out
unless they are found red-handed. The Attorney-General must study the police investigation
report and confirm that permission has been given by the relevant government body in terms
of the accused's work before proceeding to the preparation of the case; If this is not the case,
in accordance with Criminal Procedure Code 130/2/E, the case where consent is not obtained
is a preliminary objection by the defendant.
4. General content of criminal complaint application;
109/1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure stipulates that after receiving the investigation file
or the file of the preliminary investigating court, the prosecutor must prepare the appropriate
case and submit it to the relevant court within 15 days if it is found to be incriminating. The
complexity of the crime, the number of accused and the number of witnesses can make it take
a long time to investigate the case. Rather, the prosecution involves multiple crimes and
multiple charges, and will inevitably take a long time. Therefore, it is not difficult to realize
that the 15-day time limit specified in the law will not be sufficient in some cases. However,
making our procedures efficient and giving an accelerated decision is a matter of attention in
terms of satisfying the needs of customers. And No. 112 meets the stated conditions 7 Page
The 2nd table related to the criminal procedure law should be close to the case preparation as
an example. As stated above, the application of the suit:
1/ The name and address of the court where the case will be filed,
2/ The date and number of the case
3/ The prosecutor's and the police's file number;
4/ Plaintiff Prosecutor
5/ Defendant's name, age, address and nationality
6/ List of names and addresses of witnesses
7/ There will be the signature of the prosecutor
8/ The article of law that was violated;
9 The details of the crime, that is, the time and place where the crime was committed, the
victim and the property or rights of the crime, and the circumstances of the crime's execution,
should be described in consideration of the law. If two or more crimes have been committed,
then each case should be prepared as described above, and each case should be separated by
title. At this time, the prosecutor can file a case by referring to the provision he believes to be
more violated according to Article 113/1 of the Public Prosecutor's Law and may file a
substitute case by referring to another alternative article of law. On the other hand, when the
last crime committed by the accused is serious because he is a repeat offender, he should cite
the legal provision that should be cited if the crime was not serious.
If the court has given a decision of guilt against the accused according to the submission, the
law indicates that the decision of guilt should be changed to the most severe law.
Accordingly, the court will pass a decision of guilt under the most severe legal clause and
sentence the appropriate punishment. The error may be minor and harmless or fundamental
and prejudicial to the defendant. If the mistake is simple, the charge application will not need
to be changed. According to 119, the court on its own initiative or when it is asked to give an
order to amend the case 8 Page
Therefore, he will make the witnesses to give their word according to the Code of Criminal
Procedure No. 121. There may be circumstances in which the prosecution may be required to
drop or withdraw the charges after filing charges. For example, when the main evidence that
is important to the case is lost, there may be a situation where the case cannot be continued.
According to the 122, although the situation of prosecution was considered in detail, sub-
numbers 1, 2, and 4 of this provision have been repealed according to Article 26 of
Proclamation No. 11/80 and Proclamation No. 39/85, so they are not applicable at present.
On the other hand, since Decree No. 39/85, which replaced Decree No. 11/80, was repealed
by Decree No. 73/86 and then by Decree No. 74/86, it seems that there is a gap in this regard
since no law has been issued to determine the detailed conditions for filing a lawsuit.
Article 23/3 of Decree No. 471/98 issued to determine the powers and functions of the
executive bodies of the federal government stipulates that the Minister of Justice of the
federal government can initiate criminal charges in accordance with the law. However, it does
not appear to be sufficient by itself as it indicates that the details are determined by another
law. However, if the governmental body that owns the crime case finds it necessary to
abandon or withdraw the case, there will be no sufficient reason to prevent it from taking this
action. According to Article 21(6) of Decree 120/1998, which amended the decree issued to
reorganize the executive bodies of the Amhara region, the authority to withdraw the criminal
case is given to the Justice Bureau. .
5. Problems encountered in the criminal prosecution process.
It is known that many problems are encountered in the preparation of cases by the Attorney
General. The practice of prosecutors working at all levels of the criminal procedure that does
not follow the law by preparing cases that show various omissions and presenting them to the
court is greatly reducing the ability of the prosecutor to punish, and the society's trust in the
justice system and the judicial administration bodies is gradually declining. Although it is
difficult to list completely, the following can be mentioned as examples.
5.1 Failure to specify the legal article relevant to the case, failure to prepare a clear and
complete case application, which means:-
A. Preparation of a case without sufficient evidence 9 Page
B. Inclusion of people who should not be accused in the charges and on the contrary, not
including people who should be charged in the charges
C. When more than one charge should be filed against the accused, filing only one charge and
even when more than one charge is filed, not clearly indicating which evidence supports
which charge;
D. Failure to properly record addresses of defendants or witnesses, sending to court without
correcting typographical errors, and sometimes without signing affidavits on charges.or
sending it to court without being stamped;
E. Failure to disclose the time and place of the crime in the charge application;
F. Prosecution of cases which have been suspended by Yirga,
G. Preparing a case based only on the words given by the private victim and the defendant,
failing to properly identify the relevant decree, regulation or instruction;
H. In cases that have exhibits, not indicating the existence of exhibits in the charge sheet
B. Instead of preparing a case based on the testimony of the witnesses, the police mentions
the type of crime mentioned in the preface of the investigation report and prepares a case that
does not match the evidence.

Regarding the problems seen in the preparation of cases, it has been confirmed that the
problems listed above occur regularly, and when a case with these problems is prepared and
presented to the court, it is ineffective and causes irreparable harm to the accused and
witnesses by causing unnecessary abuse. It also causes undue workload and material waste on
the prosecutor and the court. This will have a significant negative impact on the
administration of criminal justice. Therefore, if it is not possible to work for good results
based on the directions of change designed based on the BPR (Work Reorganization) study
that has been started and using the downloadable case preparation forms as a starting point, it
may not bring justice in the society and may fail to achieve its purpose, and as a result, the
society may lose confidence in the judiciary as a whole. For example, consider the following
case.
Case (Case) 1 10 Page
More than the plaintiff's prosecutor, the accused gold, the file number the prosecutor cited for
the case, the law no. 670 and the crime that the accused committed and which was
investigated is that private victim Diamond, who was walking on the road of power, broke the
4 gram gold necklace from her neck and ran away and was caught red-handed while trying to
escape. After the case prepared in this case was presented to the court, the accused was asked
for his confession and he said that he would appear as an expert. According to No. 670, he
submitted a note to the head of the hearing saying that he believes that it should be a crime of
theft according to No. 665 of the Criminal Code and not robbery.
Discussion points
1. Do you think that the case filed by the prosecutor in the mentioned case is relevant?
2. When the prosecutor, for one reason or another, prepares and submits the case to the High
Court in a case that falls under the jurisdiction of the district court, how does it appear that
the court accepts the case and argues, and finally, the case should be heard by the district
court, so how does it appear that the prosecutor can file the case on the same side? ? Discuss
here the trial period, taking into consideration the prosecution's witness tampering in two
courts.
3. If the defendant refers to the above-mentioned article and the district court prosecutor files
a theft case against the defendant, will it be accepted if the defendant mentions that the case
was brought before the high court and submits an objection in the first instance?
Case (Case) 2
Plaintiff, Prosecutor, Defendant, Teferi Banti, File No. 14A9/93, The case against the
defendant, W.M.H.C.No. 27/1 and 523 is mentioned and it is said that he committed the
crime of attempted murder by stabbing Tofiq Rashid on the left side of the neck and left arm
with a grain cutter. In the case, the court scheduled for 5/7/94 and the accused did not appear,
so the police were ordered to take the accused out of jail, and he was appointed for 15/9/94.
122/9/94 Accused appeared and denied that he did not commit the crime. When the
prosecutor requested that his bail be protected, the accused 11 P

He said that he would oppose the bail request as the crime he committed was serious and
could have dire consequences for the individual victim. The court did not accept the
prosecution's objection, and the accused was set to be bailed at Birr 4,000 (four thousand) and
the witnesses were to be brought to court on 23/5/95. Defendant did not appear on 23/5/95.
The police were ordered to present the accused and it was set for 12/11/95. On 12/11/95,
witnesses appeared and the
1st prosecution witness, a private victim, testified, I did not know the accused; I don't
remember the date. In 199 AD, he stabbed me from behind on my neck and arm. Are there
people who saw the court stabbing you with a screening question? When he said that there
are no, he said that he heard that it was Teferi Banti who stabbed him.
The 2nd prosecution witness did not know the accused; She explained that when I went out to
buy some things, I saw the blood of a personal vendetta. The record was posted by Adari for
14/11/95. On 14/11/95, the prosecutor submitted written evidence and was appointed for
15/11/95. On 15/11/95, the court ruled that the accused was acquitted of the charge of
attempted murder, saying that he was not convicted. The prosecutor said he has no complaints
about the decision. Discussion point,
• In this case, the private victim himself did not identify the person who caused the injury and
the one witness who was considered as a witness said that she saw the blood of the private
victim but did not see the defendant commit the crime. Does it appear? Do you believe that
hearsay evidence is acceptable in terms of Ethiopian criminal management and evidence law?
Discuss your thoughts on the matter.
Case 3
The plaintiff's attorney, the defendants, Tase Bekele, 6 people, file number 1-5 of the case,
alleging that they strangled the personal victim, Anagau Abeben, and stole a gun and a Rado
watch. Also, the 6th defendant has been charged with having received and kept the watch
found in criminal activity, referring to W.M.C. No. 682/1. The defendants denied that they did
not commit the charges and gave their word to the court, and the prosecutor presented
personal and documentary evidence. The written evidence presented by the prosecutor is the
statement given by the accused to the police and the written evidence presented by the court
is the statement given by the accused to the police.12 P

He decided that the defendants would be acquitted as it was an explanation for their non-
commitment. Discuss what problems you noticed in the selection and presentation of
evidence and what the prosecutor should have done. According to the 27(2) of the Criminal
Code, to what extent is it acceptable to submit the statement of the accused to the police as
evidence?
Case (Case) 4
Prosecutor Appellant Jolly Nego participated in the war as a member of the ONL army
252/1/A filed a lawsuit in the Federal High Court claiming that it was transferred. Although
he appealed, the prosecutor presented evidence that he did not commit the crime. The written
evidence presented by the prosecutor claiming to explain the charges is the statement given
by the appellant in accordance with Article 35 of the Criminal Procedure Code. Even though I
appealed, he gave his word saying that I committed the crime under coercion and was
imprisoned for three years. Although the High Court found the appellant guilty and sentenced
him to 16 years of rigorous imprisonment, the Supreme Court in Criminal Record No. What
do you think about this decision?
Case 5
Accused Ato Belhu, a personal avenger, punched Ato Anagau in the mouth, knocked out three
of his teeth, and took 15 Birr from his pocket. 556/1 referring to the crime of causing minor
injury to a person and in the 2nd case referring to article 665/1 of the Criminal Code of Theft,
after the court prepared a case for the crime of theft and presented it to the court, the court
considered the case and the crime committed was a robbery and a crime. He dropped the case
on 21/4/2, saying that he was at home, so the record was sent to the zonal prosecutor. From
this case, we understand that the prosecutor who prepared the case did not have enough
training or experience to make a decision directly on the investigation records, and the
decision was taken to the court without being seen by his immediate superior or an
experienced prosecutor. It is sent. This kind of lack of practice is an indication that many
problems will be encountered. Discuss the problems encountered in the same practice?
Case (Case) 6
District Court for Bahadar
Ba/Dar,13 P

Plaintiff: Prosecutor
Accused 1st fill in 2nd. Tell him if he kicks
The crime
• Violating the provisions of Law No. 649(1) (a) issued in 1996
List of crimes
The defendants premeditated to kill a person by violence, on 25/5/2 A.D., Mrs. Bafana, who
was the wife of the 1st defendant and legally divorced, the deceased Mr. Bogale Mergia.
Accused of having married my brother's wife, had already held a grudge and shot our dead
with 2 bullets. Witnesses
1. Mrs. Tiruwork Gygeze
2. Mr. Altaseb Gebru
Discussion points:
1. Do you think the above charge is complete? If not, discuss it by listing what you think are
related points in your response?
2. Do you think it is appropriate for the district court to close the record because the
prosecutor prepared the case charge and presented it to the district court around Bahadardar?
Discuss why?
3. The prosecutor amended the charge and brought it to the high court. Do you think it would
be beneficial for the defendants to argue that the charge was closed at the first level objection
circuit and should not be questioned again?
4. After hearing the evidence, if the High Court decides to sentence the defendants to 13 years
and the prosecutor urges them to give me a decision on the two Clash Cop weapons seized as
an exhibit, do you think it is appropriate if the court overrules it because the list of exhibits
was not mentioned in the charge sheet?
5. Do you fix the above-mentioned charge and discuss it by preparing a new charge?14 P

6. If the defendants admit to committing the crime and argue that we did it because we
couldn't control ourselves due to blood boiling, how do you believe that the court's decision
will be overturned?
5.2 Problems that appear around the instructions given on the investigation records
Although the instruction given under the Criminal Procedure Code No. 38/C to complete the
incomplete points in the police investigation records is a legal procedure of great importance
to make a correct decision on the case, i.e. to file a case or close the record, it is easy to deal
with the investigators. In minor cases that can be fixed by talking on the phone or without
giving instructions at all, by giving unnecessary instructions in all cases where it is possible
to make a decision on the records, the records are rolling between the prosecutors and the
police as a guide, and the cases are unfairly criticized for not getting a decision in a
reasonable time.

Also, by not including all the points that should be included in the additional investigation
order given on a file, after the said point is completed and the file is returned to the
prosecutor, it is seen that the point that was not mentioned in the first instruction is to be
completed again. Many prosecutors agree that the reason for this type of procedural problem
is the lack of close monitoring and control and lack of support for the activities of the
prosecutors, especially the lack of confidence in deciding on the records. Due to the absence
of a tracking system, the filing period (Yirga) of the case is overdue as the record remains for
a long time. Or the record fades away unless a client follows up. As a result, cases of high
public and individual interest remain without a fair decision.
On the other hand, the order given for further investigation is sometimes seen as insulting to
the personality of the investigating police officer, accompanied by insults, inappropriate
words, and personal feelings far from the case. 15 P a
Efforts are being made to avoid the circulation of records due to further investigation as a
direction has been set so that they can work based on mutual respect.
Discussion points
1. The defendant's name or address is not written in an investigation record
Or when it is illegible, the prosecutor should give written instructions or not
Do you say that the investigator should fix it by calling the police or talking to him on the
phone?
2. Instead of giving written instructions, what do you think will be the legal effect of the
prosecutor recording the information obtained by talking to the investigator on the phone in
the police investigation file?
3. As is often the case, the investigating police will face the problem of not paying attention
to an order given over the phone or verbally unless it is ordered in writing.
4. 3 dubious cases that appear around the procedure where the leader's order is requested
Problems
When the prosecutor encounters a questionable case for decision, it is stipulated under the
Public Prosecutor's Office no.
Problems that appear around the leader command query

1st. It is observed that the prosecutor who did not dare to give a decision on the case or was
unable to give a decision for one reason or another, claims that the necessary conditions for a
decision have been met in the record and asks for a leader to give him an order.
2nd. Senior prosecutors who respond to a leading order sometimes have capacity problems
and do not consider the requested question in terms of the contract.
❖ In general, subordinate prosecutors should first properly identify whether or not a leading
order is required, and senior prosecutors should consider the question and give an appropriate
response. When a leading order is requested, it should be included in the document.16 | P
❖ Date and protocol number,
❖ Record number of the justice office that requested the leader order,
❖ Department of Justice requested to respond to lead order;
❖ Name of accused,
❖ The gist of the matter in brief,
❖ The reason why a leading order is requested;
It will have the signature of the prosecutor.
Discussion question
1. Ato Belhu was accused of misappropriating Birr 1,000,000 Birr when he was working as
the sales and purchasing manager of Tana Cooperative. If you are the prosecutor in charge of
the case, please send the 2nd page of the investigation file to the superior and prepare a
leading order according to the procedural law.
2. On September 2nd, Mrs. Rebecca transported 1 quintal of the best seeds from Addis Ababa
to Bahardar and was arrested in Durubete city. Fertilizer containing the best seeds is labeled
BF 320. Mrs. Rebekah believed that she committed this act and it was confirmed by
witnesses. However, to file charges against Mrs. Rebekah, does the best seed being caught in
this way justify committing a crime? Which article of law does it cover? Since you have
difficulty answering questions about which court will be presented, ask the chief prosecutor
for a directive?
5. 4 Problems that can be seen in the cases in which the decision of the court is given. It can
be understood from the daily performance that the prosecutors' decisions on the same cases
are inconsistent and contradictory. According to No. 42/2/H, the evidence assessment that
there is insufficient evidence is personal or subjective, and the decision given by each
prosecutor using his own assessment capacity is different. As a result, it is common to see
cases where one prosecutor files a case, while another prosecutor closes the case according to
Article 42/1/a.17 P
It is a task. Also, it has been learned from experience that there is a possibility that the criteria
set to close the record will be ambiguous if the defendant is not found or is not available. If it
is impossible to find the defendant, the case will not be filed, because until now, the
prosecutors have no way of confirming the existence of the defendant's name and address by
looking at the investigation file sent to them by the police, and seeing that the bail form has
been filled and released on bail. In this case, the prosecutor who believes that the evidence is
complete will file a case. It is known that the defendant is not present when he is sent a court
summons and fails to appear. 42 (1) (a) of the decision related to this article can be
understood by writing to the police at the address
❖ It will have a date and number,
❖ Justice Office Record Number,
❖ Police Investigation Record Number,
❖ -------------- Police Commission Office,
❖ The essence of the case,
❖ Statement of the defendants,
❖ Statement of witnesses in brief,
❖ It contains legal opinions and decisions, and finally the prosecutor
A signature is required.
Case
1. Mr. Bogale / 4 people) while working as Kebele elected officials, you have received a
report of the investigation that says Mrs. Zerfe's rural land was planted with corn after it was
planted with a road. 6 human and written evidences have been submitted in case. 1st, 2nd, 3rd
witness testified that no new business was opened. 4th witness said that he did not see the
road being opened by the accused. The 5th and 6th witnesses, on the other hand, explained
that they saw the defendants opening a road on Mrs. "Zerfe's" land according to the charges.
On the other hand, the documentary evidence presented is documentary evidence obtained
from this kebele, saying that the said road was not opened by the current defendants, but it
was a road that was started in 1960 before the filing of the case.18 P

He explains. Taking into consideration the circumstances presented above, write down the
decision proposal that you have made on the matter.
2. Ato Bedlu admitted that he bought a sheep and kept it in his own yard in order to pay a
bribe to Mr. "Ziko" who is a district court judge. The action in 1 / 11/2001, in the circuit
kebele management in the circuit kebele administration. Clubs on the circuit kebele
Give a decision whether or not to request the investigation file received Prosecutor.
3. Defendants 1st. Mr. Murad
2nd. Mr. Bimreu
The defendants were charged on June 1, 2011 at approximately 11:00 a.m., at a place called
Kumu Kebele Bahr Goth in Wolba District, where the deceased Mr. Noah came home crying
from Mrs. Mizan's house, and the defendants repeatedly hit him on the head with a stick.
They said they killed him, and two human witnesses came forward and said in the same
words that the 1st defendant repeatedly hit the deceased on the head with the stick he was
holding and the 2nd defendant testified that they saw him trying to escape, but they did not
see the deceased beat him. The doctor's evidence submitted shows that the deceased died as a
result of a blow to the head of 2 cm depth. Based on the evidence presented, write down the
decision you think is appropriate.
6. The features that make judgment making and writing different from other document
writing are that the work requires content and evidence to be written in a persuasive manner
in accordance with the law.
❖ Since evidence and law are complex in nature and arguments are presented in a
contradictory and mixed manner, it requires the knowledge and skill to separate the wheat
from the chaff before making a decision.
❖ It is the last way to resolve disputes and the winner and loser (satisfied and satisfied) are
seen.
❖ Because the issue of the debate should be relatively persuasive to the parties or
stakeholders concerned directly or indirectly,19 P
❖ Judges using their independent professional judicial discretion (judicial discretion).
Because of the work they do and because it has little control in nature,
Not only that, but the fact that it requires ethics and honesty, knowledge, skill, wisdom,
caution, good
❖ Judicial decisions in both civil and criminal cases affect people's
❖ The work technical
The fact that fundamental rights and freedoms are concerned,
❖ The fact that judgment is the final result of the courts' work requires caution.
❖ Since judgment is binding and enforceable on anyone unless overturned by appeal,
❖ Humanistic nature is prominent and should be given a lot of weight in terms of the high
respect and trust that people /society have for judgment. In order to indicate that the act of
making and writing judgments requires the utmost care by the judge, it is a reference to the
American legal experts, whether you are making a judicial decision or arguing on behalf of
another person, put yourself in the shoes of the case/dispute, especially since a judge usually
settles all the rights of more than one disputing party in his decision. One can imagine how
much effort should be made to convince and give justice. It seems that this is the main reason
why a judge is called a judicial body or a court or justice officer.
7. The nature and purpose of judgment and writing
Judging and writing is not an event that begins with putting pen to paper, but has basic pre-
judgment procedures.
7.1 Pre-judgment proceedings /events/
Among the basic prejudgment procedures are the following.20 P
It is a way for the court to explain and convince the disputing parties that they are satisfied
and satisfied for what reason so that they can resolve the dispute and enforce the decision or
use their right of appeal.
It is a way of notifying the court's decision.
It can be used for research, teaching and critical writing.
It is useful to evaluate and understand whether the implementation of the law is compatible
with the existing It is useful to evaluate and understand whether the implementation of
the law is compatible with the existing life of the society in order to enact new laws
and amend existing laws. It can also be used as a measure of the efficiency and
effectiveness of the courts to interpret the law and fulfill their duties in the judicial
system.

If it is a decision of the bankruptcy court, it can be used as a rule of law to maintain

uniformity in the method of legal interpretation.
Judgments contribute to the development of jurisprudence and the profession
Supremacy of Constitution and Rule of Law can be protected through judicial decision
making. The above-mentioned objectives and goals of judgment making and writing
are reflected in the type and nature of the case and are derived from the constitutional
authority and responsibility given to the court to interpret the law. It is not hidden or a
secret that the judgments or orders written by the judges in the judicial process are the
tools of the courts to enforce their powers and responsibilities.
8 Factors Influencing Judicial Writings The ability of courts to interpret laws
according to the powers given by the country's constitution and other laws.

☞ Views about the role and authority of judges,

The society's estimation and balance about the role of judges, the professional and
educational level of judges as well as their judicial experience;

Judges' judicial decision-making and writing skills and wisdom,

Freedom of judges from political bias, corruption, caste, etc.22 P

The legal system that a country follows (egal Tradition / behavior,

☞ Whether or not the country's legal education system has paid attention to practical
and skill-related lessons;
The tendency, determination and sacrifice of judges to keep judging as a permanent
and permanent profession with all their passion and love.
❖ Institutional, administrative financial and material strength and efficiency of the
courts indirectly
They will contribute. Participants can also add other reasons.
9. Judicial decision writing standards
9.1 Types of Jurisdiction:
He writes various types of results in the cases that the courts deal with. These results
can be divided into Interlocutory and Final. The interim orders are meant to facilitate
the final decision. For example, blocking the sale of property is not effective in itself,
but it helps to enforce the final judgment. Final judgment, however, results in
judgment debtors and ineligibility, so it results in execution or appeal in both civil and
criminal cases. According to the Ethiopian Judiciary Law, there are three types of
judgments. These are called Decree and Judgment. It also indicates that there is a type
of order called 'judgment' which is not defined by the procedural law and does not
specify when it will be relevant in the application of detailed provisions.

In practice, sometimes cases that should be issued by order are seen as 'judgment'.
Therefore, from the point of view of the law and the experience, currently the ways
that Ethiopian courts give judgment are order, verdict, decision and sentence. From
the experience, it can be seen that judgment and decision are used interchangeably, but
decision is the final part of the judgment that is enforced.

Judgments and orders are given by the judges with temporary service
They are /title/.
The meanings of orders, decisions and judgments are referred to in Article 3 of the
Civil Procedure Law, while the Criminal Procedure Law provides for their
meanings.23 P

3.Theme /ssue/ The court's response to the point of dispute that the plaintiff and the
defendant did not agree on

He is the one who takes care of the matter he wants. Law and Reasoning / The court's
conclusion to the argument

4.It is legal support and reason.

Decision /Disposition or Conclusion/ Separates those who are satisfied and those who
are left behind in the case
which is applicable

It is the part that holds the conclusion/summary of the court. In the same way,
judgment given in cases of appeal and violation covers the following points in a
manner that does not differ much.
1.Nature of the Action
2.Themes /General Statement of |ssues/
3.Articles written in a much shorter form than the Court of First Instance;
4.Appeal / Errors and Determination / Errors and Determination /

5.Disposition
These above-mentioned content points of the final decisions of the courts of all levels
are taken as the basic steps of the rules of writing.

9.3 Judgment Writing Standards

In both legal systems, the following criteria are the points that good judicial writing
should have.

1. Completion of content: The five content of the judgment mentioned under section
6.2 above must be fulfilled in order. Also, the court should base its decision on all the
issues raised by the court. An unanswered point will invalidate the judgment.
2. The order of the decision opinion:- To reach a conclusion, the reasons raised by the
court should have a step-by-step sequence.
3. Scope of the Judgment / The court should not decide more than what is necessary. If
he resolves the dispute, he does not need to analyze and write down the things
surrounding the case and then leave the case and add the judge's personal feelings and
thoughts.

4. Proportion of content and legal opinion: The mentioned legal provisions should
have direct relevance to the case. If a paragraph directly covers the subject, no further
citation is necessary. Also, there is no need to write an unnecessary list of arguments
of the parties that do not serve the decision.

5. Avoiding neutral tone / Using Neutral Tone / The judge should not use an
expression that pretends to be the voice of the accuser or the accused. If he gives his
analysis only on the argument of one of them, he will lack balance. In addition to
these criteria, he will look at the points listed below under the condition of writing a
judgment (No. 13).

10. Order of judgment and writing

What is the unity and relationship between judgment making and judgment writing? A
judge who gives a first-level judgment is required to perform three sequential tasks in
his decision-making and writing work. These are (1) Before entering into the written
work, the first step is to examine the dispute or dispute, get a basic understanding of
the matter, search for the relevant law, and come to a conclusion.
(2) The second step is to choose a communication form for notification of the decision
to the disputing parties or stakeholders. That is, it concerns the matter of who will be
told orally or in writing by the judge or by another party. Some countries make
decisions orally in simple cases and use written decisions for serious and complex
cases. In Ethiopia's legal system, since the 1930s, especially since the 1958 Judiciary
Law and the Criminal Procedure Law in 1954, it has been a practice to communicate
judgments in written form. It is a well-known fact that giving an open hearing is
mandatory and a right of the litigants 26 P
Articles 180-191 of the Civil Code and Article 149 of the Civil Code require that the
judgment be communicated in writing.

But in some courts, even worse, in the Court of Appeals, even in the case of criminal
appeals, they file an appeal in the case of a criminal appeal, and the inmate's written
appeal is brought before him and he is presented with the written appeal without
hearing him and without asking the prosecutor's opinion. There is a situation to be
told. The writer believes in his professional work that this judicial practice is very
contrary to the purpose and function of judgment and the high schools being a forum
of justice and should be corrected.

Such as the number of appeal cases, the lack of value of the appeal, the remoteness
and weakness of the prisons, which are presented to pretend that the procedure is
acceptable, will not be balanced by any standards and will not negate the right to be
heard and get a verdict in an open hearing. It seems that the judicial process should be
conducted in an interactive and lively manner, so public hearing is recognized as a
fundamental right. Therefore, this second form of communicating the judicial decision
should not be forgotten and should be implemented. .

(3) The third step follows from the second step, the choice of form, that is, the task of
writing or converting the judgment into a text according to the rules of the order of the
content of the decision. From this point of view, the first level is called
decision/judgment/giving and the third level is known as judgment writing. In fact, all
three levels are not separate and unrelated activities, but related and inseparable.

11. Nature of Appeal and Appeal Decisions

A. General characteristics and decision content

There are generally two types of appellate courts in both legal systems, known as
intermediate and last resort appellate courts. For example, in Ethiopia's current legal
system, the Federal High Court and Regional High Court are intermediate appeals,
while the Federal Supreme Court and Regional Supreme Courts are the final appellate
courts.27 P
They are givers. Proclamation No. 25/1988 and the proclamations regarding the
establishment of regional courts.

Appellate judgments have the effect of correcting a lower court's decision error/factual
and legal error, and when it is necessary for the administration of justice, it is
There will be occasions when the parties may decide on points that have not been
raised.

☞ According to the Ethiopian procedural laws, Article 341-348 of the Court of Justice
has 5 types of effect, which are full approval of the decision of the appealed court.
Dismissal or Remand the appeal.

Since appeal decisions are usually given by more than one judge, the relationship
between the clerk judge and the other judges participating in the decision / Collegial
Judges / can be seen. Therefore, the decisions can be given by majority vote and
minority opinion.

Appellate decisions share the characteristics of appellate decisions except that they are
rendered on legal errors. However, since the decisions are likely to be binding and
focus on legal errors, the number of judges is greater than the appellate hearings and
the complexity of the content of the arguments is seen to increase.

b. Responsibilities of Collegiality
The points listed below are important when making a decision with more than one
jury. Therefore, they should be given attention.
* Working with professional effort and honesty,
* Working with humility, patience and ethics,
* Involvement in the leadership and decision-making of all issues,
* Reading and understanding the subject before the oral debate/discussion/
* Getting rid of One Judge Syndrome,
* Giving space to a friend's work/idea,28 P

❖ If there is a personal disagreement beyond the issue, clarify it with honesty and
sincerity.

Because a personal disagreement can have a negative impact on the decision-making

process,
❖ Discuss without prejudice and indifference and, if necessary, reschedule or
reschedule.
Studying and coming to an agreement,
❖ Unnecessary ease with words of hatred or contempt or insulting words and so on.
Don't use it during conversation,
❖ Listen and be open minded to the other's idea / Be Open Minded Innocent / Listen
more than talk more.

* As much as possible scattered ideas or ideas that seem to contradict each other
Making the decision consistent by elimination.

12. How and when will judgment be given?

"Justice delayed is Justice Denied" This verse tells us in a short word that judgment
should be given in an accelerated manner and time without delay. However
On the contrary, there is also a saying that justice hastened is considered justice
broken.

The basic point of these principles is that justice or judgment should be given in an
accelerated process without delay, but in the name of speed, it should not be given in
haste before the process of the dispute is completed and the case is not ready for
judgment, or justice should be sacrificed in order to close and decide many cases, and
it requires a balancing method. Effectiveness and efficiency is a task that requires
working together when we look at speedy justice. Among the many factors that
determine the status and time of judgment, the presentation of arguments by the
litigants and the knowledge and skills of the judges play a major role. The basis of any
judgment is a petition submitted by a petitioner. The filing of the petition is the
starting point of the dispute. If there is a party to the petition, he is called and presents
the dispute.29 P

Judgment is the last job of a judge, and if a case goes on for a long time without a
judgment, then the judge will consider it as if the judge has not done work in that case,
and the disputing parties will consider it a waste of time. Therefore, a judgment, good
or bad, must be given in a timely manner. In relation to the time of judgment,
according to the Court of Justice No. 180, "After hearing the arguments presented, the
court shall finish the matter immediately or at the time when it decides on a short-term
appointment." It is stipulated that the judgment must be given in an open court. The
provisions of Articles 141 and 149 of the Criminal Code have the same implications as
in civil cases.

This explains that the judgment should be given in an expedited manner, unless the
hearing process of the dispute is delayed beyond the scope of the dispute due to the
nature of the dispute, and the judgment is given in an open hearing. He explains that it
is the duty of the court/judge to hear the arguments before the trial. As stipulated in
Article 20 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Indonesia, accused persons
have the right to be heard in a regular court in a public hearing within a short period of
time. It has been established. Therefore, if a hasty judgment is given without hearing
an argument, the result will be a delayed judgment that will deny justice and restrict
the right to argue and will have a negative impact on their other rights. Therefore, it is
important to emphasize that speed and haste are different in the judicial arena.

13. Factors that affect the status and time of the judgment

1. The preparation / writing / of the complaint is not in accordance with the rules of
procedure and
The presentation of relevant and irrelevant points is mixed,

2. The disputing parties are not assisted by a legal expert and their petitions are written
by an expert.
Failure to approach and society's esteem for professionals and culture not being
developed.

3. The provision or accessibility of professional and legal services to maintain the

ceremony, especially outside the capital cities, being very small and sometimes non-
existent.

4. When there is a discrepancy between the number of court cases and the number of
judges with the number of cases,30 P

5. The problem of creating a theme

Not measured when it was founded,

6. Limitation of judges' knowledge, skills, work experience and effort.

7. Case Flow Management (Case Flow Management) is not developed and there is no
strict appointment policy, although the activity to carry out work according to BPR
study is good.

8. Institutional strength, effectiveness, efficiency and evaluation of higher education

institutions are problems that can be mentioned in the forefront.

• Participants are also expected to state other reasons not mentioned above.
14. Status of writing judgment

The issues mentioned under this topic can be considered as points/parameters for good
and bad judicial decision writing. Judgment writing can vary in many ways. The
method of writing the judgment of the first instance court and the judgment of the
appellate court and the appellate court are different. However, all types of civil and
criminal cases have a common character and style, because any dispute ends in
judgment. Although a judgment is not a substitute for the record containing the
argument, it is said to show the content of the record in a nutshell. It is natural for
different judges to use different styles of writing to show the content of the record.

14.1) Use of language

Regardless of the language in which the judgment is written, it should be written in a

language that is clear and unambiguous to anyone (everyone without legal
knowledge). It is important to avoid technical words or legal terms as much as
possible. Whenever possible, searching for equivalent words for these words should
be used as an alternative. Alternatively, if the equivalent word replaces the word of
profession or a foreign language for which no direct translation is found, it can be
shown by putting the foreign language in parentheses.

❖ There is no need to use connecting words that lengthen things. Paragraphs should
be as short as possible, especially sentences.31 P

They should be simple. It is preferable not to use as much as possible connecting

words such as "or" "and" that extend the subject.

❖ There is no need to use a language other than the working language unless it is
absolutely necessary. This means that the use of another language (English, Latin...)
should be used only as long as it explains the issue better and does not confuse the
audience.

❖ Use of only appropriate words Use of only appropriate or common words can be
easily understood by anyone who reads or hears the decision. However, the use of
unfamiliar and vague words in decision writing reduces the acceptability of the
content of the decision and confuses both the reader and the Supreme Court, so care
should be taken.

❖ It is necessary to avoid jokes, insults and insults. Example: "I was beaten"
"Honorable plaintiff" "I was raped 12 years old lady" are words that contain profanity
and should be removed.

❖ It is not necessary to arrange several verses

As much as possible, it is preferable not to include quotations in the decision, because

the litigants, the people who read the text or the appellate court, instead of simply
understanding the case, the quotation may have different meanings, so it is necessary
to be careful because they may leave the issue they are paying attention to and focus
on the explanation given in the quotation, for example: "person". There is no need to
save multiple dictionary definitions to explain a word.

❖ There is no need to use exclusive language

The language we use should be as suitable for everyone as possible, it should not
elevate one and lower the other. Example: "One reasonable man" is preferred instead
of "one reasonable man".

14.2 The judgment must not be arbitrary;

The sentence should not be vague or loaded with unnecessary words. A long sentence
is not always a good sentence. "A Prolix Judgment is a Torture to Write, and a Torture
to Head" is said. It should not repeat ideas or expressions, especially the words of
witnesses should be written
321 Page

It is not appropriate. Writing while repeating the words of witnesses is something that
is often seen in our country's judgment writing experience, especially in criminal
judgments. In the verdict, after all the words given by each witness are written down,
the court is guilty again. He is not guilty. Or when he considers the accusation and the
testimony of the witness to say whether he defended or not, the testimony of the
witness is repeated again.

For example, in one judgment, he listed the charges, the testimony of the witnesses,
and the testimony of the defense witness. Next, the case has been explained in detail
above and the court has examined the criminal law case and evidence with the defense
evidence presented by the defendant. The prosecutor established the accused".
Alleging that he killed the deceased by stabbing him. The accused was asked to make
a confession and denied it. One of the prosecution's witnesses repeats what he
mentioned before. This type of writing is seen in many criminal judgments and
occasionally in civil judgments. It is a practice that should be avoided. The judgment
should be concise and proportionate to the case.
(Judgment must be Precise & Concise),

The judgment should be concise but should address all the issues raised. It is good to
clarify the judgment, but it should not answer the arguments and themes that have
been raised. It is required to explain the appropriate legal analysis of the topics raised
and the arguments of the facts raised, considering the evidence presented. It should not
be a sketchy judgment that goes over and over and touches on some points and
concludes in a negative and positive way. Therefore, if the judgment should be
concise, it means that the points raised by the left and right judges should be carefully
analyzed in order.

14.3 Abbreviation
The use of synonyms in judgment should be avoided at all costs. The judgment is not
only for the court or only for the litigants, but it is a public document. It is also a
historical document. It will last for future generations. Such a document should be
clear and unambiguous for all sections of society for future generations. Antonyms are
a style of writing that should be avoided when writing sentences because they create
confusion around people who are not familiar with the word. 33 p

14.4 Balance;
Above all, judgment should be balanced in the presentation of ideas and the placement
of various themes. It should not be a display of sentiments and emotions.
A judge who justifies grace is not one who condemns sin. (Neither Rewards Virtue not
Chastises vice) His only task is to administer even-handed justice in a case between
one person and another or between one citizen and the government. Therefore, the
judge should examine the essence and evidence presented to him and write the
judgment considering the law, but not the feeling of sadness for the injured party or
the guilt of the offender.

14.5 Opsidedness;
Opsided Judgment is a judgment that ignores some of the issues raised in the debate
by emphasizing one or the other. All the issues raised by the debaters should be given
their proper place and discussed. If the judge is preoccupied with only one aspect of
the argument and focuses on it, other issues may be forgotten or denied due attention.
Because of this, the judgment will be biased.

14.6 explaining all aspects of the dispute;

There are times when evidence is presented by one or both parties that contradicts
what the judge believes. There are also times when an unlikely argument is presented
to the judge. Whenever this happens, the judge should not ignore or ignore these
things in his judgment. If the presentation of the argument or the evidence is not
reasonable, he should make it clear and show it in the judgement. In this regard, as
seen in some records, when the plaintiff seems to have asked for what is not necessary
or the defendant's arguments that the case should be dismissed, some of the arguments
presented above seem to be presented only for debate.

At this time, there are times when the court ignores them by not giving value and they
are left unanswered in the judgment. When this happens, there is a time to refer to
Civil Procedure Law No. 5(2) which says that what the court did not give is
considered not given.34 P

However, when the judgment is written, even if the evidence presented is contrary to
what the judge believes or the argument does not seem to be valid, it should be given
the appropriate place in the judgment and analyzed and the weakness of the evidence
or the worthlessness of the argument should be seen.

14.7 Hypothetical Cases,

There are times when the court while writing the judgment tries to illustrate the case
by inventing creative cases to explain the case. However, this opens the door to
multiple meanings and should be avoided as much as possible. The nature of the first
expressed intention is not known in the contract. This can be more confusing if it is
accompanied by metaphors with different meanings in different places, so metaphors
should not be included in sentence writing.

14.8 Evidentiary Judgment;

The judge must make a decision based on the evidence presented. Apart from the
evidence contained in the record, it should not be the basis for the judgment if there is
any evidence relevant to the case. A case that the judge knows personally should not
be the basis for the judgment even if it has evidential value. Therefore, a judgment
should not be written based on written or witness evidence that has not been
submitted.

15.9 Drafting of pleadings or affidavits;

There will be situations where litigants or witnesses who are to be mentioned in the
judgment are identified by different descriptions. For example, if the accused person
has gone down above a battalion, it is not correct to mention the person alternately
saying that the accused once went down, once a battalion went down, and once a
battalion went down. Since it is known who the defendant is at the beginning of the
sentence, he should be referred to as the defendant or his name should be mentioned
first. The style of writing in alternating order not only destroys the clarity of the
judgment (confusing) but also can be annoying because it seems that the court is
mocking the referred person.

14.10 Spelling;
Names of people and places written in the judgment should be edited as much as
possible.35 P

A mistake in the name written in the judgment hurts the feelings of the owner of the
name, and place names

A mistake and the reader will not have a good impression on the court. (He pretends to
be indifferent to the court, disdainful of the environment, etc.)

The date and number of the office documents mentioned in the judgment submitted to
the court should be corrected and the name of the issuing office should also be
mentioned. A letter or instruction without a date and number is misleading.

14.12 reference to applicable law;

The laws that the disputing parties bring up in their arguments are those that they think
are beneficial to each of them. The fact that each litigant cites the law relevant to the
case does not make the court decide there. Therefore, when the court gives judgment,
it should correctly mention the law and number that is relevant to the case, whether it
is mentioned by the disputing parties or not. It is the duty of the court to find the
appropriate law for the subject.

14.13 Language to be Sober and Temperate, the language in which judgment is written
should not be exaggerating, loose and demeaning. When the judges express their
opinion, it should be in a gentle and soft language. The wording in the judgment
should not be such that the judge took a position in the first place. The entire
expression should not indicate that the judge is in favor of one side, but should show
that he is neutral and considered the case only from the point of view of the law.

14.14 Statements should be based on evidence (Remarks to be Based on Evidence),

the statement given by the court about the plaintiff, accused or witnesses or the alleged
case should be what is known (verified) based on the evidence provided. For example:
It is not appropriate to describe the defendant who killed someone negligently as the
murderer. Moreover, because a public or private organization is guilty of being
involved in the case, it should be avoided at all. The judge should refrain from basing
his personal opinion in his judgment.

14.15 Not a Substitute of the File,36.P

The judgment should contain a brief summary of the main points of the proceedings.
After listing the themes raised and considering the law, the analysis should cover as
wide a part as possible. Many times, however, it can be seen from the records that the
majority of the judgments given by the court are the arguments presented by the
disputing parties. In the ten-page judgment 9, the law that is said to be relevant to the
case is mentioned in the evidence report, usually only about a quarter of a page
without any analysis. This can be seen from many records. It is not possible to say that
this judgment is a report that presents the main points raised by the litigants, but a
judgment that shows the position of the court and the interpretation of the law.

14.16 A writ of judgment must be enforceable without difficulty. Any judgment should
meet the content and order of the decision, from the nature of the case to the
conclusion.

• What kind of judgment is called good judgment? A good sentence is first of all
written in clear and understandable language.
Avoids using technical or legal language as much as possible. If legal language is
required, insert the plain language equivalent. When the judgment was written,

4. Easy to understand, interesting to read, does not jump from one subject to another
without finishing It is concise and contains the main points without skipping
unnecessary points.

4 Using short sentences is a good technique for clarity of judgment.

4 It should be a judgment that removes jokes and jokes and does not offend everyone.

4 In the judgment it appears that "the said party" the words "the aforesaid" should be
removed as far as possible.

4 There is no need to repeat the whole charge or answer, you should only use the main
points of the argument as much as possible.

4 The name of the litigant must be written uniformly in the judgment. (the accused or
his name),

4 The judgment should avoid the use of italics or underlining or quotation marks for
emphasis.

Case (case) elements of the plaintiff's case37 P

➢ Mr. Balai is the owner of a Bajaj vehicle with license plate number IMA A5A7. P
➢ This Bajaj College of Agriculture has been rented to her at the rate of 100 Birr per
day.
➢ October 3rd, 2nd year A.D., an Isuzu truck with the side number AAA37 A.M.
He hit Bajaj and caused an accident.

Due to this accident, Bajaj was out of work for 1 day for maintenance, and the garage
was charged 15 Birr for the laborer's salary 2 Birr (1 Birr per day for 1 day).

He filed a lawsuit saying that if Bajaju had worked, he would have been paid
1,000,000 Birr per day = 1,000,000 Birr / a total of 27,000,000 damages, including
sufficient damages, costs, and interest.

As evidence

1. Bajaj Libre,

2. The original and a copy of the contract with the college are attached.

3. Technical evidence showing that the accident was caused by Mr.Kebede's Isuzu car

Evidence attached.
4. Three witnesses who witnessed the accident appeared and testified.
5. Attached are receipts for various amounts paid.

Defendant's answer/Mr. Kebede /

➢He admitted that the accident had happened.

However, he presented them as an argument

The points are:

1. The cost of repairs is exaggerated.
2. The contract document submitted by the plaintiff is not legally binding.
3. A week before the accident, my car was stolen by an unknown person, so he said
that I am not at fault and responsible for the damage.

as evidence
1. The defendant reported to the Fogera district police that the car was missing from
where it was parked
Attached is proof dated ----------------------------.
2. The car's libre / title book / copy is provided.
Discussion question 38 P
1. After examining the charges and answers as well as the evidence presented above,
they gave a judgment / decision considering the form and content of a judgment.

15. Decision writing at the level of the courts

As we have already tried to look at, the content of decision writing is generally the
same, but it varies from case to case. The decision written in a criminal case differs
from the written decision in a civil case in its content and form. In civil cases, there is
a difference between what is presented in an expedited procedure and what is
presented in the regular system, and which has a controversial issue and has no theme.
Even within non-themes, decision writing can vary, especially in the quality and
diligence of the decision maker. The difference is endless. In this article, we will look
at the form and content of the decision that can exist between the court of first
instance and the appellate courts. In this way, the text of the resolution that is
discussed is for all the issues without any difference.

15.1 First instance court decision writing

Courts of first instance are particularly where evidentiary and factual arguments are
conducted and recorded extensively. The decision of the court is sometimes on the
verge of making decisions at this level. Just as the plaintiff clearly describes the
questioner on the counter by saying, "The case has been filed in order to charge as
much money as...," the court may also start by declaring that the defendant's case has
been dismissed or that the defendant has been charged with responsibility. For
resolutions to be written in the first place, follow them in order of content;

1. The nature of the matter,

2. Fruit things,
3. theme / themes /,
4. Law, judgment and conclusion,
5. Summary/judgment, should contain: Looking at them in detail,

1. The nature of the case 39 P

This part of the decision is the first to be written under the title "Judgment". It contains
what the case is, the important history of its past, the authority of the court on the case
and the issue to be decided by the court. Lemsane (the fact that the case concerns a
land dispute, the lack of reconciliation, reconciliation/efforts made by the land
mediators in the case did not yield results, so the case should end in judgment
according to law, so it is explained that the plaintiff has submitted a request to take
over the land.)
2. Fruit
By substance we mean non-legal arguments that can be proven or overturned by the
evidence of the disputing party. Decision-making under civil law should always
include elements of a first-instance court's decision. / Only what is important to the
case should be included in narrative form. The judge should select and record only the
relevant substantive arguments. Only the key elements that help the reader to
understand the decision are included. The content is explained as much as possible so
that the litigant and the reader can easily read and understand the decision. Although it
is important to mention time, it is better if the elements are described in chronological
order.

The writer of the decision should write in a manner that includes what is required of
the disputing party and/or the other reader more than the sentence. For example, in
case of land dispute, it is sufficient if it is stated in advance whether the matter cannot
be resolved through mediation, while in the case of contract dispute, the time when the
contract was executed, terminated etc. needs to be highlighted in order. Matters with
chronological order can be explained in the form of a comment or by listing. For
example... I did not deliver the egg mentioned in the contract on the middle of January
2018 by not respecting the contract signed on November 21/2018.

2. In the middle of January 2011, the contract was terminated, it can be said that it can
be saved.
Judges should be very careful not to change the content of their decisions. It should be
kept in the language of the argument as much as possible. Judges have no authority to
interpret substance. The authority given to them to interpret the law 40 P
All you have to do is sign up and be seen. If the contract is terminated in the middle of
January, when the decision is written, it should not be mentioned as January 15/2. It
should be written carefully because interpreting the essence reduces the power of
persuasion to the reader and opens the door for higher courts to make a wrong
decision on the matter as their authority/responsibility to examine the essence is
decreasing. The fact that substance must be carefully written does not mean that a
disputing party must establish that there is a substance dispute.

For example: If a petition is filed for proof of childhood, it does not mean that the
parentage of the person called the father must be listed. Choosing the right material
requires great skill, knowledge and experience. Picking the facts and coming to a
conclusion is the work of a judge in our country, which requires caution in the same
way. Evidence is the only starting point for reaching this conclusion. For example, in
the evidence presented to prove paternity, the court said, "It is confirmed that the
defendant/father, married Mrs..../mother/ from 14/1/197A." A conclusion is reached.
This conclusion of fact is meaningless in itself and should be converted into a
conclusion of law.

Accordingly, the essence of the subject matter will be settled. Therefore, if there is no
theme in the subject matter, it means that there may be no substance and conclusion.
There will be many fruits. It should be remembered that this does not mean that there
is always a need for a theme to be based on facts and conclusions. They can be
thematic/accusative/etc. Date of establishment of suit, receipt of plaintiff, capacity of
plaintiff, are mentioned in these lists. These elements can be mentioned until the
decision is concluded and they should be separated from the important and irrelevant
elements. In general, elements related to the theme can be described before and after
the theme. The essentials to be written should be selected, selected, only important,
and arranged in order.

3. Theme
As mentioned earlier, an issue is a point on which the parties disagree and which calls
for the decision of the court. Legal response as a question of fact or law or both
41 | Page

It is demanding. Like any other writing, the theme should be clearly stated. The theme
can be put in the form of a question in the form of an expression in the court or in a
sentence about being/not being/..... living/non-existent etc.

➢ Should the plaintiff's argument be settled? Or

➢ Plaintiff's argument is whether or not there is a remainder in the settlement. It can
be recorded. At this time, the theme that needs to be answered is a matter of law and
fruit. Themes can be multiple. It is a combination of legal and practical content and
sub-themes within a theme. For example, you can see the following:

1. Do the plaintiff and the defendant have a valid marriage contract? If they have, does
it confirm the date of the marriage?
2. Does the defendant's argument that the marriage should not be dissolved have a
legal basis?
3. If the marriage is dissolved by court:-
3.1. Is the car with the registration number ------- owned by the defendant?
3.2. Is the house number a joint property of the plaintiff and the defendant?

It can be said. (Each theme consists of main and sub-themes.) Depending on the
situation, not all of them may require a response. If the court comes to the conclusion
that the plaintiff and the defendant do not have a valid marriage, there is no need to
criticize the remaining issues and write in the decision. The order of the theme should
be based on this and time. It is preferable that legal themes are answered first.

4. Law and reason

After defining a theme in a decision, what follows is the appropriate law to respond to
the theme and the relationship of the law to the theme. It is not always necessary to
copy the law as it is. For example, the Ethiopian law states that if the dispute is not
filed within 2 / two / years, it will remain. A law must always be expressed in the
present tense unless the law in question has been repealed. When the law is clear, the
same law is applied to the clear substance. On the decision when both the law and the
substance are not clear
42 | Page

After the weight given to the sentence is weighed and placed, it is written how the law
should be enforced. If the matter is not clear, it is to judge it and apply the clear law.
Always prioritizing the response to the unclear and linking the conclusion to the clear
will make the writing more readable.

As stated above, the conclusion reached in a question of law is based on the

conclusion of the facts. The conclusion reached on the facts is not based on the
independence of the judiciary, but based on the evidence presented to us. This is not
an end in itself but a starting point for responding to a legal question. It may not be
necessary to copy the entire number / clause / of the said law when responding to a
legal question. It is preferable not to overturn the law in this manner, subject to
exceptions. It is at this point that a questionable legal effect becomes meaningful.
Since the rights of disputing parties are to be determined, the relationship with the
fruit should be clearly seen, but it should be kept free from the fruit in a sentence. For
example:

Conclusion
The defendant did not deliver the egg of the contract in the middle of January 2018.
Conclusion of the law ← Mid-January / 2018, he broke the contract by not submitting
it.

When the court reaches a legal conclusion, it looks for the law that it says is not
applicable based on the substance, and examines whether it is applicable to the case in
general and the case in particular. This will be explained/written by the court
according to the expression of the specific theme and the evidence of the party who
has to bear the burden of explanation. This "Decision" should be as short and
actionable as possible. It should be clear, concise and directly state what all parties
deserve/don't deserve. For example: As stated above, it can be written as "The plaintiff
filed the lawsuit two years after the termination of the contract, so he does not have
the right to file a lawsuit." If it is explained further, it can be said
"-------------------------------------------------------------" Matters that should be enforced
may be included along with the decision. For example, the plaintiff should be paid for
the costs and damages caused to the defendant by filing a wrongful case, the right of
appeal is reserved / by law / for those who are dissatisfied with this decision, as the
record is closed permanently.
431 Page

It may depend on the location. This decision is usually under the title of order

We will see when it sits.

The law on decision-making in criminal cases does not clearly state in detail what the
content of the decision, order, and judgment should be. However, Article 136-149 of
the Criminal Procedure Code stipulates the procedure of evidence and sentencing.

Registration number,
Date/time of hearing of the matter;

☞ Name of the Attorney General, Defendant/Lawyer,

Name of Judges,

The hearing of the case must be recorded in writing and the date of the appointment /
No. 98.

_A decision on an objection shall be made without appointment "immediately and

shall be written on the date of the dispute, as are any other disputed legal issues."

Decisions and orders are specifically enforceable and should be clearly written, but
the law does not specify the form each decision should follow when writing an order.

However, when the judgment given according to the Law No. 149 is viewed in terms
of form It looks like what he was planting.

Judgment/Decision/Penalty
When we see that the order/execution/can be contained in the content
➢ Date of Judgment;
➢ Judge's signature;
- a brief statement of evidence;
➢ Reasons why evidence is accepted;
44 | Page

➢ The reason why the evidence was not accepted;

The law number on which the judgment is based;
➢ The law that convicts,
➢ Recommendations for stiffening and lenient punishment;
➢ Evidence presented to explain this / about his behavior/,

It can be understood from the Law No. 149 of the Civil Code that it must be written
about the right of appeal. According to the law, it should be stated in the judgment
given in a criminal case.

Name of the Court;

Where the court allows,
Defendant's identity /address/,

☞The place and time where the crime was committed,

The passage of the law,
The accused /admitted/ argued that /theme,
If there is any opposition to the case filed by the defendant, the decision is briefly
stated. the type and details of the evidence presented in the case;
If defense evidence is presented, the type, amount,

Explain why the theme was accepted/disapproved.

If there are other issues that have been debated / eg: age, health, their arguments and
decisions should be properly explained in general. Some of the points should be
clearly stated in the decision because they have to be explained to the appellate court,
to the disputing party and to the society.

15.2 Court of Appeals

In the structure of the courts, the main function of the superior courts is to review the
cases that have been heard by the lower courts. The structure of our country's courts is
not much different from this. There are more direct case arguments in the district
courts and more and more cases are heard in the Supreme and Supreme Courts. This
means that the appeal will not be considered in the circuit court
45 Page

It does not mean that there will be no direct prosecution in Supreme Courts. The
amount, and the expected outcome, will vary but will be seen in all courts of appeal.
Therefore, the following discussion applies to all courts as appropriate. The appellate
court primarily performs a revision function when considering a case on appeal.

The lower court ensures that the procedural law is properly implemented, that basic
laws are not violated, that evidence is weighed properly, and that the functions of the
trial are performed fairly. When the appellate court is final, they ensure that no error
of law has been committed. When the appellate court is the last one, its focus is on
questions of law, and they have an additional heavy responsibility to ensure that there
is a similar and comparable legal system in the state or country by ensuring that
policies and other laws are not fundamentally violated.

The Court of Appeals differs from the Court of First Instance not only in reviewing a
case on appeal. To do this, he usually examines the trial court's transcript. After
examining the records below, he has the authority to confirm, reverse, modify, re-
determine the case or remand it. The Superior Court exercises this power in a judicial
function that works differently from the lower ones. Judging works as a
group/cooperative/ so discussion is carried out widely and most of the agreed
decisions are made by the court. Most of the time he disagrees with his own opinion.
A minor vote in one case can be included in another majority vote.

The Court of Appeals is usually a joint judge, but in our country's decision-making
system, we call it a court decision, which is written by one judge and signed by all.
The judge who writes the decision should understand not only his own but also the
precautions that his colleagues want to take. It should be shown that the text is not the
decision of a single judge, but is the result of a collective mind compressed from the
fruit or the law.

It cannot completely avoid differences in collective action. On the other hand, he may
have an opinion that agrees with the decision but deserves a different reason. It is
preferable to write down these differences when it is necessary to strengthen the
position of the judiciary. When it is written, most of the judges are looking at it
personally, not the decision of the court 46 P a g e

They will only be about what is said. Criticisms and criticisms tend to be
inappropriate and focus only on the agreed theme of the debate.
If it is possible for a divisive judge, it is preferable if there are points on which he does
not agree with his colleagues in a moderate expression and the points should be stated
in a list.

The scope of writing

As has been repeatedly stated, the primary function of an appellate court is to prevent
and correct errors in the lower court's decision-making and conduct.
A number of errors can be found by the lower courts in this regard. Some of them may
be harmless to the disputing party. For example, if the court decides that the plaintiff
is entitled to 5x2a=1aa birr, the plaintiff claims that he has 1a1a=1aa birr. Errors of
this type may not be rectified on appeal, especially given our nation's litigious nature,
as they may not constitute a miscarriage of justice. When an error is clear and a court
is found to have fundamentally erred in the direction it should have followed, it needs
to be corrected. The text of the appellate court's position that no mistake has been
made, even if a mistake has been made, is not bad, and that the mistake must be
corrected, is also different. The content of the resolution may vary from secretary to
secretary, but it generally looks like the following.

1. Nature of the matter;

2. Theme,
3. Essence,
4. Found error / law, analysis reason /,
5. Summary;

A decision will have a summary.

The points mentioned from order no. 4 are basically what we have discussed in the
previous section, and special circumstances will be seen in the discussion. to confirm,
amend, alter, or repeal”. According to Nos. 341 and 343, the case can be returned to
the lower court to make a decision after fixing the issue or making an argument. In the
same way, the Court of Criminal Appeals, according to the Code of Criminal
Procedure No. 195, to order the case of confirming the appeal to another court,
complete the decision. 47 | Page

He has the authority to cancel, increase, strengthen, reduce, the punishment. This
authority is placed under Rule No. 5 in which the Appellate Court will state its
position after considering the appeal.

1. Perseverance

If the appellate court finds out that there is no error in the case after examining the
transcript of the lower court, it can make its decision in writing without needing to do
much. Law No. 348(1) and Law No. 195 underline this. Based on this, the appeal filed
by the appellant in the court of appeals is not accepted and therefore the decision of
the lower court is upheld.

In the decision writing system of our country, when the appellate courts uphold the
decision of the lower court, as we have examined the complaint of the appellant with
the conflict of records of the lower court, we did not find any error of law or fact in
the lower court, so the appeal was dismissed by the lower court. We have done
according to No. 337 /W/M/H/S/S/No./95/1/, it is very common for them to give a
brief order that the record is closed and returned. Regarding this writing, some writers
criticize that it is not a correct writing because it does not explain why the appellant's
complaint was not accepted.

Discussion question
1. From the decisions you have seen in F/S/Law and other trainings,

• Violation order No.34694 dated 11/6/2018.

• The order given in No.A3234 dated 3/3/2018,

Take a look and post your comments on their decision writing. Write all the
commands correctly.

16. Decision making and ethics

Dear trainees, it is assumed that you have taken ethics courses before.
Decision makers should maintain their ethics in their speech, demeanor, and writing in
and out of the courtroom. What manner of conduct in all respects
48 | Page

We have already seen that it should be followed, so we will not go back and look at it
again. It is ending with a decision.

Before the decision, the judge's ability to lead the court and the community, especially
the disputing parties, is a testimony. Most of the audience in court is devoted to its
own case.
The judge will always deal with the client in his own case.
If the decision of the court is written, the scope of communication with all sections of
the society will be expanded. In all relationships, the judge's decision / opinion /
affects the client and society, not only because of the conclusions reached, but also
how the decisions are written.

"The audience judges the judges outside the high school" in the same text that they put
on their decisions. The community has faith in the court especially with this decision.
The text is measured by ability, plays a decisive role in appeal, determines the content
of the social relations of the society, causes accountability, forms the basis for legal
education and research, because it is a historical document. Therefore, it should be
ensured that the decision to be written is credible, neutral, tone-deaf, and far away
from the feelings created by the issue.
In fact, it is easier to list what should not be done than to list what should be done in
ethical principles. There should not be insults in the writing of the decision, it should
not be distorted, it should not be out of context, etc. It is easier to list what they say
than to list what should be included. A good decision writing is one that includes what
is forbidden and what is allowed and properly understood.
A well-educated judge can write a good decision. This does not mean that a well-
mannered judge will always write a good decision. One of the most important aspects
of writing a good resolution is to ensure that ethical standards are properly followed in
the resolution document.

17. Identification of the audience of the judicial decision

49 Page

When judges write a decision, they should note that there are many and different
sections of the public who read the decision. Among the potential audience of a
decision,

▪ The judge himself who writes the decision,

Colleague judge / judges /;
The judges who signed the decision,

▪ Professional / Legal / Society, Law schools, training centers,

▪ People who claim to marry us on the issue, /Lemsale Women's Association /

▪ Society as a whole,
Legislators and government bodies;
International / National / Organizations,media,embassies,

It is worth noting that the whole world is located on the Internet, websites, etc

When the resolution is written, the target audience and the goal of the resolution
should be identified. The disputing parties / in particular / have the right to obtain a
legally binding decision and the duty to respect this right is the part of the decision
maker. One of the ways that decision-makers can interpret the law/execute the law/act
in an independent, fair and transparent manner is to fulfill their responsibility to the
legislature and the society by writing a decision based on sound reasoning. At the time
of writing the decision, among the above and similar audiences,

❖ Who can read the decision,

❖ What the reader should do;
❖ The manner and wording of the decision,

He needs to think in advance what his relationship with the reader will be. When a
resolution is written, there may be a party that cannot agree with the resolution.
A lawyer who has lost the argument, a bar association, a disputing party, another
judge, a lower or higher court, etc. may disagree with the decision. Especially the
party that lost the argument
50Page

In order to agree with the decision, it is necessary to make an honest argument about
the facts, and if possible, it would be good to describe the points agreed by the court in
the same words.

This is used to show that the court is honest in giving equal weight to the arguments of
the disputing parties when giving a decision. Being loyal to the arguments of the
parties does not mean copying the arguments presented by the parties in the decision.
In general, when writing a decision, it should be ensured that the ethics expected of
the profession are generally maintained.

For example, to show impartiality, it is necessary to make sure that the judge has the
ability to make decisions, respect the honor of the court, and respect the ethical
principles of the court.

discussion question,
1. Explain the relationship between ethics and decision making.
2. Considering the issues below, the purpose and audience of the decision;
2.1. Mr. "A" made a request to be the guardian of his grandson. On the other hand,
"A" objected saying that he deserves to be the guardian of his own child. You gave an
order saying that Mr. "A" should be the guardian.

2.2 Mr. "B" asked that the fee requested by the lawyer for the dispute should be
reduced because it was excessive. You gave an order saying that the fee should be
reduced because he did not maintain professional ethics. 2.3. Mr. "F" should change
my name and the decision should be sent to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
He asked. You have given an order to change the name.

2.4. A branch banker working in ------------------------------------------------------------

City, he asked me to be paid an allowance at the end of 2 years because I have been
working for 2 years outside the bank's regulations. You have decided to pay him an
annuity of 2 years.

2.5. Ethiopian Airlines has dismissed the employee named Ato because his behavior is
not sustainable in the international competition. Mr. M asked to return to work.
Alternatively, you accept the request that he be dismissed with sufficient
compensation and decide not to return to work.
51 | Page

2.6. "Roha" has created a disturbance in Mr. Bedlu's property, so you have decided to
remove the Askai by an expert.

18. Result of defect in general judgment and writing method

Since judgment is the main and final result of the courts' work, it should be viewed as
carefully as possible because it has many negative consequences.

1. Causes delay and denial of justice.

2. Unnecessary financial, material, manpower and time on both the court and the
disputing parties It causes waste.

3. It causes a lot of unnecessary appeals and complaints and disputes.

4. It causes the victims and the society to lose confidence in the courts and the justice
system. Therefore, it will have a negative effect on the social/economic, political and
cultural system. Participants, take yourself as an example and think for a moment
(take two minutes) as a client or as a plaintiff/accused or as an appellant and
respondent and in order to reach a conclusion, what percentage of your trust will be in
the way of judgment in our courts and in the justice system? Do you think that if I am
accused of a serious crime at the federal or state level, when will I be sentenced?

5. Reduces the effectiveness, efficiency and integrity of the courts. 6. It prevents

uniformity in the decision-making and writing of the courts.

7. The law enacted by the legislature is properly interpreted and does not achieve its
purpose and does not achieve its goal.
8. It reduces the accessibility of the courts.
9. Judgments of the courts for teaching, for research / development in legal science.
It diminishes their role.
10. It will reduce the honor and reputation of the courts/judges.
521 Page

Reference books
1. Philip Ainalem, Decision Making and Writing Method in Ethiopia, Supreme Court
Report Law Magazine No. 1 Volume 1 1999,
2. Wubshet Shiferau's decision writing and unpublished constitution /,
3. Markneh and Mikaele some points that should be paid attention to in the criminal
case.

unpublished
4. Constitution of Efidiri,
5. Civil Procedure Code,
6. Criminal Procedure Code,
7. FEDERAL CRIMINAL ACT,
8. Proclamation No. 120/98 Proclamation on the establishment of executive bodies of
the Amhara region.
9. Miscellaneous Court Decisions;

1. Hordhac Dalkeena waxaa sanado badan ka soo baxayay shuruuc kala duwan,
waxaana lagu dadaalay sidii muwaadiniintu ugu doodi lahaayeen sharciga, isla
markaana ay u heli lahaayeen go’aano ku haboon. Gaar ahaan ku dhaqanka dastuurka,
shuruucda ciqaabta iyo madaniga ah ee dalkeena kuma koobna oo kaliya in
muwaadiniintu ay noqdaan kuwa sharciga ilaaliya, balse waxay ka caawisaa in ay
xuquuqdooda difaacaan, hantidoodana soo ceshadaan marka ay la kulmaan xad-
gudubyo ka dhan ah xuquuqda iyo xatooyada hantida.

Haddaba, inkasta oo xeerar la ansixiyay lana dhaqan geliyay, haddana waxa loo
fasirtay si ka baxsan niyadda sharci-dejinta, kartida xirfadeed ee garsoorayaasha iyo
xeer-ilaalinta, iyo la’aanta nidaam xeer-ilaaliye iyo go’aan qaadasho oo joogto ah, iyo
nidaamka ilaalinta iyo xakamaynta. aad u caajis badan.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, beryahan danbe, dawladdu waxa ay wadday dedaallo lagu
horumarinayo habsami u socodka hawlaha garsoorka si loo helo nidaam hufan oo isla
xisaabtan ku dhisan. Gaar ahaan, xeer-ilaaliyeyaal iyo garsoorayaal xirfad leh ayaa la
sameeyaa si ay u wanaajiyaan xirfadahooda xirfadeed iyadoo la siinayo tababar
gaaban iyo mid dheer oo ka-hortagga shaqada iyo shaqada.
Maqaalkan, waxa la doonayo in diiradda lagu saaro waa sidii xirfadle ka shaqeeya
garsoorka uu u qori lahaa go'aanka kiis.
Waa lagama maarmaan in lagu qeexo dhammaan xirfadaha habka qorista go'aanka si
loo fududeeyo qorista. Go'aamada ay qoraan hay'ad garsoor heer kasta ha ahaatee waa
marka amarada lala xiriiriyo hay'adaha kale ee garsoorka, bulshada ama mawduuca.
Si go'aanka qoran loo aqbalo, waa in aan loo cabbirin oo keliya sida shaqada looga
baahan yahay, balse waa in ay raacdaa farsamo qoraalkeeda oo la akhriyi karo oo lagu
qanci karo.
Sida ay jirto farsamo aan guud ahaan isticmaalno oo aan ku heshiinno go'aan
qoraaleedka, xirfadda shakhsi ahaaneed ee qoraaga ayaa sidoo kale muhiim ah.
Khubarada ugu fiican ee diyaarinta kiiska iyo go'aanka 1|Bogga

Daawashada nidaamka qorista xukunka iyo akhrinta qoraalka Xukunka Qoraallada ay

bixiyaan jaamacadaha qaarkood ayaa muhiim u ah horumarinta iyo horumarinta
xirfadaha qoraalka. Inta suurtogalka ah, qoraallada ra'yiga khabiiradu waa inay
ahaadaan kuwo la akhriyi karo oo lagu qanci karo, haddii kale waxay u furan yihiin
dhaleeceynta.
Sababta tani waxay noqon kartaa nuxurka go'aanka ama la socoshada xirfadaha
qorista ee aan anshaxa ahayn. Guud ahaan, ujeedada ugu weyn ee maqaalkani waa in
uu u adeego bar bilow u ah habka qorista go'aannada wanaagsan iyadoo meesha laga
saarayo dhibaatooyinka qoraalka go'aanka.
2. Tixgelinta diyaarinta tijaabada ka hor. Askari kasta oo booliis ah oo hela diiwaanka
baadhista booliska waa inuu si taxadar leh u baadho oo u daraaseeyaa warbixinta
booliska ka hor inta aanu qaadan go’aanka ku haboon ee waafaqsan qodobka 38 ee
xeerka ciqaabta. Sidaas awgeed, waa in fiiro gaar ah loo yeesho qodobbada soo socda.

2.1 Nidaamka Hawlgalka. Xeer-ilaaliyeyaashu marka ay daraaseeyaan oo ay baaraan

diiwaanka booliiska ee gacantooda ku jira, waa inay mudnaanta siiyaan kiisaska
dambiyada waaweyn ee la galay, kuwaas oo la rumeysan yahay inay waxyeelo weyn u
geysteen danta guud.
A. In la xaqiijiyo in dacwadda uu booliisku baaray ay tahay fal-dambiyeed iyo in kale,
taas oo ah, inay buuxisay sifooyinkii sharciga (egal element), element material, and
moral element taasoo ka dhigan fal-dembiyeed sida uu dhigayo xeer Lr. 23.
B. Sida uu dhigayo sharciga Lr.24, marka hore hubinta jiritaanka xidhiidhka ka
dhexeeya sabab iyo saamayn.
C. Maadaama ay muhiim tahay in la hubiyo in bayaanka bandhigga uu xiriir la
leeyahay, marka xeer-ilaaliyeyaashu ay baarayaan gal dacwadeedka, haddii ay jiraan
wax tilmaamaya in dembiga lagu taageeray caddaynta, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in
la xaqiijiyo in bayaanka bandhigga uu yahay mid sax ah.la xidhiidha isla kiis.
2.2 Lifaaqa qoraalka diiwaanka dembiilaha hore Maadaama diiwaankii hore ee
xukunku loo soo bandhigi doono caddayn muhiim u ah go'aan samaynta xukunka,
dembiga lagu soo eedeeyay ee lagu galay iftiinka diiwaanka uu hayo xeer ilaaliyuhu.
21 Bogga
Haddii ay jiraan cadaymo dembi gelinaya, diiwaanka waa in ay la socdaan bayaan
dembiyadii hore.

2.3 Baarista waxa ku jira caddaymaha. Marka xeer-ilaaliyeyaashu ay baadhaan

diiwaanka baadhista ka hor inta aan la gaadhin go'aanka ku habboon, haddii marag-
furka markhaatiyada loo arkay inay isku mid yihiin oo ay labada dhinacba is
taageerayaan, ama in mid uu kan kale baabi'iyo, iyo haddii dembiga lagu soo
eedeeyay uu sidoo kale lagu taageero caddaynta caddaynta.Markhaatiyada iyo
nuxurka caddaynta dukumeentigu waa iswaafaqayaan ama waxaa jira cadaymo badan
oo dukumeenti ah. Haddi ay sidaas tahay, waa in si fiican loo baadho awoodda
suurtogalka ah ee caddaymahan dokumentiga ah ee mawduuca la isku hayo. Sidaas
awgeed, xeer-ilaaliyeyaashu waa inay daraasad ku sameeyaan gal-dacwadeedka ay u
soo gudbiyaan waax kasta oo dembi-baadhiseed oo ay dhammaystiraan arrimaha kor
ku xusan iyo kuwa kale ee la xidhiidha diyaarinta maxkamadaynta ka hor. Haddii
aysan lagama maarmaan ahayn in la soo saaro tilmaamo, tallaabada xigta ee xafiiska
xeer ilaalinta waa in la diyaariyo codsiga eedeymaha dambiyada. Codsigu waa
saldhigga kiis kasta oo dembi ah oo maxkamadda la horgeeyo. Laga bilaabo maalinta
loo ballansan yahay in dacwadda la dhegeysto ilaa go’aanka kama dambaysta ah laga
gaadhayo, waxa bilaabmaya dagaal adag oo u dhexeeya dacwad-oogaha iyo
eedaysanaha, halkaas oo dhegaha markhaatiyaasha la isugu soo ururiyo, isla markaana
la isku hor keeno hadalladooda mid xaqiiqo iyo been ah. . Sidaa darteed, shaqada ugu
weyn ee u baahan taxaddar xooggan oo ku saabsan kiis maxkamadda la hor keeno waa
in la qabtaa ka hor iyo inta lagu guda jiro diyaarinta kiiska dembiga. Marka ay xeer-
ilaaliyeyaashu dhamaystiraan qabyo qoraalka eedda, waa inay akhriyaan eedda marar
badan si ay u hubiyaan in aanay jirin wax ay ku kordhinayaan ama ka dhimayaan
eedda. Ka dib marka la dhammeeyo qoritaanka codsiga eedeymaha, xeer-
ilaaliyeyaashu waa inay hubiyaan in eedeymaha ay awood u yeesheen inay ka
gudbaan diidmada iyagoo soo jeedinaya diidmo si waafaqsan Xeerka Ciqaabta No.
130. Shaki la'aan 3Bogga

Waa inay caddeeyaan. Ma habboona in codsiga dacwad oogaha uu soo diyaariyay loo
wareejiyo maxkamadda, iyadoo la og yahay in ay ku liidato nuxur ahaan iyo qaab
ahaan oo aan gudbin karin diidmo horudhac ah. Waana in si weyn loo taxaddaraa
marka la diyaarinayo kiis dembiyeed, maadaama ay xad gudub ku tahay
mas'uuliyadda xirfadeed ee dhexdhexaadnimada ah ee laga filayo xeer-ilaaliye,
xaddidaysa xaqa uu eedaysanuhu u leeyahay in uu is difaaco, sababto khasaare
hantiyeed, guud ahaanna uu keeno khasaare dhinacyo badan leh oo aan laga soo kaban
karin. Marka warbixinta laga soo diro waax kasta oo dambi baadhiseed oo loo diro
xafiiska xeer ilaalinta guud lagu helo in ay dambi tahay, dacwad oogayaasha waa in
ay soo diyaariyaan codsiga dacwada oo ay u gudbiyaan maxkamada awooda u leh si
ay kiiska u dhageysato shan iyo toban maalmood gudahooda marka la helo
warbixinta. / Lambarka 109 wuxuu dhigayaa in kiis kasta oo dembi ah, marka laga
reebo xadgudubka xeerarka, aan lagu qaadi karin maxkamadda iyada oo aan codsi
qoraal ah lagu diyaarin si waafaqsan sharciga nidaamka. Dacwadda dacwada laga
gudbiyay waxay la mid noqon doontaa tan laga gudbiyay eedaysanayaasha gaadhay
da'da qaan-gaarka; 172 ka mid ah Wasaaradda Waxbarashada iyo Dhaqanka ayaa la
hirgelin doonaa.

3. Diidmada ay tahay in xeer-ilaaliyeyaashu ay ogaadaan oo ay hore u hubiyaan inta

lagu jiro habka diyaarinta kiiska Waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la ogaado in ay jiraan
qodobbo kale oo u baahan feejignaan marka lagu daro kuwa aan kor ku soo sheegnay,
ka hor iyo inta lagu guda jiro diyaarinta dacwadda. Kuwa ugu waaweyn waa sida soo
socota.

3.1 Hubinta in maxkamaddu ay leedahay awood ku habboon oo macquul ah iyo

deegaanka si ay u dhageysato oo ay go'aan uga gaarto kiiska 41 Bogga
Xeer-ilaaliyeyaashu waxay diyaariyaan oo u gudbiyaan codsi dacwad ciqaabeed
maxkamadda awoodda u leh inay dhegaysato dacwadda, haddii dacwadda la soo
diyaariyo oo la horgeeyo maxkamadda iyada oo aan la xaqiijin in maxkamadda uu
xeer ilaalintu u gudbinayo dacwadda ciqaabtu ay awood u leedahay. mawduuca iyo
aagga, ka dibna sida uu dhigayo sharciga No. 110, maxkamaddu way burin doontaa
kiiska. Way fiicantahay inaad ka taxadarto inaadan sababin ku xadgudubka xuquuqda
iyo dhibaatooyinka kale ee aan loo baahnayn ee habkan sababtoo ah waxay soo celin
doontaa codsiga adoo diidaya.
3.2 Xaqiijinta in uusan jirin kiis kale oo la mid ah oo ka jira maxkamad kale. Sida ku
cad Xeerka Ciqaabta Lr. 130/2/A, kiis kasta oo lagu xareeyo kiis la sugayo oo ku lug
leh nooca dembiga waxa uu keeni doonaa diidmo horudhac ah. Waa inuu sameeyaa.
3.3 Xaqiijinta in dacwadda aysan horay maxkamaddu go'aan uga gaarin. Qodobka 23
ee Dastuurka Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka ee Tajikistan ayaa si cad u qeexaya
mamnuucida dib-u-ciqaabta hal dambi.
Waxa kale oo uu sharcigu si cad u qeexaya qodobka 25-aad ee mabda’a sharciga ah in
aan qofna dib loogu eedayn doonin ama lagu ciqaabi doonin fal-dambiyeedka lagu
xukumay ama lagu sii daayay go’aan kama dambays ah oo sharciga waafaqsan.
Iyadoo taas laga duulayo, iyadoo la raacayo Xeerka Habka Ciqaabta ee Xeer Lr.
130/2/b, waxaa la diidi karaa dacwad ka dhan ah shaqsi lagu sii daayay ama lagu
helay isla fal dambiyeed. Waxaa loo baahan yahay in la xaqiijiyo in lagu helay ama
lagu waayay kiiskii hore.
3.4 In la caddeeyo in dacwadda aanu xeerin Irgadu dhigayn, si loo go’aamiyo in
dacwadda uu xeerku dhigayo iyo in kale, waa in si sax ah loo xisaabiyaa muddada
xilka. 5Bogga

Si taxadir leh u xisaabi wakhtiga Yirgaga sababtoo ah waxa keenay in aan wakhtiga si
sax ah loo xisaabin Waa loo baahan yahay. Asal ahaan, xeer-ilaaliyeyaashu waa inay
si taxadar leh u akhriyaan oo ay fahmaan mabda'a lagu sheegay qodobbada 216 ilaa
222 ee sharciga ciqaabta ee ku saabsan muddada tijaabada, joojinta ama joojinta
tijaabada. Sidan oo kale, haddii aan si kale sharcigu u sheegin, ka dib marka ay
dhammaato muddada tijaabada ah ee aan kor ku soo sheegnay, dacwad gaar ah ama
dacwad ciqaabeed looma gudbin karo dembi kasta. Suurtagal maaha in la aqbalo
dacwad oo lagu tijaabiyo kiiska xeerbeegtida.
3.5 Ku guuldareysiga in kiis si gaar ah loo xareeyo ma keento dhaawac soo
dacweeyaha Xaqiiji taas. Asal ahaan, xeer ilaaliyuhu wuxuu diyaarinayaa codsi
dacwad hal dambi oo uu galay hal eedaysane ama, dhanka kale, dembiga ay si wada
jir ah u galeen eedaysanayaashu sida dembiilaha ugu weyn, la-hawlgalayaasha,
lifaaqa, ama kicinta. Marka laga reebo taas, eedayntu waxay ka koobnaan kartaa
eedaymo badan oo la xidhiidha hal fal dambiyeed iyo in kale, oo la xidhiidha in ka
badan hal eedaysane. Ilaa inta kiiska lagu caddeeyo hal gal oo baadhis ah,
eedaysanayaasha galay hal dambi ama dambiyo kala duwan ayaa lagu soo koobi karaa
hal dacwad oo ay keenaan caddaymo hal dacwad ah ama in ka badan hal dacwadood.
Waxaa u fududaan doonta in dacwad oogaha uu maqlo, taasina waxay ka ilaalineysaa
in marqaatiyaasha ay ku wareegaan oo ay ka mashquulaan shaqadooda maalinlaha ah.
Dhanka kale, gaar ahaan marka eedaysanayaal badan lagu soo oogo dambiyo kala
duwan iyo eedeymo iyada oo loo marayo hal codsi oo dacwad ah, qaarkood ayaa laga
yaabaa in la waxyeeleeyo. Khasaaraha jira ayaa ah in eedaysanayaasha qaarkood ay
haystaan kiis lagu sii daayo, sababtoo ah awoodda difaacooda muddo gaaban
gudaheed, halka qaarkood ay og yihiin ama ogaal la’aan ay abuuraan xaalad ay dib
ugu dhigaan dacwadooda inay go’aan degdeg ah ka gaaraan. Mar haddii maxkamaddu
dhammaan kiisaska hal mar go’aan ka gaadhi doonto, eedaysanayaasha dib u dhiga
kiisaskooda inay go’aan gaadhaan waxay noqonayaan kuwa ugu dhibka badan ee soo
gaadha eedaysanayaasha kale ee haysta kiisas u baahan go’aan degdeg ah. Wuu ku
qasbanaan doonaa. Asal ahaan, haddii aan loo baahnayn in lagu dacweeyo hal dacwad
61 Bogga

Xataa haddii uu xeer ilaaliyuhu soo gudbiyo eedaymo kala duwan, dhibaatada waa
laga fogaan karaa. Haddii xeer ilaaliyuhu aanu doonayn in uu iskiis u sameeyo
arrintan, eedaysane kasta waxa uu soo gudbin karaa diidmo in si gaar ah loogu
maxkamadeeyo eedaysanayaasha kale maadaama ay waxyeello u leedahay in lagu soo
oogo eedaysanayaasha kale sida uu qabo Xeerka Habka Ciqaabta ee No. 130/2/d.
Kadib marka ay dhageysato jawaabta xeer ilaaliyaha, maxkamada ayaa aqbali doonta
ama diidi doonta diidmada waxayna bixin doontaa xukunka lagama maarmaanka ah.

3.6 Xaqiijinta in oggolaanshaha dacwadda la bixiyay. Si loo ogolaadoqaar ka mid ah

saraakiisha sare ee dawladda ama saraakiisha dadweynaha la soo doortay si ay u
gutaan waajibaadkooda ama waajibaadkooda iyo awoodahooda si sax ah, waa in la
siiyaa ilaalin sharci oo wanaagsan, labadaba dastuurka iyo federaalka. Wuxuu si cad u
eegay sharciga ciqaabta. Haddaba, waxa uu sharcigu dhigayaa in marka ay
dhinacyadaasi galaan dembiyo waaweyn in aan la soo qaban, laguna soo oogin, haddii
aan lagu helin gacan-casaan. Xeer Ilaaliyaha Guud waa in uu daraaseeyaa warbixinta
baadhista booliiska oo uu xaqiijiyaa in ogolaansho ay siisay hay’adda ay khusayso ee
dawladda ee dhinaca shaqada eedaysanaha ka hor inta aan loo gudbin diyaarinta
kiiska; Haddii taasi aysan dhicin, iyadoo la raacayo Xeerka Habka Ciqaabta ee
130/2/E, kiiska aan oggolaansho la helin waa diidmo horudhac ah oo uu leeyahay
eedaysanuhu. 4. Nuxurka guud ee codsiga dacwad dembiyeedka; 109/1 ee Xeerka
Habka Ciqaabtu waxa uu dhigayaa in ka dib marka la helo gal baadhiseed ama gal
dacwadeedka maxkamada horudhaca ah in xeer ilaalintu ku soo diyaariyo dacwada ku
haboon una soo gudbiso maxkamada ay khusayso mudo 15 cisho gudahood ah hadii
ay ku cadaato in uu dambi yahay. Kakanaanta fal-dembiyeedka, tirada
eedaysanayaasha iyo tirada marqaatiyada ayaa ka dhigi karta inay qaadato waqti dheer
in la baaro kiiska. Hase yeeshe, xeer ilaalintu waxay ku lug leedahay dambiyo badan
iyo eedeymo badan, waxayna si lama huraan ah u qaadan doontaa waqti dheer. Sidaa
darteed, ma adka in la ogaado in 15-ka maalmood ee xaddidan ee sharciga lagu
sheegay aysan ku filneyn xaaladaha qaarkood.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, samaynta habraacyadayada mid hufan iyo bixinta go'aanka la
dedejiyey waa arrin fiiro gaar ah leh marka la eego qancinta baahiyaha macaamiisha.
Iyo lambarka 112 oo buuxiyey shuruudaha la sheegay 71 Bogga

Shaxda 2aad ee laxidhiidha xeerka habraaca ciqaabta waa in uu ahaado mid ku dhaw
diyaarinta dacwada tusaale ahaan. Sida kor ku xusan, codsiga codsaha:

1. Magaca iyo ciwaanka maxkamada dacwada laga furayo.

2. Taariikhda iyo tirada dacwada
3. Xeer-ilaalinta iyo lambarka galka booliiska;
4. Xeer Ilaaliyaha Dacwoodaha
5. Magaca eedaysanaha, da'da, ciwaanka iyo dhalashadiisa
6. Liiska magacyada iyo cinwaannada markhaatiyada
7. Waxaa jiri doona saxiix xeer ilaaliye
8. Qodobka sharciga ee lagu tuntay;
9. Waa in la tixgaliyo sharciga iyadoo la tixgalinayo tafaasiisha fal-dembiyeedka, oo
ah, xilliga iyo goobta uu faldembiyeedka dhacay, dhibbanaha iyo hantida ama
xuquuqda uu dembigu leeyahay, iyo xaaladihii uu ku dhacay.

Haddii laba dembi ama ka badan la galay, waa in kiis kasta loo diyaariyaa sida kor ku
xusan, kiis kastana waa in lagu kala saaraa cinwaan. Waqtigaan, xeer ilaaliyuhu
wuxuu gudbin karaa dacwad isagoo tixraacaya qodobka uu aaminsan yahay in lagu
xadgudbay sida ku cad qodobka 113/1 ee sharciga xeer ilaalinta guud wuxuuna soo
gudbin karaa kiis beddel ah isagoo tixraacaya qodob kale oo sharci ah. Dhanka kale,
marka danbiga ugu dambeeya ee eedaysanuhu galo uu yahay mid culus maadaama uu
yahay dembiilayaal soo noqnoqday, waa inuu soo daliishado qodobka sharciga ah ee
ay tahay in la tixraaco haddii dembigu aanu ahayn mid culus. Haddii ay maxkamaddu
go'aan ka gaarto eedaysanaha sida ku cad soo gudbinta, sharcigu wuxuu tilmaamayaa
in go'aanka dembiga loo beddelo sharciga ugu daran. Sidaas awgeed, maxkamaddu
waxay ku dhawaaqi doontaa go'aanka dembiga iyadoo la raacayo qodobka ugu daran
ee sharciga waxayna ku xukumi doontaa ciqaabta ku habboon. Khaladku waxa uu
noqon karaa mid fudud oo aan dhib lahayn ama aasaasi ah oo wax u dhimaya
eedaysanaha. Haddii khaladku fudud yahay, codsiga lacag-bixinta looma baahna in la
beddelo. Sida laga soo xigtay 119, maxkamaddu iskeed u iskeed ama marka la
weydiisto inay bixiso amar lagu beddelayo kiiska 8 | Bogga Sidaas darteed, waxa uu
marqaatiyaasha ka dhigi doonaa in ay ku dhawaaqaan sida uu dhigayo xeerka
habraaca ciqaabta ah ee lambar 121. Waxaa jiri kara duruufo ay xeer ilaalintu u
baahan karto in ay laasho ama ka noqoto eedaha ka dib marka ay dacwad soo gudbiso.
Tusaale ahaan, marka caddaynta ugu muhiimsan ee kiiska muhiimka u ah la waayo,
waxaa jiri kara xaalad aan kiiska la sii wadi karin. Sida ku cad 122-ka, inkasta oo
xaaladda dacwad-ku soo oogidda si faahfaahsan loo eegay, qodob-hoosaadka 1, 2, iyo
4 ee qodobkan waxa la laalay sida ku cad qodobka 26aad ee Xeer Lr. 11/80 iyo Xeer
Lr. 39/85, sidaas darteed. hadda maaha kuwo lagu dabaqi karo. Dhanka kale, tan iyo
wareegtada lambarkeedu yahay 39/85, oo beddelay xeer Lr. 11/80, waxaa lagu
baabi'iyay xeer Lr. 73/86 ka dibnaXeer Lr. 74/86, waxay u muuqataa in arrintani ay ka
bannaan tahay mar haddii aan la soo saarin sharci qeexaya shuruudaha faahfaahsan ee
gudbinta dacwadda. Qodobka 23/3 ee Xeer Lr. 471/98 ee la soo saaray si loo
go’aamiyo awoodaha iyo shaqada hay’adaha fulinta ee dowladda federaalka ayaa
dhigaya in Wasiirka Cadaaladda Xukuumadda Federaalka uu qaadi karo dacwad
ciqaabeed si waafaqsan sharciga.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, uma muuqato mid ku filan lafteeda sababtoo ah waxay
muujinaysaa in tafaasiisha uu go'aamiyo sharci kale.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, haddii hay'adda dawladda ee kiiska dembigu ay lagama
maarmaan u tahay inay ka tanaasulaan ama ka laabtaan kiiska, ma jiri doonto sabab ku
filan oo ka hor istaagi karta inay qaado tallaabadan.
Sida ku cad qodobka 21(6) ee digreeto 120/1998 oo waxka bedelka lagu sameeyay
wareegtada dib u habeynta hay’adaha fulinta ee gobolka Axmaarada, awooda ka
noqoshada dacwadda ciqaabta waxaa la siinayaa xafiiska cadaalada. .
5.Dhibaatooyinka lagala kulmo habka xeer ilaalinta.
Waxaa la og yahay in dhibaatooyin badan ay kala kulmaan diyaarinta dacwadaha Xeer
Ilaaliyaha Guud ee Qaranka. Hab-dhaqanka Xeer-ilaaliyeyaashu ee ka hawlgala
dhammaan heerarka kala duwan ee hab-socodka ciqaabta ee aan sharciga
waafaqsanayn, iyagoo soo diyaariya kiisas muujinaya khaladaad kala duwan, una soo
bandhigaan Maxkamadda, waxa ay si weyn u dhimaysaa awoodda Xeer-ilaalinta ee
ciqaabta, iyo kalsoonida bulshadu ku qabto nidaamka caddaaladda. waxaana si tartiib
tartiib ah u sii yaraanaya hay'adaha maamulka garsoorka. In kasta oo ay adag tahay in
si buuxda loo tiriyo, kuwan soo socda ayaa tusaale ahaan lagu xusi karaa. 5.1 In la
caddeeyo qodobka sharciga ah ee khuseeya dacwadda, diyaarin la’aanta codsi
dacwadeed oo cad oo dhammaystiran, taasoo macnaheedu yahay:-
A. Diyaarinta kiis iyada oo aan caddayn ku filan 91 Bogga

B. In lagu soo daro dadka aan lagu soo oogin eedaha iyo caksigeeda, oo aan lagu darin
dadka lagu soo oogayo eedaha.
C. Marka wax ka badan hal dacwad lagu soo oogo eedaysanaha, xeraynta hal dacwad
oo keliya iyo xitaa marka wax ka badan hal dacwad la soo oogo, oo aan si cad u
muujinayn cadaymaha taageeraya eedda;
D. Ku guuldareysiga in si sax ah loo diiwaan geliyo ciwaanada eedaysanayaasha ama
marqaatiyada, u dirida maxkamada iyada oo aan la saxin khaladaadka qoraalka, iyo
mararka qaarkood iyada oo aan saxiixin dhaarta dambiyada. ama u dirida maxkamada
iyada oo aan la shaabadeynin;
E. Ku guuldareysiga in la shaaciyo waqtiga iyo goobta dembiga ee codsiga dacwadda;
F. Dacwad oogayaasha oo uu laalay Yirga. Diyaarinta kiis ku salaysan kaliya erayada
ay bixiyeen dhibbanaha gaarka ah iyo eedaysanaha, ku guul daraysiga in si sax ah loo
aqoonsado wareegtada, qaanuunka ama tilmaamaha;
H. Kiisaska soo bandhigay, oo aan muujinayn jiritaanka bandhigyo ku jira xaashida
dacwadda B.
Halkii laga diyaarin lahaa kiis ku salaysan marag-furka markhaatiga, booliisku waxa
uu xusayaa nooca dembi ee lagu sheegay hordhaca warbixinta baadhista oo uu
diyaariyo kiis. taas oo aan ku habboonayn caddaynta. Marka la eego dhibaatooyinka
lagu arko diyaarinta dacwadaha, waxaa la xaqiijiyey in dhibaatooyinkaas aan kor ku
soo xusnay ay si joogto ah u dhacaan, marka kiis la diyaariyo oo la horgeeyo
maxkamadda, aysan waxba ka tari karin oo dhibaato aan laga soo kabsan karin u
gaysta eedaysanayaasha iyo markhaatiyaasha. sababa xadgudubyo aan loo baahnayn.
Waxa kale oo ay keentaa culays shaqo oo aan munaasib ahayn iyo qashin alaab ah oo
saaran xeer ilaaliyaha iyo maxkamadda. Tani waxay saameyn xun ku yeelan doontaa
maamulka cadaaladda dembiyada. Sidaa darteed, haddii ay suurtagal noqon waydo in
laga shaqeeyo natiijooyin wanaagsan oo ku salaysan jihooyinka isbeddelka ee loogu
talagalay daraasadda BPR (Dib-u-habaynta Shaqada) ee la bilaabay iyo isticmaalka
foomamka diyaarinta kiisaska la soo degsado oo bilow ah, waxaa laga yaabaa inaanay
keenin caddaalad bulshada oo laga yaabo in ay ku fashilanto hadafkii loo igmaday,
taasina ay keento in bulshadu ay kalsoonida kala laabato guud ahaan garsoorka.
Tusaale ahaan, tixgeli kiiskan soo socda. Kiis (Kiiska) 1 101 Bogga

In ka badan xeer-ilaaliyaha dacwad-oogaha, eedaysanaha dahabka, lambarka faylka ee

xeer-ilaaliyuhu u daliishaday kiiska, sharciga Lr. 670 iyo dambiga eedaysanuhu uu
galay oo la baaray ayaa ah dhibanaha gaarka ah ee Diamond, oo ku socday wadada
awooda, ayaa ka jabisay katiinad dahab ah oo 4 garaam ah oo luqunta ka saarneyd oo
ay carartay waxaana lagu qabtay gacmo iyadoo isku dayaysa inay baxsato. Kadib
markii dacwadan loo soo diyaariyay dacwadan maxkamada la horkeenay ayaa
eedaysanaha la waydiistay in uu qiraalkiisa qirto,waxana uu sheegay in uu u soo bixi
doono khabiir. Sida ku cad lambarka 670, waxa uu u gudbiyay madaxa dhagaysiga
qoraal uu ku sheegayo in uu aaminsan yahay in ay tahay fal-dembiyeed xatooyo ah
sida uu dhigayo lambarka 665 ee xeerka ciqaabta ee aan ahayn tuugo. Qodobbada
dooda
1. Ma kula tahay in dacwadda uu soo gudbiyay xeer ilaalintu ay khusayso?
2. Marka xeer ilaaliyuhu, sabab iyo sabab kale, u diyaariyo, una gudbiyo
Maxkamadda Sare, dacwad ka dhan ah Maxkamadda degmada, sidee bay u muuqataa
in Maxkamaddu aqbasho dacwadda oo ay ka dooddo, ugu dambayntii? dacwada waa
in ay qaado maxkamada degmada, hadaba sidee ayay u muuqataa in xeer ilaaliyuhu uu
dacwada isku dhinac u gudbin karo? ? Halkan kala hadal muddada dacwadda, iyadoo
la tixgalinayo in markhaatiga xeer ilaalintu uu faragelin ku sameeyo laba
maxkamadood.
3. Hadii eedaysanuhu u tixraaco qodobka sare ku xusan oo xeer ilaalinta dagmada ay
dacwad xatooyo ah ku soo oogto eedaysanaha ma la aqbali doonaa hadii eedaysanuhu
sheego in dacwada maxkamada sare la horkeenay oo uu diidmo ka keeno marka
hore ? Kiis (Kiiska) 2 Dacwoode, Xeer-ilaaliye, Eedaysane, Teferi Banti, Faylka No.
14A9/93, Dacwadda ka dhanka ah eedaysanaha, W.M.H.C.No. 27/1 iyo 523 ayaa la
sheegay in uu geystay fal dambiyeed isku day dil ah oo uu Tofiiq Rashiid kaga
dhuftay dhanka bidix ee qoorta iyo gacanta bidix oo uu ku jaray badar. Kiiskaasi waxa
ay Maxkamaddu u muddaysay 5/7/94, eedaysanuhuna ma soo xaadirin, sidaa awgeed
waxa lagu amray Booliska in eedaysanaha xabsiga laga saaro, waxaana loo
magacaabay 15/9/94. 122/9/94 Eedeysane ayaa soo muuqday oo dafiray inuusan
dembi gelin. Markii uu xeer ilaaliyuhu codsaday in damiintiisa la ilaaliyo,
eedaysanaha 11 | Bogga Waxa uu sheegay in uu ka hor imaan doono codsiga
dammaanadda sidaDenbiga uu galay wuxuu ahaa mid halis ah oo cawaaqib xun ku
yeelan kara qofka dhibanaha ah. Maxkamaddu may aqbalin diidmada xeer ilaalinta,
waxaana eedaysanaha lagu dammaanad qaaday lacag dhan 4,000 (Afar kun) oo dollar,
marqaatiyaashana la keeno maxkamadda 23/5/95. Eedaysanuhu ma soo bixin 23/5/95.
Booliiska ayaa lagu amray in ay soo bandhigaan eedaysanayaasha waxaana loo qabtay
12/11/95. 12/11/95, marqaatiyaal ayaa soo baxay, waxaana markhaatigii xeer ilaalinta
1aad oo ah dhibane gaar ah uu ku marag kacay, anigu ma aqaan eedaysanaha; Ma
xasuusto taariikhda. 199-kii miilaadiga ayuu gadaal igaga dhuftay qoorta iyo cududda.
Ma jiraan dad arkay maxkamada oo ku tooriysa su'aal baadhis ah? Markii uu sheegay
in aysan jirin ayuu sheegay in uu maqlay in Teferi Banti uu ahaa kii tooreyda ku
dhuftay. Marqaatiga 2-aad ee xeer ilaalinta ma uusan garanayn eedaysanaha; Waxay
sharaxday in markii aan u soo baxay si aan u soo iibsado waxyaabaha qaar, waxaan
arkay dhiigga qof vendetta ah. Rikoorka waxaa soo dhigay Adari 14/11/95. 14/11/95,
xeer ilaaliyuhu wuxuu soo gudbiyay caddaymo qoraal ah waxaana loo magacaabay
15/11/95. 15/11/95 ayay maxkamaddu xukuntay in eedaysanaha lagu sii daayo
dambigii lagu soo eedeeyay ee ahaa isku day dil, iyadoo sheegtay in aan wax dambi
ah lagu helin. Xeer ilaaliyaha ayaa sheegay in uusan wax cabasho ah ka qabin
go’aanka. Qodobka dooda,

• Xaaladan oo kale, dhibbanaha gaarka ah laftiisu may aqoonsan qofka dhaawaca ah,
mid ka mid ah markhaatiyada loo arkayayna waxa ay sheegtay inay aragtay dhiigga
dhibanaha gaarka ah balse aanay arag eedaysanaha oo dembi galay. Ma u muuqataa?
Ma rumaysantahay in caddaynta maqal-ku-sheeggu la aqbali karo marka la eego
maamulka dembiyada Itoobiya iyo sharciga caddaynta? Kala hadal fikradahaaga ku
saabsan arrinta. Kiis 3 Qareenka dacwoodaha, eedaysanayaasha, Tase Bekele, 6 qof,
ayaa soo gudbiyay lambarka 1-5 ee dacwadda, iyagoo ku andacoonaya inay ceejiyeen
dhibbanaha gaarka ah, Anagau Abeben, oo ay xadeen qori iyo saacad Rado ah. Sidoo
kale, Eedeysanaha 6-aad ayaa lagu soo oogay inuu soo qabtay oo ilaashaday ilaaladii
lagu helay fal-dembiyeedka, isagoo ula jeeday W.M.C. No. 682/1. Eedeysanayaasha
ayaa beeniyey in aysan gelin eedeymahaasi, isla markaana ay go’aankooda ka
dhiibteen Maxkamadda, waxa uuna Xeer Ilaaliyaha soo bandhigay cadeymo shaqsi
iyo mid Documentary ah. Cadeymaha qoraalka ah ee uu soo bandhigay xeer
illaaliyaha ayaa ah qoraalkii uu eedaysanuhu u jeediyay booliska, waxaana cadeymaha
qoraalka ah ee ay maxkamaddu soo bandhigtay ay tahay qoraalka uu eedaysanuhu u
gudbiyay booliska. 12 | P a g e
Waxa uu go’aansaday in eedaysanayaasha la sii daayo maadaama ay caddayn u tahay
dembi-la’aantooda. Ka wada hadal dhibaatooyinka aad ku aragtay xulashada iyo soo
bandhigida caddaynta iyo waxa ay ahayd in xeer ilaaliyuhu sameeyo. Sida ku cad
qodobka 27(2) ee xeerka ciqaabta, ilaa xad intee la’eg ayaa la aqbali karaa in qoraalka
eedaysanaha loo gudbiyo booliska caddayn ahaan?

Kiis (Kiiska) 4
Dacwad oogaha rafcaanka Jolly Nego ayaa ka qayb qaatay dagaalka iyadoo xubin ka
tirsan ciidanka CWXO 252/1/A ay dacwad u gudbisay maxkamadda sare ee
federaalka oo sheegtay in lagu wareejiyay. Inkastoo uu racfaan ka qaatay, haddana
xeer ilaaliyaha ayaa soo bandhigay cadeymo muujinaya inuusan dambiga gelin.
Cadeymaha qoraalka ah ee uu soo bandhigay xeer ilaaliyuhu isagoo sheeganaya in uu
sharaxay eedeymaha ayaa ah hadalka uu bixiyay rafcaanku si waafaqsan qodobka 35
ee xeerka habka ciqaabta. In kasta oo aan racfaan ka qaatay, haddana waxa uu ku
andacoodey in aan dambiga galay si qasab ah oo aan ku xidhnaa saddex sano.
Inkastoo maxkamada sare ay ku heshay eedeysanaha dambiga lagu soo oogay kuna
xukuntay 16 sano oo xarig ah, hadana maxkamada sare ee dambiyada ee No. Sidee u
aragtaa go’aankan?

Kiis 5

Eedeysane Ato Belhu oo shaqsi ah oo aargoosi ah ayaa afka ka feeray Ato Anagau,
wuxuuna ka garaacay saddex ka mid ah Ilkihiisa, wuxuuna jeebka kala soo baxay 15
Birr. 556/1 isaga oo tixraacaya fal-dembiyeedka ah in qofka loo geysto dhaawac
fudud iyo kiis 2aad oo tixraacaya qodobka 665/1 ee xeerka xatooyada, ka dib markii
ay maxkamaddu soo diyaarisay dacwad ku saabsan dembiga xatooyada oo ay u
gudbisay maxkamadda. maxkamadu way tixgalisay kiiskii, danbiga la galayna wuxuu
ahaa dhac iyo dambi. 21/4/2 ayuu kiiskii laalay, isagoo leh guriga ayaan joogaa, sidaas
darteed diiwaanka waxaa loo diray xeer ilaalinta deegaanka. Kiiskan waxa aynu ka
fahmaynaa in xeer ilaaliyihii dacwada soo diyaariyay aanu lahayn tababar iyo khibrad
ku filan oo uu si toos ah go’aan uga gaadho diiwaanka baadhista, go’aankaasna waxa
la geeyey maxkamad iyada oo aan la arkin isaga oo ka sarreeya ama xeer ilaaliye
khibrad u leh. Waa la diraa. Noocan ahku dhaqan la'aantu waxay tilmaan u tahay in
dhibaatooyin badan lala kulmi doono.
Ka wada hadal dhibaatooyinka lagula kulmay isla dhaqanka?

Kiis (Kiiska) 6

Maxkamadda degmada Badar Ba/Dar, 13 | Bogga

Dacwoode: Xeer-ilaaliye Eedaysanaha 1aad buuxi 2aad. U sheeg haddii uu laadyo

Dambiga Ku xad-gudbida qodobbada Xeer Lr. 649(1) (a) ee soo baxay 1996kii. Liiska
dambiyada Eedaysanayaashu waxay damceen inay qof ku dilaan gacan ka hadal,
taariikhdu markay ahayd 25/5/2 C.D., Marwo Bafana, oo ahayd xaaska eedaysanaha
1aad, si sharci ahna u furay, Marxuum Bogale Mergia. Waxaa lagu eedeeyay in uu
guursaday xaaska walaalkay, horay ayuu u xanaaqay oo ku toogtay 2 xabbadood.
Markhaatiyaal
1. Marwo Tiruwork Gygeze
2. Mudane Altaseb Gebru Qodobbada dooda:

1. Ma u malaynaysaa in eedda kor ku xusan ay dhammaystiran tahay? Haddii kale,

kala hadal adiga oo taxaya waxa aad u malaynayso in ay yihiin qodobbada la
xidhiidha jawaabtaada?

2. Ma kula tahay inay haboon tahay in maxkamada degmadu xidho diiwaanka

maadaama xeer ilaalintu soo diyaarisay dacwada oo ay horgeysay maxkamada
degmada Badardar. Ka dood sababta?

3. Xeer Ilaaliyuhu waxa uu wax ka beddelay eedda oo uu horgeeyay maxkamadda

sare. Ma kula tahay inay faa'iido u leedahay eedaysanayaashu inay ku doodaan in
dacwadda la xidhay heerkii kowaad ee diidmada oo aan mar dambe su'aalo la
weydiin?

4. Dhageysiga cadeymaha ka dib, haddii maxkamadda sare ay go’aansato in

eedeysanayaasha lagu xukumo 13 sano, xeer ilaalintuna ay ku soo rogaan inay go’aan
iga siiyaan labada hub ee Clash Cop ee lagu qabtay bandhig ahaan, ma kula tahay inay
habboon tahay haddii ay maxkamaddu diiddo. sababtoo ah liiska bandhigyada laguma
xusin xaashida dacwadda?

5. Ma hagaajinaysaa kharashka kor ku xusan oo aad ka hadashaa adiga oo diyaarinaya

lacag cusub? 141 Bogga

6. Hadii eedaysanayaashu qirtaan in ay dambiga galeen oo ay ku doodaan in aanu

samaynay in aanu is xakamayn kari waynay dhiiga oo karkaray, sideed u
aaminsantahay in go’aanka maxkamada la burin doono?

5.2 Dhibaatooyinka ka muuqda hareeraha tilmaamaha lagu bixiyay diiwaanka

baaritaanka Inkasta oo tilmaanta lagu bixiyay Xeerka Habka Ciqaabta ee No. 38/C si
loo dhammaystiro qodobbada aan dhamaystirnayn ee diiwaanka baadhista booliisku
ay tahay hab sharci oo muhiimad weyn leh si go'aan sax ah looga gaadho kiiska, sida
in dacwad la xareeyo ama la xidho diiwaanka. Way fududahay in wax laga qabto
baarayaasha. Kiisaska yaryar ee lagu xallin karo in lagu hadlo telefoonka ama iyada
oo aan la siinin tilmaamo gebi ahaanba, iyada oo la siinayo tilmaamo aan loo
baahnayn dhammaan kiisaska ay suurtagal tahay in go'aan laga gaaro diiwaannada,
diiwaannada ayaa u dhexeeya dacwad-oogayaasha iyo booliiska sida hagaha,
dacwadahana si cadaalad darro ah ayaa loogu dhaleeceeyaa go'aan lagu gaari waayo
waqti macquul ah. Sidoo kale, iyadoo aan lagu darin dhammaan qodobbada ay tahay
in lagu daro amarka baaritaanka dheeraadka ah ee lagu soo rogay fayl, ka dib marka la
dhammeeyo qodobkaas oo faylka loo soo celiyo xeer illaaliyaha, ayaa la arkayaa in
qodobka aan hore loo sheegin. tilmaamaha waa in la dhammeeyaa mar kale. Xeer-
ilaaliyeyaal badan ayaa isku raacsan in sababta dhibaatadan hab-socodka ah ay tahay
la-socod la’aanta iyo xakameyn la’aanta iyo taageero la’aanta howlaha xeer-
ilaaliyeyaasha, gaar ahaan kalsooni la’aanta go’aan ka gaarista diiwaannada.
Maqnaanshaha nidaamka daba-galka awgeed, muddada xaraynta (Yirga) ee dacwaddu
waa soo daahay maadaama diiwaanku uu jiro muddo dheer. Ama diiwaanku wuu
baaba'aa ilaa macmiilku dabagalo. Sidaa darteed, kiisaska danta guud iyo kuwa gaarka
ah ayaa ah kuwo aan go'aan cadaalad ah laga gaarin. Dhinaca kale, amarka lagu bixiyo
baaritaanka ayaa mararka qaar loo arkaa mid meel ka dhac ku ah shaqsiyadda askariga
baarista waday, iyadoo ay la socoto aflagaado, erayo aan habooneyn, iyo dareen
shaqsiyeed oo ka fog kiiska. 15 P a

Waxaa lagu dadaalayaa in aan la faafin diiwaanka iyadoo baaritaan dheeri ah lagu
sameeyay iyadoo la sameeyay hab-raac si ay u shaqeeyaan si ku saleysan is ixtiraam.
Qodobbada dooda
1. Magaca iyo ciwaanka eedaysanaha kuma qorna diiwaan baadhiseed Ama marka
aysan sharci ahayn, xeer ilaaliyuhu waa in uu tilmaamo qoraal ah bixiyo iyo in kale
Ma waxaad tiraahdaa baaraha waa inuu hagaajiyaa isagoo wacaya booliiska ama kula
hadlaya taleefanka?
2. Halkii laga siin lahaa tilmaamo qoraal ah, maxaad u malaynaysaa inay noqon
doonto saamaynta sharciga ah ee uu xeer ilaalintu ku duubi doono macluumaadka uu
ku helay talefanka oo uu kula hadlo baaraha faylka baadhista booliska?

3. Sida marar badan dhacda, booliiska baadhista waxa ay la kulmi doonaan dhibaato
ah in aanay dheg jalaq u siin amarka lagu bixiyo talefanka iyo afkaba haddii aan lagu
amrin qoraal.

4. 3 kiis oo shaki leh oo ka soo muuqda habraaca loo marayo amarka hogaamiyaha
Dhibaatooyinka Marka uu xeer ilaaliyuhu la kulmo kiis su'aal leh oo go'aan ah, waxaa
lagu qeexay Xafiiska Xeer Ilaalinta Guud Lr. Dhibaatooyinka ka muuqda agagaarka
weydiinta amarka hogaamiyaha 1aad Waxaa la arkayaa in xeer ilaaliyihi ku dhiiran
waayay in uu go’aan ka gaaro kiiskan ama aan awoodin in uu go’aan ka gaaro sabab
ama sabab kale uu ku andacoonayo in shuruudihii lagama maarmaanka u ahaa go’aan
laga gaaray diiwaanka oo uu ka codsanayo hoggaamiye amar sii. 2aad. Xeer-
ilaaliyeyaal sare oo ka jawaaba amarka hogaaminta mararka qaarkood waxay la
kulmaan dhibaatooyin xagga kartida ah mana tixgeliyaan su'aasha la codsaday ee
qandaraaska.

❖ Guud ahaan, xeer-ilaaliyeyaashu waa inay marka hore si sax ah u caddeeyaan in

loo baahan yahay amar hoggaamineed iyo in kale, iyo in kale xeer-ilaaliyeyaashu waa
inay tixgeliyaan su'aasha oo ay bixiyaan jawaab ku habboon. Marka amarka
hogaaminta la codsado, waa in lagu daraa dukumeentiga. 16 | Bogga

❖ Taariikhda iyo lambarka borotokoolka,

❖ Lambarka diiwaanka ee xafiiska cadaaladda ee codsaday amarka hogaamiyaha,
❖ Waaxda Caddaaladda waxay codsatay inay ka jawaabto amarka hoggaanka;
❖ Magaca eedaysanaha,
❖ Dulucda arrinka oo kooban,
❖ Sababta amarka hoggaaminta loo codsado;
Waxay yeelan doontaa saxiixa xeer-ilaaliyaha. Su'aasha dooda
1. Ato Belhu waxaa lagu eedeeyay inuu lunsaday lacag dhan 1,000,000 Birr, markii
uu ka shaqeynayay maamulka iibka iyo iibka ee Iskaashatooyinka Tana. Haddii aad
tahay xeer ilaaliye kiiska gacanta ku haya, fadlan u dir bogga 2aad ee faylka baadhista
madaxa sare oo diyaari amar hogaamineed sida uu qabo sharciga nidaamka.
2-dii Sebtembar, Mrs. Rebecca waxay Addis Ababa ka soo rartay
1 quintal oo ah iniinihii ugu wacnaa una geysay Baxardar waxaana lagu xiray
magaalada Durubite. Bacriminta ay ku jiraan iniinaha ugu fiican waxa lagu
sumadeeyaa BF 320. Mrs. Rebekah waxay rumaysatay inay falkan geysatay, waxaana
xaqiijiyay markhaatiyaal.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in dacwad lagu soo oogo Mrs. Rebekah, abuurkii ugu
wanaagsanaa ee sidan lagu soo qabto miyay cudurdaar u tahay in aad dembi gasho?
Waa kuwee qodobka sharci ee uu daboolayo? Mar haddii ay kugu adag tahay inaad ka
jawaabto su'aalaha ku saabsan maxkamadda la horgeyn doono, weydii xeer-ilaaliyaha
guud amar?

5. 4-Dhibaatooyinka laga arki karo dacwadaha ay go'aanka maxkamadda ka soo

saarto. Waxaa laga fahmi karaa waxqabadka maalinlaha ah in go'aannada dacwad-
qaadayaasha ee isla kiisaska ay yihiin kuwo aan is-waafaqayn oo iska soo horjeeda.
Sida ku cad lambarka 42/2/H, qiimaynta caddaynta ee ah in aanay jirin caddaymo ku
filan waa shakhsi ahaan ama shakhsi ahaan, go'aanka uu xeer-ilaaliye kastaa qaato
isaga oo isticmaalaya awoodiisa qiimayn waa ka duwan yahay. Sidaa darteed, waxaa
caadi ah in la arko kiisas uu xeer-ilaaliye kiis soo xareeyo, halka uu xeer-ilaaliye kale
soo xirayo dacwadda sida ku cad qodobka 42/1/a. 171 Bog

Waa hawl. Sidoo kale, waxaa laga bartay waayo-aragnimada inay suurtogal tahay in
shuruudaha lagu xirayo diiwaanka ay mugdi geli karaan haddii eedaysanaha la waayo
ama la waayo. Haddi ay suurtoobi waydo in la helo eedaysanaha, dacwadda lama furi
doono, sababtoo ah ilaa hadda, xeer-ilaaliyeyaashu ma hayaan waddo ay ku
xaqiijiyaan jiritaanka eedaysanaha magaciisa iyo ciwaankiisa, iyagoo eegaya gal-
dacwadeedka uu booliisku u soo diray, oo ay arkaan. in foomka dammaanadda la
buuxiyay oo lagu sii daayay dammaanad. Kiiskan, dacwad-oogaha aaminsan in
caddayntu ay dhammaystiran tahay ayaa dacwoon doona. Waxa la og yahay in
eedaysanuhu aanu joogin marka loo diro warqad yeedhmo ah oo uu iman waayo.
42 (1) (a) ee go'aanka la xiriira qodobkanwaxaa lagu fahmi karaa qoraal u dir booliska
cinwaanka
❖ Waxay yeelan doontaa taariikh iyo nambar,
❖ Lambarka Diiwaanka Xafiiska Cadaaladda,
❖ Nambarka Diiwaanka Baaritaanka Booliska,
❖ ----------- Xafiiska Booliska,
❖ Nuxurka dacwada,
❖ Bayaanka eedaysanayaasha,
❖ Bayaanka markhaatiyada oo kooban,
❖ Waxay ka kooban tahay fikrado sharci iyo go'aanno, iyo ugu dambeyntii xeer-
ilaaliyaha saxiix ayaa loo baahan yahay.

Kiis 1.

Mudane Boogale/ 4 qof) Adigoo ka shaqaynayay sidii dadka deegaanka ee loo soo
doortay ee Kele, waxaa warbixin ku saabsan baadhista lagu sheegay in marwo Zerfe
dhulkeeda miyiga ah lagu beeray galley ka dib markii lagu beeray waddo.

6 cadaymo dad iyo qoraal ah ayaa la gudbiyay haddii ay dhacdo.

Marqaati 1aad, 2aad, 3aad ayaa ka marag kacay in aan ganacsi cusub la furin.

Marqaatiga 4-aad ayaa sheegay in uusan arkin wadada uu furayay eedeysanaha.

Markhaatiyaasha 5-aad iyo 6-aad, ayaa dhanka kale sharaxay in ay arkeen
eedaysanayaasha oo furaya waddo ku taal dhulka Mrs. "Zerfe" sida ku cad
eedeymaha.

Dhinaca kale cadaymaha dukumentiga ah ee la soo bandhigay ayaa ah cadaymo

dhokumenti ah oo laga helay deegaankan, iyadoo la sheegay in wadadaas aanay furin
eedaysanayaasha hadda, balse ay ahayd waddo la bilaabay 1960-kii ka hor intii aan
dacwadda la soo gudbin. 18 P a g e

Wuu sharaxay. Iyadoo la tixgelinayo duruufaha kor lagu soo bandhigay, qor soo
jeedinta go'aanka ee aad ka qaadatay arrinta.

2.Ato Bedlu waxa uu qirtay in uu Iid Iibsaday oo uu ardagiisa ku xajistay si uu

laaluush u siiyo Mr.Ziko oo ah Garsoore Maxkamad Degmo ah. Falkii dhacay
1/11/2001, ee maamulka deegaanka wareeg ee maamulka degmada. Naadiyada ku
yaal hareeraha wareegga Sii go'aan inaad codsato iyo inkale Xeer ilaaliye.

3. Eedaysanayaasha
1-aad. Mudane Muraad
2aad. Mudane Bimreu Eedeysanayaasha ayaa 1-dii bishii June ee sannadkii 2011-kii
waxaa lagu soo oogay Abaaro 11:00 Barqanimo, goobta lagu magacaabo Kumu
Kebele Bahr Goth oo ka tirsan Degmadda Wolba, halkaasi oo Marxuum Nuux uu ka
soo baxay Guriga Mr. madaxa ul leh. Waxa ay sheegeen in ay dileen, waxaana goobta
yimid labo qof oo goob joog ahaa, waxa ayna si isku mid ah u sheegeen in
Eedeysanaha

1-aad uu marar badan madaxa kaga dhuftay Marxuumka Usha uu gacanta ku hayo,
waxaana Eedeysanaha
2-aad uu sheegay in ay arkeen isaga oo isku dayaya inuu baxsado, balse ay dileen. ma
arag marxuumka oo garaacay. Cadeymaha dhaqtarka ee la gudbiyay ayaa muujinaya
in qofka dhintay uu u dhintay jug ka soo gaartay madaxa oo qoto dheer 2 cm. Iyada oo
ku saleysan caddaymaha la soo bandhigay, qor go'aanka aad u maleyneyso inuu ku
habboon yahay.

6. Astaamaha ka dhigaya xukun samaynta iyo qorista ka duwan qoraallada kale waa in
shaqadu u baahan tahay nuxurka iyo caddaynta in loo qoro hab qancin leh oo sharciga
waafaqsan.
❖ Mar haddii daliilku iyo sharcigu dabeecad ahaan kakan yihiin, doodahana loo soo
bandhigo si is burinaya oo isku dhafan, waxay u baahan tahay aqoon iyo xirfad si loo
kala saaro sarreenka iyo buunshaha inta aan la go'aansan.
❖ Waa dariiqa ugu dambeeya ee lagu xalliyo khilaafaadka waxaana la arkaa cidda
guulaysata iyo guul-darrada (ku qanacsan oo ku qanacsan).
❖ Sababtoo ah arrinta dooddu waa inay noqotaa mid si toos ah ama si dadbanba u
qancisa dhinacyada ama daneeyayaasha ay khusayso. 191 Bogga

❖ Garsoorayaasha isticmaalaya go'aan garsoor oo madax-bannaan oo xirfadeed

(xukun garsoor). Sababtoo ah shaqada ay qabtaan iyo sababtoo ah waxay leedahay
xakamayn yar dabeecadda. Intaa kaliya maaha ee waxay u baahan tahay anshax iyo
daacadnimo, aqoon, xirfad, xikmad, taxaddar, wanaag
❖ Go’aannada garsoorka ee dacwadaha madaniga ah iyo kuwa dembiyada waxay
saameeyaan dadka.
❖ Shaqada farsamo Xaqiiqda ah in xuquuqaha aasaasiga ah iyo xorriyaadka ay
khuseeyaan,
❖ Xaqiiqda ah in xukunku yahay natiijada ugu dambaysa ee shaqada maxkamaduhu
waxay u baahan tahay taxaddar.
❖ Mar haddii xukunku yahay mid waajib ku ah oo lagu fulin karo qof kasta haddii
aan racfaan laga qaadanayn.
❖ Dabeecadda bini'aadantinimadu waa mid muuqata oo waa in miisaan badan la
siiyaa marka la eego ixtiraamka iyo kalsoonida sare ee ay dadku/bulshadu u qabaan
xukunka.
Si loo tilmaamo in ficilka samaynta iyo qorista xukunku uu u baahan yahay daryeelka
ugu sarreeya ee garsooraha, waxay tixraac u tahay khubarada sharciga ee
Maraykanka, haddii aad go'aan garsoor qaadanayso ama aad u doodayso qof kale,
naftaada geli kabahaaga. ee kiiska/muranka, gaar ahaan maadaama uu garsooruhu sida
caadiga ah xalliyo dhammaan xuquuqaha in ka badan hal dhinac oo ku muransan
go'aankiisa. Waxaa la qiyaasi karaa inta dadaal ee ay tahay in la sameeyosi loo
qanciyo oo cadaalad loo bixiyo. Waxay u muuqataa in tani ay tahay sababta ugu weyn
ee garsooraha loogu yeero hay'ad garsoor ama maxkamad ama sarkaal cadaalad ah.

7. Dabeecadda iyo ujeedada xukunka iyo qoraalka Xukunka iyo qorista maaha dhacdo
ka bilaabma qalinka warqadda, laakiin waxay leedahay habraacyo aasaasi ah oo ka
hor xukunka.

7.1 Dacwadaha hore ee xukunka /dhacdooyinka/ Waxaa ka mid ah nidaamyada

aasaasiga ah ee go'aaminta kuwan soo socda. 201 Bogga Waa hab ay maxkamaddu
ugu sharaxdo oo ay ku qanciso dhinacyada is-haya inay ku qanceen oo ku qanceen
sababta keentay si ay u xaliyaan khilaafka una meel mariyaan go'aanka ama ay u
isticmaalaan xuquuqdooda racfaanka. Waa hab lagu ogeysiiyo go'aanka maxkamadda.
Waxa loo isticmaali karaa cilmi-baadhis, barid iyo qoraal muhiim ah. Waxaa faa'iido
leh in la qiimeeyo oo la fahmo in ku dhaqanka sharcigu yahay mid la jaan qaadaya
nolosha jirta ee bulshada si loo sameeyo sharciyo cusub oo wax looga beddelo
sharciyada jira. Waxa kale oo loo isticmaali karaa in lagu cabbiro hufnaanta iyo
hufnaanta maxkamadaha si ay u tarjumaan sharciga oo ay u gutaan waajibaadkooda
nidaamka garsoorka.

Haddi ay tahay go'aan ka soo baxay maxkamada musalsalka, waxa loo isticmaali
karaa sharci ahaan si loo ilaaliyo isku mid ahaanshaha habka fasiraada sharciga.

Xukunadu waxay ka qayb qaataan horumarinta cilmiga sharciga iyo xirfadda Sareynta
Dastuurka iyo ku-dhaqanka sharciga waxa lagu ilaalin karaa go’aan garsoor.
Ujeedooyinka aan kor ku soo xusnay iyo hadafyada xukun-samaynta iyo qorista
waxay ka tarjumayaan nooca iyo nooca dacwaddu, waxayna ka soo jeedaan awoodda
dastuuriga ah iyo mas'uuliyadda loo siiyay maxkamadda inay fasirto sharciga. Waxa
aan qarsoonayn ama aan qarsoonayn in xukunnada ama awaamiirta ay qoraan
garsoorayaasha hab-socodka garsoorku ay yihiin agabkii ay maxkamaduhu ku fulin
lahaayeen awoodahooda iyo waajibaadkooda.
8 Qodob oo Saamayn ku leh Qoraallada Garsoorka Awoodda ay maxkamaduhu u
leeyihiin in ay shuruucda u tarjumaan awoodaha uu siinayo dastuurka iyo shuruucda
kale ee dalka.

☞ Aragtida ku saabsan doorka iyo awoodda garsoorayaasha, Qiimaynta bulshada iyo

isku dheelitirnaanta doorka garsoorayaasha, heerka xirfadeed iyo heerka waxbarasho
ee garsoorayaasha iyo sidoo kale khibradooda garsoor; Xirfadaha iyo xikmadaha
go'aan qaadashada iyo qoraalka garsoorayaasha, Xorriyadda garsoorayaasha eexda
siyaasadeed, musuqmaasuqa, qoomiyadda iwm. 221 Bog

Nidaamka sharciga ah ee uu wadanku raaco (Dhaqan/dhaqan egal, ☞ Haddii

nidaamka waxbarashada sharciga ee waddanku uu fiiro gaar ah u lahaa casharrada la
taaban karo iyo kuwa xirfadaha la xiriira; Dareenka, go'aaminta iyo allabaryada
garsoorayaasha si ay u sii xukumaan sidii xirfad joogto ah oo joogto ah oo leh
dhammaan jacaylkooda iyo jacaylka. Xoog hay'ad, maamul iyo dhaqaale iyo hufnaan
maxkamadaha si dadban Waxey ku darsan doonaan. Ka qaybgalayaashu waxay sidoo
kale ku dari karaan sababo kale.

9. Heerarka qorista go'aanka garsoorka

9.1 Noocyada Xukunka: Wuxuu qoraa noocyo kala duwan oo natiijooyin ah kiisaska
ay maxkamadaha wax ka qabtaan. Natiijooyinkan waxa loo qaybin karaa Interlocutory
iyo Final. Amarka ku meel gaadhka ah waxaa loola jeedaa in lagu fududeeyo go'aanka
kama dambaysta ah. Tusaale ahaan, xannibaadda iibinta hantida lafteeda ma aha mid
waxtar leh, laakiin waxay gacan ka geysaneysaa xoojinta xukunka ugu dambeeya.
Xukunka kama dambaysta ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay keentaa xukun deyman
iyo u qalmi la'aan, sidaas darteed waxay keentaa in la fuliyo ama rafcaan ee kiisaska
madaniga ah iyo dembiyada labadaba. Sida ku cad xeerka garsoorka Itoobiya, waxa
jira saddex nooc oo xukun. Kuwaas waxaa lagu magacaabaa Digreeto iyo Xukun.
Waxa kale oo ay tilmaamaysaa in uu jiro nooc amar ah oo loo yaqaan 'xukun' kaas oo
aan qeexin sharciga habraaca oo aan caddayn goorta ay khusayso ku dhaqanka
qodobbada faahfaahsan. Ficil ahaan, mararka qaarkood kiisaska ay tahay in lagu soo
saaro amar ayaa loo arkaa 'xukun'. Haddaba, marka laga eego dhinaca sharciga iyo
waaya-aragnimada, hadda siyaabaha ay maxkamadaha Itoobiya wax u xukumaan waa
nidaam, xukun, go’aan iyo xukun. Waayo-aragnimada, waxa laga garan karaa in
xukunka iyo go’aanka si is-dhaafsi ah loo adeegsado, balse go’aanku waa qaybta ugu
dambaysa ee xukunka la fuliyo. Xukunada iyo amarada waxaa bixiya garsoorayaasha
adeega ku meel gaarka ah Waxay yihiin /ciwaan/. Macnaha awaamiirta, go’aannada
iyo xukunnada waxa lagu sheegay qodobka 3aad ee Xeerka Habka Madaniga ah,
halka Xeerka Habka Ciqaabtuna uu qeexayo macnahooda. 23 | Bogga

3. Dulucda/maskaxda/ Jawaabta maxkamada ee qodobka muranka indacwoodaha iyo

eedaysanuhu way ku heshiin waayeen Isagu waa kan u xilsaaran arrinta uu rabo.
Sharciga iyo Sababta / Gabagabada Maxkamadda ee doodda
4. Waa taageero sharci iyo sabab. Go'aan / Dabeecad ama Gabagabo/ Kala saara kuwa
ku qanacsan iyo kuwa ku haray dacwadda kaas oo lagu dabaqi karo

Waa qaybta haysa gabagabada/kooban ee maxkamadda. Sidaas si la mid ah, xukunka

laga bixiyo dacwadaha racfaanka iyo xadgudubka wuxuu u daboolayaa qodobbada
soo socda qaab aan wax badan ka duwanayn.

1. 2. Dabeecadda Falka Mawduucyada / Bayaanka Guud ee |

3. 4. Maqaallo u qoran qaab aad uga gaaban marka loo eego Maxkamadda darajada
koowaad; Rafcaanka / Khaladaadka iyo Go'aaminta / Khaladaadka iyo Go'aaminta /
Dabeecad 5. Qodobadan aan kor ku soo xusnay ee ka mid ah go'aannada kama
dambaysta ah ee maxkamadaha heerarka kala duwan ayaa loo qaaday sidii
tallaabooyinka aasaasiga ah ee xeerarka qoraalka.

9.3 Heerarka Qoraalka Xukunka Labada hab ee sharci, shuruudaha soo socda ayaa ah
qodobbada ay tahay in qoraalka garsoorka wanaagsani yeesho.

1. Dhamaystirka nuxurka: Shanta nuxur ee xukunka lagu sheegay qodabka 6.2 ee sare
waa in si isku xigta loo fuliyaa. Sidoo kale, waa in maxkamaddu go’aankeeda ku
salaysaa dhammaan arrimaha ay soo bandhigtay maxkamadda. Qodob aan laga
jawaabin waxay burinaysaa xukunka.

2. Habka ay u kala horreeyaan ra'yiga go'aanka:-

Si loo gaaro gabagabada, sababaha ay maxkamaddu soo bandhigtay waa in ay

yeeshaan taxane tallaabo-tallaabo ah.

25 3. Baaxadda Xukunka/Maxkamaddu waa in aanay go'aan ka gaadhin wax ka badan

waxa loo baahan yahay. Hadii uu khilaafka xaliyo uma baahna in uu falanqeeyo oo uu
qoro waxyaabaha ku xeeran dacwada ka dibna uu ka tago dacwada oo uu ku daro
garsooraha dareenkiisa gaarka ah iyo fikirkiisa.

4. Saamiga nuxurka iyo ra'yiga sharci: Qodobbada sharci ee la sheegay waa inay si
toos ah u khuseeyaan kiiska. Haddii cutubku si toos ah u daboolo mawduuca, looma
baahna xigasho kale. Sidoo kale, looma baahna in la qoro liis aan loo baahnayn oo
doodaha dhinacyada aan u adeegin go'aanka.
5. Ka fogaanshaha dhawaaq dhexdhexaad ah / Isticmaalka Tone dhexdhexaad ah /
Garsooruhu waa inuusan isticmaalin odhaah iska dhigaysa inuu yahay codka
eedaysanaha ama eedaysanaha. Haddii uu falanqeyntiisa ka bixiyo mid ka mid ah
dooda, waxaa meesha ka baxaysa dheelitirnaan. Marka lagu daro shuruudahan, wuxuu
eegi doonaa qodobbada hoos ku taxan ee shuruudaha qorista xukunka (No. 13).

10. Amarka xukunka iyo qorista Waa maxay midnimada iyo xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya
xukun-qaadista iyo qorista xukunka? Garsooraha bixiya xukunka heerka koowaad
waxa looga baahan yahay in uu qabto saddex hawlood oo xidhiidhsan go'aan
samayntiisa iyo shaqadiisa qoraalba. Kuwani waa

(1) Kahor intaanan gelin shaqada qoraalka ah, tallaabada ugu horreysa waa in la baaro
khilaafka ama khilaafka, la helo faham aasaasi ah oo arrinta ah, la raadiyo sharciga ku
habboon, lana gaaro gunaanad.

(2) Talaabada labaad waa in la doorto foom isgaarsiineed oo loogu talagalay

ogeysiinta go'aanka dhinacyada ama daneeyayaasha. Yacni, waxay khusaysaa arrinta
ku saabsan cidda af ahaan ama qoraal ahaan loogu sheegi doono garsooraha ama qolo
kale. Wadamada qaarkood waxay go'aannada afka ku gaadhaan kiisas fudud waxayna
u isticmaalaan go'aano qoran kiisaska culus iyo kuwa adag. Nidaamka sharci ee
Itoobiya, laga soo bilaabo 1930-kii, gaar ahaan laga soo bilaabo 1958-kii Sharciga
Garsoorka iyo Sharciga Habka Ciqaabta ee 1954, waxaa caado u ahayd in qaab qoraal
ah loo gudbiyo xukunnada. Waa arrin la wada ogsoon yahay in dhegaysi furan ay
tahay mid waajib ah oo ay xaq u leeyihiin dacwoodayaasha. 26 | Bogga

Qodobbada 180-191 ee xeerka madaniga ah iyo qodobka 149 ee xeerka madaniga ah

ayaa dhigaya in xukunka qoraal lagu gudbiyo. Laakiin Maxkamadaha qaarkood,
waxaaba ka sii daran, Maxkamadda Racfaanka, xataa haddii ay tahay dacwadaha
rafcaanka, waxay ka soo qaataan rafcaanka rafcaanka dembiga, oo maxbuuska
racfaankiisa oo qoran ayaa la horkeenaa oo la horkeenaa qoraal. rafcaanka iyada oo
aan la maqlin isaga oo aan weydiin fikradda xeer-ilaaliyaha. Waxaa jirta xaalad in la
sheego. Qoraagu waxa uu aaminsan yahay shaqadiisa xirfadeed in hab-dhaqanka
garsoorku uu yahay mid aad uga soo horjeeda ujeeddada iyo shaqada garsoorka iyo
dugsiyada sare oo ah gole cadaaladeed oo ay tahay in la saxo. Sida tirada dacwadaha
rafcaanka, qiimo la'aanta rafcaanka, fogaanta iyo daciifnimada xabsiyada, oo loo soo
bandhigo in la iska dhigo in nidaamka la aqbali karo, ma dheelli doono halbeeg kasta
oo aan diidi doonin xaqa in lagu noqdo. maqlayoo lagu xukumo dhageysi furan.
Waxay u muuqataa in habka garsoorka loo maareeyo si is-dhexgal iyo firfircooni leh,
sidaas darteed dhegeysiga dadweynaha waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay xuquuq aasaasi ah.
Haddaba, qaabkan labaad ee gudbinta go’aanka garsoorka waa in aan la iloobin oo la
fuliyo. .
(3) Talaabada saddexaad waxay ka socotaa tillaabada labaad, doorashada foomka, taas
oo ah, hawsha qorista ama u beddelka xukunka qoraal iyadoo la raacayo xeerarka
nidaamka habka nuxurka go'aanka. Marka dhinacan laga eego, heerka koowaad waxa
loo yaqaan go'aan/xukun/bixin, heerka saddexaadna waxa loo yaqaannaa xukun
qoraal. Dhab ahaantii, dhammaan saddexda heerar ma aha hawlo kala duwan oo aan
xidhiidh la lahayn, laakiin waxay la xiriiraan oo aan la kala saari karin.

11. Nooca Rafcaanka iyo Go'aamada Racfaanka

A. Tilmaamaha guud iyo nuxurka go'aanka Guud ahaan waxa jira laba nooc oo ah
maxkamadaha rafcaanka ee labada nidaam sharci, oo loo yaqaan dhexdhexaadinta iyo
maxkamadaha racfaanka ee ugu dambeeya. Tusaale ahaan, nidaamka sharci ee
Itoobiya ee hadda jira, Maxkamadda Sare ee Federaalka iyo Maxkamadda Sare ee
Gobolku waa rafcaan dhexdhexaad ah, halka Maxkamadda Sare ee Federaalka iyo
Maxkamadda Sare ee Gobolku ay yihiin maxkamadaha rafcaanka ee ugu dambeeya.
271 Bogga

Waa wax bixiya. Xeer Lr.25/1988 iyo Baaqyada ku saabsan samaynta Maxkamadaha
Gobolada. Xukunka rafcaanku waxa uu saamayn ku leeyahay in la saxo go’aanka
maxkamadda hoose ee khalad/khalad dhab ah iyo mid sharci ah, marka ay lagama
maarmaan noqoto in cadaaladda loo maareeyo, waa. Waxaa jiri doona waqtiyo ay
dhinacyadu go'aan ka gaari karaan qodobbada aan la soo qaadin.

☞ Marka loo eego shuruucda nidaamka Itoobiya, Qodobka 341-348 ee Maxkamadda

Cadaaladdu waxa uu leeyahay 5 nooc oo saamayn ah, kuwaas oo si buuxda u
oggolaaday go'aanka maxkamadda racfaanka. Joojinta ama dib u celi racfaanka.
Maadaama go'aannada rafcaanka ay badanaa bixiyaan hal garsoore ka badan, waxaa la
arki karaa xiriirka ka dhexeeya garsooraha karraaniga iyo garsoorayaasha kale ee ka
qayb qaadanaya go'aanka / Garsoorayaasha kulliyadaha / waa la arki karaa. Sidaa
darteed, go'aamada waxaa lagu bixin karaa cod aqlabiyad ah iyo ra'yiga beelaha laga
tirada badan yahay. Go'aamada racfaanku waxay wadaagaan sifooyinka go'aamada
rafcaanka marka laga reebo in lagu sameeyo khaladaad sharci ah. Si kastaba ha
ahaatee, maadaama ay u badan tahay in go'aamadu ay noqdaan kuwo la isku halleyn
karo oo diiradda saaraya khaladaadka sharci, tirada garsoorayaasha ayaa ka badan
dhegeysiga racfaanka iyo kakanaanta nuxurka doodaha oo sii kordhaya. b.
Waajibaadka Collegiality Qodobbada hoos ku taxan ayaa muhiim ah marka aad go'aan
ka gaarayaan in ka badan hal xeerbeegti. Sidaa darteed, waa in la siiyaa fiiro gaar ah.
* Ku shaqeynta dadaal xirfadeed iyo daacadnimo,
* Ku shaqeynta is-hoosaysiin, dulqaad iyo anshax.
* Ku lug lahaanshaha hogaaminta iyo go'aan qaadashada dhammaan arrimaha;
* Akhrinta iyo fahamka mawduuca ka hor inta aan la gaarin doodda afka / doodaha /
* Ka takhalusida Hal Judge Syndrome,
* Siinta boos shaqada/fikirka saaxiibka, 281 Bog

❖ Haddii uu jiro khilaaf shakhsi ah oo ka baxsan arrinta, ku caddeeyo daacadnimo iyo

daacadnimo. Sababtoo ah khilaafka shakhsi ahaaneed wuxuu saameyn xun ku yeelan
karaa habka go'aan gaarista,
❖ Ka wada hadla iyaga oo aan eedayn iyo danayn la'aan iyo, haddii loo baahdo, dib u
dhig ama dib u dhig. Barashada iyo heshiisyada,
❖ Fudud aan loo baahnayn oo leh erayo nacayb ama quudhsi ama ereyo cay ah iyo
wixii la mid ah. Ha isticmaalin inta lagu guda jiro wada hadalka,
❖ Dhegayso oo u fur fur fikirka kan kale / Noqo qof furfuran oo aan dambi lahayn /
Dhagayso in ka badan hadal badan. * Inta suurtogalka ah fikrado ama fikrado kala
firdhiyey oo aad mooddo inay is khilaafayaan Ka dhigista go'aanka mid joogto ah
iyadoo la tirtirayo.

12. Sidee iyo goorma ayaa xukunka la bixin doonaa? “Cadaaladda dib loo dhigo waa
la diiday” aayaddani waxay si kooban inoogu sheegaysaa in xukunka lagu bixiyo si
degdeg ah iyo waqti aan dib u dhac lahayn. Si kastaba ha ahaatee Taa lidkeeda, waxa
kale oo jirta odhaah odhanaysa cadaalada la dedejiyo waxa loo arkaa cadaalad jabay.
Qodobka aasaasiga ah ee mabaadi'daas ayaa ah in caddaaladda ama xukunka lagu
bixiyo hab degdeg ah oo aan dib-u-dhac lahayn, laakiin magaca degdegga ah waa in
aan lagu degdegin ka hor inta aan la dhammayn geeddi-socodka khilaafka oo aan
dacwaddu diyaar u ahayn. xukun, ama cadaalad loo huro si loo xidho loona go'aamiyo
kiisas badan, waxayna u baahan tahay hab dheeli tiran. Waxtarka iyo hufnaanta waa
hawl u baahan in si wada jir ah loo wada shaqeeyo marka aynu eegno cadaalad
degdeg ah. Waxaa ka mid ah arrimo badan oo go'aamiya heerka iyowakhtiga xukunka,
soo jeedinta doodaha ee garyaqaanadu iyo aqoonta iyo xirfadda garsoorayaasha ayaa
kaalin weyn ka ciyaara. Waxa sal u ah xukun kasta waa codsi uu soo gudbiyay
dacwad-qaadaha. Soo gudbinta codsiga ayaa ah meesha uu ka bilaabanayo khilaafka.
Haddi ay jirto cid ay khusayso dacwada waa loo yeedhaa oo soo bandhigaa muranka.
29 | Bogga

Xukunku waa shaqada ugu dambaysa ee garsooraha, haddii dacwaddu ay muddo

dheer sii socoto, iyada oo aan la xukumin, markaa garsooruhu wuxuu u qaadanayaa
inuu yahay qof garsoore ah oo aan wax shaqo ah qabanin kiiskaas, dhinacyada is
hayana waxay u arkaan inay tahay khasaare. waqtiga. Sidaa darteed, xukun, xumaan
iyo samaan, waa in lagu bixiyaa waqti ku habboon. Marka la eego wakhtiga xukunka,
sida ku cad Maxkamadda Caddaaladda ee No. 180, "ka dib markii ay dhegeysato
doodaha la soo bandhigay, maxkamaddu waa in ay si degdeg ah u dhammayso arrinta
ama wakhtiga ay go'aan ka gaarto ballan waqti gaaban." Waxaa lagu qeexay in
xukunka lagu bixiyo maxkamad furan. Qodobbada 141-aad iyo 149-aad ee Xeerka
Ciqaabtu waxay leeyihiin saamayn la mid ah tan dacwadaha madaniga ah.

Taasi waxay ku macnaynaysaa in xukunka si degdeg ah loo soo saaro, haddii aanay
dhegaysiga dacwadda dib u dhigin oo dhaafsiisnayn baaxadda khilaafka, sababta oo
ah nooca khilaafku yahay, isla markaana xukunka lagu rido dhegaysi furan. Wuxuu
sharxayaa in ay waajib ku tahay maxkamadda/xaakimka in uu dhageysto doodaha ka
hor inta aan la qaadin dacwadda. Sida ku cad qodobka 20-aad ee dastuurka
Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka ah ee Indonesia, eedaysanayaasha waxay xaq u leeyihiin in
lagu dhageysto maxkamad caadi ah waqti gaaban gudaheed. Waa la asaasay.
Haddaba, haddii xukun degdeg ah lagu bixiyo iyadoon dood la maqlin, natiijadu
waxay noqonaysaa xukun dib u dhac ah oo caddaaladda diidda oo xaddidaya xaqa
doodda oo saamayn taban ku yeelanaysa xuquuqdooda kale. Sidaa darteed, waxaa
muhiim ah in la caddeeyo in xawaaraha iyo degdega ahi ay ku kala duwan yihiin
dhinaca garsoorka.

13. Qodobbada saameeya heerka iyo waqtiga xukunka

1. Diyaarinta/qorista/cabashada ma waafaqsana xeerarka habraaca iyo Soo bandhigida

qodobbada khuseeya iyo kuwa aan khusayn way isku dhafan yihiin,
2. Dhinacyada is haya ma caawinayo khabiir sharci, codsigoodana waxaa qoray
khabiir. Ku guuldareysiga in loo wajaho iyo ixtiraamka ay bulshadu u leedahay
xirfadlayaasha iyo dhaqanka oo aan la horumarin.
3. Bixinta ama helida adeegyada xirfadeed iyo sharci ee lagu ilaalinayo xafladda, gaar
ahaan meelaha ka baxsan magaalooyinka caasimadda oo ah mid aad u yar oo mararka
qaarkood aan jirin.
4. Marka ay kala duwanaadaan tirada dacwadaha maxkamadda iyo tirada
garsoorayaasha iyo tirada dacwadaha. 30 P
5. Dhibaatada abuurista mawduuc Lama qiyaasi karo markii la aasaasay.

6. Xaddidaadda aqoonta garsoorayaasha, xirfaddooda, khibraddooda shaqo iyo

dadaalkooda.
7. Maaraynta qulqulka kiiska (Case Flow Management) lama horumarin mana jirto
siyaasad ballan ah oo adag, in kasta oo hawsha lagu fulinayo shaqada marka loo eego
daraasadda BPR ay wanaagsan tahay.
8. Awoodda hay’adaha, wax-ku-oolnimada, hufnaanta iyo qiimaynta hay’adaha
tacliinta sare waa mushkilado lagu xusi karo safka hore.

• Ka qaybgalayaasha waxaa sidoo kale laga filayaa inay sheegaan sababo kale oo aan
kor lagu xusin.
14. Xaaladda qorista xukunka Arrimaha lagu xusay mowduucan waxaa loo qaadan
karaa inay yihiin qodobbada/beegyada qoraalka go'aannada garsoorka ee wanaagsan
iyo kuwa xun. Qoritaanka xukunku siyaabo badan ayuu u kala duwanaan karaa.
Habka loo qoro xukunka maxkamadda darajada koowaad iyo xukunka maxkamadda
rafcaanka iyo maxkamadda racfaanku waa kala duwan yihiin.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhammaan noocyada kiisaska madaniga ah iyo kuwa
dambiyada waxay leeyihiin dabeecad iyo qaab guud, sababtoo ah khilaaf kasta wuxuu
ku dhamaanayaa xukun. Inkasta oo xukunku aanu ahayn beddelka diiwaanka dooddu
ku jirto, haddana waxa la sheegay in uu muujinayo nuxurka diiwaanka oo kooban.
Waa wax dabiici ah in garsoorayaasha kala duwan ay isticmaalaan qaabab kala duwan
oo qoraal ah si ay u muujiyaan nuxurka diiwaanka.

14.1) Isticmaalka luqadda Afkii xukunku ku qoran yahay ha ahaado, waa in lagu
qoraa af cad oo aan cidina madmadow ku jirin (qof kasta oo aan aqoon sharci lahayn).
Waa muhiim in laga fogaado ereyada farsamada ama erayada sharciga ah inta ugu
badan ee suurtogalka ah. Mar kasta oo ay suurtogal tahay, raadinta ereyo u dhigma
erayadan waa in loo adeegsadaa beddelka. Haddii kale, haddii ereyga u dhigma uu
beddelo ereyga xirfadda ama luqadda qalaadTaas oo aan turjumaad toos ah la helin,
waxa lagu tusi karaa in afka qalaad lagu dhejiyo jaantusyo.

❖ Looma baahna in la isticmaalo ereyo isku xidha oo wax dheereeya.

Baaragaraafyadu waa inay ahaadaan kuwo gaaban intii suurtagal ah, gaar ahaan
jumladaha. 311 Bogga

Waa inay fududaadaan. Way fiicantahay in aan la isticmaalin inta ugu badan ee
suurtogalka ah erayada isku xidhka ah sida "ama" "iyo" kuwaas oo kordhiya
mawduuca.

❖ Looma baahna in la isticmaalo luqad aan ahayn luqadda shaqada ilaa ay daruuri u
tahay mooyaane. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in isticmaalka luqad kale (Ingiriisi,
Laatiin ...) waa in la isticmaalo oo keliya inta ay si fiican u sharraxayso arrinta oo
aysan ku jahawareerin dhagaystayaasha.

❖ Isticmaalka kelmado munaasib ah Isticmaalka kelmado ku habboon oo keliya ama

mid caadi ah waxa si fudud u fahmi kara qof kasta oo akhriya ama maqlo go'aanka. Si
kastaba ha ahaatee, adeegsiga ereyo aan la aqoon oo aan la garanayn marka la qorayo
go'aannada, waxay yaraynaysaa aqbalaadda nuxurka go'aanka iyo jahawareer
labadaba akhristaha iyo maxkamadda sare, markaa waa in laga taxadaraa.
❖ Waa lagama maarmaan in la iska ilaaliyo kaftanka, aflagaadada iyo cayda. Tusaale:
"Waa la i garaacay" "Mudacweeyaha sharafta leh" "waa la i kufsaday gabadh 12 jir
ah" waa erayo ay ku jiraan aflagaado waana in meesha laga saaraa.

❖ Looma baahna in la habeeyo dhawr aayadood Inta suurtogalka ah, waxaa habboon
in aan lagu darin oraahda go'aanka, sababtoo ah garyaqaannada, dadka akhrinaya
qoraalka ama maxkamadda rafcaanka, halkii ay si fudud u fahmi lahaayeen kiiska,
odhaahdu waxay yeelan kartaa macne kala duwan, sidaas darteed waxaa lagama
maarmaan ah in la sameeyo. ka digtoonow sababtoo ah waxaa laga yaabaa inay ka
tagaan arrinta ay fiiro gaar ah u leeyihiin oo ay diiradda saaraan sharraxaadda lagu
bixiyay oraahda, tusaale ahaan: "qof". Looma baahna in la keydiyo qeexitaanno
qaamuusyo badan si loo sharaxo kelmad.

❖ Looma baahna in la isticmaalo luuqad gaar ah Luuqadda aan isticmaalno waa in ay

noqotaa mid ku habboon qof kasta intii suurtagal ah, waa in aanu mid kor u qaadin
midna hoos u dhigin. Tusaale: "Hal nin macquul ah" ayaa laga door bidaa "hal nin oo
macquul ah".

14.2 Xukunku waa inuusan noqon mid gardarro ah; Weedhu waa in aanu noqon mid
aan caddayn ama lagu rarin ereyo aan loo baahnayn. Weedha dheer mar walba ma aha
jumlad wanaagsan. "A Prolix Judgment is a Torture to write, and a Torture to head"
ayaa la yidhi. Waa inaysan ku celin fikrado ama odhaah, gaar ahaan erayada
markhaatiga waa in la qoraa 321 Bogga

Kuma haboona. In wax la qoro iyadoo lagu celcelinayo ereyada markhaatiga waa wax
inta badan lagu arko waayo-aragnimada wax-qorista ee dalkeenna, gaar ahaan
xukunnada ciqaabta. Xukunka, ka dib marka la qoro dhammaan ereyada uu bixiyay
markhaati kasta, maxkamadda ayaa mar kale dembiile ah. Danbi malaha. Ama markuu
tixgeliyo eedda iyo maragga markhaatiga inuu sheego inuu is difaacay iyo in kale,
marqaatigii marqaatiga ayaa mar kale lagu celiyaa. Tusaale ahaan, hal xukun, wuxuu
ku taxaabay eedaymaha, marag-furka markhaatiyada, iyo markhaatiga difaaca. Marka
xigta, kiiska ayaa si faahfaahsan loo sharraxay oo kor ku xusan, maxkamaddu waxay
baaris ku samaysay kiiska sharciga ciqaabta iyo caddaynta caddaynta difaaca ee uu
soo bandhigay eedaysanuhu. Xeer Ilaaliyaha ayaa soo bandhigay eedaysane" isagoo
ku eedeeyay inuu dilay marxuumka isagoo toorey ku dilay, Eedeysanaha ayaa la
weydiistay inuu qirto oo uu diiday, mid ka mid ah markhaatiyaashii xeer ilaalinta ayaa
ku celceliyay wixii uu horay u sheegay. mararka qaarkoodna xukunnada madaniga ah,
waa dhaqan ay habboon tahay in laga fogaado. (Xukunku waa inuu noqdaa mid sax ah
oo kooban), Xukunku waa inuu noqdaa mid kooban laakiin waa inuu wax ka qabtaa
dhammaan arrimaha la soo qaaday. Way fiican tahay in la caddeeyo xukunka, laakiin
waa in aan laga jawaabin doodaha iyo mawduucyada la soo qaaday. Waxaa loo
baahan yahay in la sharaxo falanqaynta sharci ee ku habboon mawduucyada la soo
qaaday iyo doodaha xaqiiqooyinka la soo bandhigay, iyada oo la tixgelinayo
caddaynta la soo bandhigay. Waa in aanu noqon xukun qabyo ah oo kolba soo
noqnoqda oo qodobbada qaar taabto oo si taban oo togan ku soo gunaanado. Haddaba,
haddii xukunku noqdo mid kooban, waxay la macno tahay in qodobbada ay soo
saareen garsoorayaasha bidix iyo midig si taxadar leh loo falanqeeyo.

14.3 Soo gaabinta Isticmaalka ereyada isku midka ah ee xukunka waa in laga fogaado
kharash kasta.

Xukunku ma aha oo keliya maxkamadda ama dacwooyinka oo keliya, laakiin waa

dukumeenti dadweyne. Sidoo kale waa dukumeenti taariikhi ah. Waxay u jiri doontaa
jiilasha soo socda. Dukumeentiga noocan oo kale ah waa inuu noqdaacad oo aan
mugdi ku jirin dhammaan qaybaha bulshada ee jiilasha mustaqbalka. Antonyms waa
hab qoraal oo ay tahay in laga fogaado marka la qorayo jumladaha sababtoo ah waxay
abuuraan jahawareer dadka aan aqoonta u lahayn ereyga.

14.4 dheelitirka; Waxaas oo dhan ka sii sarreeya, garsoorku waa inuu ahaadaa mid
isku dheeli tiran marka la soo bandhigo fikradaha iyo meelaynta mawduucyo kala
duwan. Waa in aanay noqon mid soo bandhigta dareen iyo shucuur. Xaakimka
nimcada xaq ka dhigaa ma aha kan dembi xukuma. (Ninter Rewards Virtue not
Charstises vice) Waxa kaliya ee uu qabtaa waa in uu cadaalada si siman u maamulo
kiis u dhexeeya qof iyo qof kale ama u dhexeeya muwaadin iyo dawlad. Haddaba,
garsooruhu waa in uu baadho nuxurka iyo caddaymaha loo soo bandhigay oo uu qoraa
xukunka, balse ma aha in uu ka murugoodo cidda dhaawaca ah ama dembiilaha.

14.5 Mucaaradnimo; Xukunka Mucaaradku waa xukun iska indho tiraya qaar ka mid
ah arrimaha doodda lagu soo qaaday iyadoo mid ama mid kale la xoojinayo.
Dhammaan qodobbada ay doodayaashu soo jeedinayaan waa in la siiyaa goobtooda
saxda ah, lagana doodo. Haddii garsooruhu uu ku mashquulo hal dhinac oo keliya oo
doodda ka mid ah oo uu diiradda saaro, arrimo kale ayaa laga yaabaa in la iloobo ama
la diido in fiiro gaar ah loo yeesho. Sababtaas awgeed, xukunku wuxuu noqon doonaa
eex.

14.6 oo sharraxaya dhammaan dhinacyada khilaafka; Waxaa jirta mar marka cadeymo
ay soo bandhigaan hal ama labada dhinacba taasoo ka soo horjeeda waxa uu
garsooruhu aaminsan yahay. Waxa kale oo jira marar marka dood aan macquul ahayn
loo soo bandhigo garsooraha. Mar kasta oo ay taasi dhacdo, garsooruhu waa inaanu
waxyaalahan iska indhatirin oo aanu dhegaysan xukunkiisa. Haddi soo jeedinta
doodda ama caddayntu aanay caqli-gal ahayn, waa inuu caddeeyaa oo uu ku muujiyaa
xukunka. Arrintaas, sida diiwaannada qaar ka mid ah, marka dacwooduhu u
muuqdaan inuu codsaday wixii aan loo baahnayn ama eedaysanuhu ku doodayaan in
kiiska la joojiyo, qaar ka mid ah doodaha kor ku xusan waxay u muuqdaan kuwo la
soo bandhigay kaliya dood. Waqtigaan, waxaa jira waqtiyo ay maxkamaddu iska
indhatirto iyaga oo aan wax qiimo ah siinin oo aan laga jawaabin xukunka. Marka ay
taasi dhacdo, waxaa jira waqti loo tixraaco Habka Madaniga ah Law No. 5(2) oo
sheegaya in wixii maxkamaddu aysan bixin loo tixgelinayo inaan la bixin. 341 Bogga

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka xukunka la qorayo, xitaa haddii caddaynta la soo

bandhigay ay ka soo horjeedaan waxa garsooruhu aaminsan yahay ama ay u muuqato
in dooda aysan sax ahayn, waa in la siiyaa meesha ku habboon xukunka oo la lafo-
guro iyo daciifnimada caddaynta ama qiima la'aanta dooda waa in la arkaa.

14.7 Kiisaska mala-awaalka ah, Waxaa jira waqtiyo ay maxkamaddu marka ay

qorayso xukunka ay isku daydo in ay muujiso kiiska iyada oo abuuraysa kiisas hal
abuur leh si ay u sharaxdo kiiska. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani waxay albaabka u
furaysaa macnayaal badan waana in laga fogaado inta suurtogalka ah. Dabeecadda
ujeedada ugu horraysa ee la sheegay laguma garanayo heshiiska. Tani waxay noqon
kartaa mid jahawareer badan haddii ay la socoto halbeegyo macne kala duwan leh oo
meelo kala duwan leh, markaa waa in aan lagu darin jumlada qoraalka.

14.8 Xukunka caddaynta; Garsooruhu waa in uu go'aan ka gaaro caddaynta la soo

bandhigay. Marka laga reebo caddaynta ku jirta diiwaanka, waa in aysan noqon
saldhigga xukunka haddii ay jiraan wax caddayn ah oo khuseeya kiiska. Kiis uu
xaakimku shakhsi ahaan u yaqaan waa in aanu noqon aasaaska xukunka xitaa haddii
uu leeyahay qiime caddayn ah. Sidaa darteed, waa inaan xukunka lagu qorin caddayn
qoraal ama markhaati ah oo aan la soo gudbin.

14.9 Qorista dacwooyinka ama dhaarta; Waxa jiri doona xaalado ay dacwoodayaasha
ama markhaatiyaasha la doonayo in lagu xuso xukunka lagu garto sifooyin kala
duwan. Tusaale ahaan, haddii eedaysanuhu ka sarre maray guuto, sax maaha in qofka
si beddel ah loo sheego eedaysanuhu mar hoos u dhacay, marna guuto hoos u
dhacday, marna guuto hoos u dhacday. Mar haddii la og yahay qofka eedaysanaha ah
ee xukunka bilowga ah, waa in lagu magacaabaa eedaysane ama magaciisa marka
hore la xuso. Habka wax loo qoro ee isku xigxiga ma aha oo kaliya inuu baabi'iyo
caddaynta xukunka (jahwareerka) laakiin sidoo kale wuxuu noqon karaa wax laga
xumaado sababtoo ah waxay u muuqataa in maxkamaddu ku majaajilooto qofka loo
soo gudbiyay.

14.10 Higaada; Magacyada dadka iyo meelaha lagu qoray xukunka waa in la tafatiro
intii suurtagal ah. 35 Bogga

Qaladka magaca ku qoran xukunka wuxuu dhaawacayaa dareenka milkiilaha magaca,

iyo magacyada meelaha Qaladka iyo akhristuhu ma yeelan doonaan saameyn
wanaagsan oo ku saabsan maxkamadda. (Wuxuu iska dhigayaa mid aan dan ka lahayn
maxkamadda, oo deegaanka ka xun, iwm.) Taariikhda iyowaa in la saxo tirada
dukumeentiyada xafiiska ee lagu sheegay xukunka maxkamada loo gudbiyay sidoo
kale waa in la xusaa magaca xafiiska soo saaray. Warqad ama tilmaamo aan lahayn
taariikh iyo nambar waa marin habaabin.

14.12 tixraac sharciga lagu dabaqi karo; Shuruucda ay dhinacyada is haya ku soo
bandhigayaan doodooda waa kuwa ay isleeyihiin mid waliba faa’iido ayuu u leeyahay.
Xaqiiqda ah in qof kasta oo dacwoonaya uu soo xigtay sharciga la xiriira kiiska ma
dhigayso in maxkamaddu ay halkaas go'aan ka gaarto. Haddaba, marka ay
maxkamaddu xukunka riddo, waa in ay si sax ah u sheegtaa sharciga iyo lambarka
dacwadda khuseeya, haddii ay sheegaan dhinacyada is haya iyo haddii kaleba. Waa
waajibka maxkamadda inay hesho sharciga ku habboon mawduuca.

14.13 Afku waa inuu ahaado mid miyir qaba, oo afka xukunku ku qoran yahay yaanu
buunbuunin, dabacsanaan iyo hoos u dhigin. Marka ay garsoorayaashu ra'yigooda
dhiibtaan, waa in ay ahaataa mid dabacsan oo jilicsan. Erayga xukunku yaanu noqon
mid marka horeba garsooruhu mansab ka qaatay. Tibaaxda oo dhami waa in aanay
muujin in garsooruhu dhinac u xaglinayo, balse waa in uu muujiyaa in uu
dhexdhexaad ka yahay oo uu arrinka ka eego oo keliya dhinaca sharciga.

14.14. Tusaale ahaan: Ma habboona in eedaysane qof si dayacaad ah u dilay lagu

tilmaamo gacan-ku-dhiigle. Waxaa intaa dheer, sababtoo ah hay'ad dawladeed ama
mid gaar ah ayaa dambi ku lug leh kiiska, waa in laga fogaado dhammaan.
Garsooruhu waa inuu ka fogaadaa inuu ku saleeyo ra'yigiisa gaarka ah xukunkiisa.

14.15 Maaha Bedelka faylka, 361 Bogga

Xukunku waa inuu ka kooban yahay warbixin kooban oo ku saabsan qodobbada ugu
muhiimsan ee dacwadda. Ka dib marka la liis gareeyo mawduucyada la soo qaaday
iyo tixgelinta sharciga, falanqaynta waa in ay daboosho qayb ballaadhan intii
suurtagal ah. Marar badan, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa laga arki karaa diiwaannada
in inta badan xukunnada ay bixiso maxkamaddu ay yihiin doodaha ay soo bandhigeen
dhinacyada is haya.

Tobanka bog ee xukunka 9, sharciga la sheegay in uu khuseeyo kiiska waxa lagu

sheegay warbixinta caddaynta, badiyaa kaliya rubuc bog oo keliya iyada oo aan wax
falanqayn ah la samayn. Tan waxaa laga arki karaa diiwaanno badan. Lama odhan
karo xukunkani waa warbixin soo bandhigaysa qodobbadii ugu muhiimsanaa ee ay
dooduhu soo bandhigeen, balse waa xukun muujinaya mawqifka maxkamadda iyo
fasiraadda sharciga.

14.16 Qoraalka xukunku waa inuu ahaadaa mid la hirgeliyo dhib la'aan. Xukun kasta
waa inuu buuxiyaa nuxurka iyo nidaamka go'aanka, laga bilaabo dabeecadda kiiska
ilaa gabagabada. Waa maxay nooca xukunka loo yaqaan xukun wanaagsan? Jumlada
wanaagsan marka hore waxaa lagu qoraa luqad cad oo la fahmi karo. Iska ilaali
isticmaalka luqadda farsamada ama sharciga inta ugu badan ee suurtogalka ah. Haddii
luqad sharci ah loo baahan yahay, geli luqad cad oo u dhiganta. Markii xukunka la
qoray.

4. Fudud in la fahmo, xiiso u leh in la akhriyo, ma ka boodo hal mawduuc oo kale

iyada oo aan dhammayn Waa mid kooban oo ka kooban qodobbada muhiimka ah
iyada oo aan la dhaafin dhibco aan loo baahnayn.
4 Isticmaalka jumladaha gaagaaban waa farsamo wanaagsan oo lagu caddeeyo
xukunka.
4 Waa in uu noqdaa xukun kaftan iyo kaftan meesha ka saara oo aan cid kasta ka
xumaan.
4 Xukunka waxa ay u muuqataa in "xisbiga la sheegay" erayada "kuwa kor lagu
sheegay" waa in meesha laga saaro ilaa inta suurtogalka ah.
4 Looma baahna in lagu soo celiyo dhammaan dacwadda ama jawaabta, waa inaad
isticmaashaa oo keliya qodobbada ugu muhiimsan ee dooda intii suurtagal ah.
4 Magaca dacwooduhu waa in si isku mid ah loogu qoraa xukunka. (Eedaysanaha ama
magaciisa),
4 Xukunku waa in uu ka fogaadaa adeegsiga farta ama xarajinta ama calaamada
xigashada si xooga loo saaro. Kiis (kiis) walxaha kiis dacwad-oogaha 371 Bogga

➢ Mr. Balai waa mulkiilaha gaadhi Bajaaj ah oo taarikodiisu tahay IMA A5A7.
➢ Kulliyadan Bajaajta ee Beeraha waxaa laga kireeyay 100 Birr maalintii.
➢ Oktoobar 3, 2aad AD, gaadhi Isuzu ah oo leh dhinaca nambarka AAA37 A.M.
Waxa uu ku dhuftay Bajaaj oo uu shil geystay. Shilkaan ayaa sababay in Bajaaj uu
shaqo la’aan ahaa 1 maalin si uu u dayactiro, waxaana Garaashkaasi laga qaadayay 15
Birr Mushaarka Xoogsatada 2 Birr (maalintii 1 Birr 1 maalin). Wuxuu gudbiyay
dacwad isagoo lehin haddii uu Bajaaju shaqayn lahaa uu maalintiiba siin lahaa
1,000,000 Birr = 1,000,000 Birr/guud ahaan 27,000,000 oo magdhow ah, oo ay ku
jiraan magdhow, kharash iyo dulsaar ku filan. Daliil ahaan
1. Bajaaj Libre,
2. asalka iyo nuqulka qandaraaska kulliyadda ayaa lagu lifaaqay.
3. Cadeymo farsamo oo muujinaya in shilku uu ka dhashay gaari Isuzu ah oo uu watay
Mr. Kebede Cadeymo ku lifaaqan.
4. Saddex marqaati oo goob joog ka ahaa shilka ayaa yimid oo ka marag furay.
5. Waxa halkan ku lifaaqan rasiidhada lacago kala duwan oo la bixiyay. Jawaabta
Eedeysanaha / Mudane Kebede /
➢ Waxa uu qirtay in shilku dhacay.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa uu u soo bandhigay dood ahaan Qodobadu waa:

1. Kharashka dayactirka oo la buunbuuniyay.

2. Dukumeentiga qandaraaska ee uu soo gudbiyay dacwooduhu maaha mid sharci ah.
3. Todobaad ka hor inta aanu shilka dhicin gaadhigaygii waxa iga xaday qof aan la
garanayn, marka waxa uu yidhi anigu ma ihi khaladka aniga oo masuul ka ah
khasaaraha soo gaadhay. daliil ahaan

1. Eedeysanaha ayaa ku wargeliyay ciidamada booliska degmada Fogera in gaariga

laga waayay meel uu yaalay Lifaaqa waa caddaynta taariikhaysan
-------------------------.
2. Buugga buug-yaraha ee baabuurka / cinwaanka / koobiga ayaa la bixiyaa. Su'aasha
dooda 381 Bogga

1. Ka dib markii ay baareen eedaha iyo jawaabaha iyo sidoo kale caddaymaha lagu
soo bandhigay, waxay bixiyeen xukun/go'aan iyagoo eegaya qaabka iyo nuxurka
xukunka.

15. Go'aan qoraal ah oo heer maxkamadaha ah Sidaan horey isugu daynay inaan
eegno, nuxurka qoraalka go'aanku guud ahaan waa isku mid, laakiin way ku kala
duwan tahay kiisba kiis. Go'aanka lagu qoray dacwad ciqaabeed wuxuu ka duwan
yahay go'aanka qoran ee dacwad madani ah nuxurkiisa iyo qaabkiisa. Kiisaska
madaniga ah, waxa lagu soo bandhigaa habraaca degdega ah iyo waxa lagu soo
bandhigo nidaamka caadiga ah, way ku kala duwan yihiin, oo leh arrin muran badan
dhalisay oo aan mawduuc lahayn. Xataa mawduucyada aan mawduucyada ahayn,
qoraalka go'aanku wuu kala duwanaan karaa, gaar ahaan tayada iyo dadaalka
go'aamiyaha. Farqigu waa mid aan dhammaad lahayn. Maqaalkan waxaan ku eegi
doonaa qaabka iyo nuxurka go’aanka ka dhex jiri kara maxkamadda darajada
koowaad iyo rafcaanka. Sidan oo kale, qoraalka qaraarka ee laga doodayo waa
dhammaan arrimaha oo dhan iyada oo aan wax farqi ah loo helin.

15.1 Qoraalka go'aanka maxkamadda darajada koowaad Maxkamadaha darajada

koowaad waxay si gaar ah u yihiin halka caddaynta iyo doodaha dhabta ah lagu qabto
oo si weyn loo diiwaangeliyo. Go'aanka maxkamada ayaa mararka qaarkood qarka u
saaran inay go'aamo heerkan ah gaadho. Sida uu dacwooduhu si cad ugu qeexayo
su’aallaha miiska miiska saaran isagoo leh, “Kiiska waxa loo gudbiyay si loogu
dacwoodo inta lacag ah ee la mid ah...,” ayay maxkamaddu sidoo kale ku bilaabi
kartaa inay caddayso in dacwadda eedaysanaha la laalay ama in eedaysanaha ayaa
lagu soo oogay masuuliyad. Go'aamada marka hore loo qoro, u raac sida ay u kala
horreeyaan;
1. Dabeecadda arrintu.
2. Waxyaabaha miraha,
3. mawduuc / mawduucyo /,
4. Xeer, xukun iyo gunaanad.
5. Soo koobid/xukun, waa in uu ka koobnaadaa:

Si faahfaahsan u eeg,
1. Dabeecadda dacwadda 39 | Bogga
Qaybtan go'aanka ah waa tii ugu horreysay ee lagu qoro ciwaanka "Xukun". Waxa uu
ka kooban yahay waxa dacwaddu tahay, taariikhdii muhiimka ahayd ee soo martay,
awoodda ay maxkamaddu u leedahay dacwadda iyo arrinta ay maxkamaddu go’aan ka
gaadhayso. Lemsane ( Xaqiiqda ah in dacwaddu ay khusayso muran dhul, dib-u-
heshiisiin la’aan, dib-u-heshiisiin/dadaaladii ay sameeyeen dhex-dhexaadintii dhuleed
kiisku wax natiijo ah kamay soo bixin, markaa dacwaddu waa inay ku dhammaato
xukun sharci ah, sidaas darteed waxaa lagu macneeyey in dacwooduhu wuxuu soo
gudbiyay codsi ah inuu la wareego dhulka.)
2. Miraha Dulucda waxa aynu ula jeednaa doodo aan sharci ahayn oo lagu caddayn
karo ama lagu burin karo caddaymaha cidda is haysa. Go'aan gaarista marka loo eego
sharciga madaniga ah waa in had iyo jeer lagu daro walxaha go'aanka maxkamada
darajada koowaad. / Kaliya waxa muhiimka u ah kiiska waa in lagu daro qaab sheeko.
Garsooruhu waa inuu doortaa oo diiwaangeliyaa oo keliya doodaha la taaban karo.
Kaliya waxyaabaha muhiimka ah ee ka caawinaya akhristaha inuu fahmo go'aanka
ayaa ku jira. Nuxurka waxa loo sharaxay sida ugu badan ee suurtogalka ah si
dacwoodaha iyo akhristuhu ay si sahlan u akhriyaan una fahmaan go'aanka. In kasta
oo ay muhiim tahay in la sheego wakhtiga, waxa fiican in curiyayaasha lagu sifeeyo
siday u kala horreeyaan. Qoraaga go'aanka waa inuu u qoraa qaab ay ku jiraan waxa
looga baahan yahay murankaxisbiga iyo/ama akhristaha kale in ka badan jumlada.
Tusaale ahaan, haddii ay dhacdo muran dhul, waxaa ku filan in horay loo sheego in
arrinta lagu xallin karin dhexdhexaadin iyo in kale, halka muranka qandaraaska uu u
baahan yahay in la iftiimiyo wakhtiga qandaraaska la fuliyay, la joojiyay iwm. siday u
kala horreeyaan. Arrimaha sida ay u kala horreeyaan waxa lagu macnayn karaa qaab
faallo ama liis. Tusaale ahaan... Ma aanan keenin ukunta lagu sheegay heshiiska
bartamihii Janaayo 2018 aniga oo aan ixtiraamin qandaraaskii la saxiixay November
21/2018.
2. Bartamihii Janaayo 2011, qandaraaskii waa la joojiyay, waxaa la odhan karaa waa
la badbaadin karaa. Garsoorayaashu waa inay aad uga taxaddaraan inay beddelaan
nuxurka go'aanadooda. Waa in lagu xafidaa afka dooda sida ugu macquulsan.
Garsoorayaashu awood uma laha inay fasiraan nuxurka. Awoodda loo dhiibay inay
sharciga fasiraan 40 P a g e

Waxa kaliya ee ay tahay inaad sameyso waa isdiiwaangeli oo la arko. Haddii

heshiiska la joojiyo bartamaha Janaayo, marka go'aanka la qoro, waa inaan lagu xusin
Janaayo 15/2. Waa in si taxadar leh loo qoraa sababtoo ah fasiraadda nuxurka waxay
yaraynaysaa awoodda qancinta akhristaha waxayna albaabka u furaysaa in
maxkamadaha sare ay go'aan khaldan ka gaaraan arrinka maadaama ay hoos u
dhacayso awooddoodii/masuuliyadda ay ku eegayaan nuxurka. Xaqiiqda ah in
nuxurka ay tahay in si taxadar leh loo qoro macnaheedu maaha in qolyaha is haya ay
dejiyaan in uu jiro muran walax. Tusaale ahaan: Haddii codsi loo xareeyo caddaynta
carruurnimada, macnaheedu maaha in waalidnimada qofka loo yaqaan aabaha waa in
la qoraa. Doorashada alaabta saxda ah waxay u baahan tahay xirfad, aqoon iyo
khibrad weyn. In la soo xulo xaqiiqada iyo in la soo gebagebeeyo waa shaqada
garsooraha dalkeenna, taas oo u baahan taxaddar si la mid ah.

Caddeyntu waa meesha kaliya ee laga bilaabayo gunaanadkan. Tusaale ahaan,

caddaymaha la soo bandhigay ee caddaynaya aabbanimada, maxkamaddu waxay
tidhi, "Waxaa la xaqiijiyay in eedaysanaha / aabbuhu, uu guursaday Mrs ../hooyada /
laga bilaabo 14/1/197A." Gabagabo ayaa la gaaray. Gabagabada xaqiiqadu lafteedu
waa mid aan macno lahayn oo waa in loo beddelaa gunaanad sharci. Sidaas awgeed,
nuxurka mawduuca ayaa la dejin doonaa. Sidaa darteed, haddii aanu mawduuca
mawduuca ku jirin, waxay la macno tahay in aanay jirin nuxur iyo gunaanad. Waxaa
jiri doona miro badan. Waa in la xasuusnaado in tani aysan macnaheedu ahayn in mar
walba loo baahan yahay mawduuc ku saleysan xaqiiqda iyo gabagabada. Waxay
noqon karaan mawduuc/eedayn/iwm. Taariikhda la sameeyay dacwadda, qaadashada
dacwoodaha, awoodda dacwoodaha, ayaa lagu sheegay liisaskan. Qodobadan waa la
xusi karaa ilaa inta go'aan laga gaarayo lagana saaro waxyaabaha muhiimka ah ee aan
khusayn. Guud ahaan, walxaha la xidhiidha mawduuca waxa lagu sifayn karaa ka hor
iyo ka dib mawduuca. Waxyaabaha lagama maarmaanka ah ee la qorayo waa in la
doortaa, la doortaa, kaliya oo muhiim ah, oo loo habeeyo si isku mid ah.
3. Dulucda Sidaan hore u soo sheegnay, arrintu waa qodob ay dhinacyadu isku
khilaafsan yihiin oo go’aan ka gaadhaya maxkamadda. Jawaabta sharciga ah sida
su'aal dhab ah ama sharci ama labadaba 41 | Bogga

Waa mid dalbanaysa. Sida qoraal kasta, mawduuca waa in si cad loo sheegaa.
Mawduuca waxa lagu dhejin karaa qaab su'aal ah oo ah qaab odhaah ah oo
maxkamada dhexdeeda ah ama jumlad ku saabsan ahaansho/aan ahayn/..... noolan/aan
jirin iwm.
➢ Miyay tahay in dooda dacwoodaha la xaliyo? Ama
➢ Doodda dacwooduhu waa haddii ay jiraan wax ka hadhay heshiiska iyo in kale.
Waa la duubi karaa. Waqtigan, mawduuca u baahan in laga jawaabo waa sharci iyo
midho. Mawduucyada waxay noqon karaan kuwo badan. Waa isku darka nuxur sharci
iyo mid la taaban karo iyo mawduucyo hoose oo ku jira mawduuc.

Tusaale ahaan, waxaad arki kartaa kuwan soo socda:

1. Dacwoodaha iyo eedaysanuhu ma leeyihiin heshiis guur oo sax ah? Haddii ay
haystaan, ma xaqiijinaysaa taariikhda guurka?
2. Doodda eedaysanaha ee ah in aan guurka la kala diri karin ma leedahay sal sharci?
3. Haddii guurka lagu kala diro Maxkamad:-
3.1. Baabuurka leh nambarka diiwaangelinta --- ma waxaa iska leh eedaysanuhu?
3.2. Nambarka gurigu ma yahay hanti wadaag ah ee dacwoodaha iyo eedaysanaha?
Waxaa la dhihi karaa. (Mowduuc kastaa wuxuu ka kooban yahay mawduucyo
waaweyn iyo mawduucyo hoose.) Iyadoo ku xidhan xaaladda, dhammaantood maaha
inay u baahan yihiin jawaab. Haddii ay maxkamaddu timaadogunaanadka in
dacwoodaha iyo eedaysanuhu aanay lahayn guur sax ah, looma baahna in la
dhaleeceeyo arrimaha hadhay oo lagu qoro go'aanka. Sida ay u kala horreeyaan
mawduucu waa in uu ku salaysan yahay kan iyo wakhtiga. Way fiicantahay in
mawduucyada sharciga ah marka hore laga jawaabo.

4. Sharci iyo sabab Ka dib marka la qeexo mawduuca go'aanka, waxa soo socdaa waa
sharciga ku habboon in laga jawaabo mawduuca iyo xiriirka sharciga ee mawduuca.
Mar walba lagama maarmaan ma aha in sharciga la koobiyeeyo sida uu yahay.
Tusaale ahaan, sharciga Itoobiya wuxuu dhigayaa in haddii murankaas lagu xarayn
waayo 2/laba sano gudahood uu sii jirayo. Mar walba sharci waa in lagu muujiyaa
marxaladda hadda jirta haddii aan la baabi'in sharciga laga hadlayo. Marka sharcigu
caddeeyo, isla xeer ayaa lagu dabaqaa nuxurka cad. Go'aanka marka sharciga iyo
nuxurka labaduba aysan caddayn 42 | Bogga

Marka la miisaamo oo la saaro miisaanka xukunka lagu riday, waxaa la qoraa sida
sharciga loo fulinayo. Hadday arrintu caddayn waydo, waa in la xukumo oo xeer cad
lagu dhaqo. Markasta oo la kala hormariyo jawaabta wax aan caddayn oo lagu xidho
gabagabada iyo cad waxay ka dhigaysaa qoraalka mid la akhriyi karo. Sida kor ku
xusan, gabagabada laga gaaray su'aal sharci waxay ku saleysan tahay gabagabada
xaqiiqooyinka. Gabagabada laga gaaray xaqiiqooyinka ma ahan mid ku saleysan
madax banaanida garsoorka, balse waxaa lagu saleeyay cadeymaha naloo soo
bandhigay.
Tani ma aha mid ku dhammaatay ee waa bar bilow u ah ka jawaabista su'aal sharci.
Waxa laga yaabaa inaanay daruuri ahayn in la koobiyo dhammaan tirada / faqrada /
sharciga la sheegay marka laga jawaabayo su'aasha sharciyeed. Way fiicantahay in
aan sharciga sidan loo rogin, iyada oo ay ku xiran tahay waxyaabo ka reeban. Halkaa
marka ay marayso saamayn sharci oo la isweydiin karo ayaa macno yeelanaysa. Mar
haddii la rabo in la go'aamiyo xuquuqda dhinacyada is haya, xiriirka midhaha waa in
si cad loo arkaa, laakiin waa in laga ilaaliyaa midhaha jumlada.

Tusaale ahaan: Gabagabo Eedaysanuhu ma keenin ukunta qandaraaska bartamihii

Janaayo 2018. Gabagabada sharciga Maxkamaddu marka ay go’aan sharci ah gaadho,
waxa ay raadisaa sharciga ay sheegtay in aan lagu dabaqi karin nuxurka, waxaanay
eegtaa in uu yahay mid lagu dabaqi karo dacwada guud ahaan iyo gaar ahaan. Tan
waxaa lagu sharxi doonaa/qori doonaa maxkamad iyadoo la raacayo muujinta
mawduuca gaarka ah iyo caddaynta cidda ay tahay in ay qaadaan culeyska
sharaxaadda. "Go'aankan" waa inuu noqdaa mid gaaban oo la fulin karo intii suurtagal
ah. Waa inay noqotaa mid cad, kooban oo si toos ah u sheegta waxa dhammaan
dhinacyada ay mudan yihiin/aanay mudnayn.

Tusaale ahaan: Sida kor ku xusan, waxaa loo qori karaa sida "Dacwooduhu wuxuu
gudbiyay dacwada laba sano ka dib joojinta qandaraaska, markaa xaq uma laha inuu
dacweeyo." Haddii la sii macneeyo, waxa la odhan karaa ---- -------------" Arrimaha ay
tahay in la dhaqan geliyo waxaa lagu dari karaa go'aanka. Tusaale ahaan, dacwoodaha
waa in lagu bixiyaa kharashka iyo khasaaraha uu u geystay eedaysanaha isagoo
xereynaya kiis khalad ah, xuquuqda racfaanka waxaa loo hayaa / sharciga / kuwa aan
ku qanacsanayn go'aankan, maadaama diiwaanku si joogto ah u xiran yahay. 431
Bogga

Waxay ku xirnaan kartaa goobta. Go'aankan badanaa wuxuu hoos yimaadaa

cinwaanka amarka Waanu arki doonaa marka ay fadhido. Sharciga ku saabsan go'aan
ka gaarista dacwadaha dembiyada si cad uma qeexayo waxa ku jira go'aanka,
nidaamka iyo xukunka. Hase yeeshee, Qodobka 136-149 ee Xeerka Habka Ciqaabta
ayaa qeexaya habka caddaynta iyo xukunka. Lambarka diiwaangelinta,
Taariikhda/waqtiga dacwada;

☞ Magaca Xeer Ilaaliyaha Guud, Eedaysane/Qareen, Magaca Garsoorayaasha,

Dhageysiga dacwada waa in lagu qoraa qoraal iyo taariikhda ballanta / No. 98. __
Go'aanka diidmada waa in la gaaro ballan la'aan " isla markiiba waana in la qoraa
taariikhda khilaafka, iyo sidoo kale arrimaha kale ee sharci ee lagu muransan yahay."
Go'aamada iyo amarrada si gaar ah ayaa loo fulin karaa waana in si cad loo qoraa,
laakiin sharcigu ma qeexin foomka go'aan kastaa raacayo marka la qorayo amar. Si
kastaba ha ahaatee, marka xukunka lagu bixiyo sida uu qabo sharciga Lr. 149 loo eego
qaab ahaan Waxay u egtahay waxa uu beeranayay. Xukun Go'aan / Ciqaab Markaan
aragno in amarka/fulinta/ay noqon kartoku jira nuxurka
➢ Taariikhda Xukunka;
➢ Saxeexa Garsooraha; - hadal kooban oo caddayn ah;
➢ Sababaha sababta caddaynta loo aqbalayo; 44 | Bogga

➢ Sababta caddaynta loo aqbali waayay; Lambarka sharciga ee xukunku ku saleysan

yahay;
➢ Sharciga xukumaya,
➢ Talooyinka adkaynta iyo ciqaabta dabacsan;
➢ Cadeymo loo soo bandhigay si loo sharaxo tan / ku saabsan dhaqankiisa/, Waxaa
laga fahmi karaa sharciga No. 149 ee xeerka madaniga ah in ay tahay in laga qoro
xaqa racfaanka. Sida sharcigu qabo, waa in lagu sheegaa xukunka lagu riday kiis
ciqaabeed. Magaca Maxkamadda; Meesha ay maxkamaddu ogolaato, Aqoonsiga
eedaysanaha/cinwaanka/,

☞Goobtii iyo goortii uu fal-dembiyeedka dhacay.

Ansixinta sharciga, Eedeysanaha /waa qirtay/ wuxuu ku dooday / dulucda, Haddii ay

jiraan wax ka soo horjeeda kiiska uu gudbiyay eedaysanuhu, go'aanka si kooban ayaa
loo sheegay. nooca iyo faahfaahinta caddaynta lagu soo bandhigay kiiska; Haddii
caddaynta difaaca la keeno, nooca, cadadka, Sharax sababta mawduuca loo
aqbalay/loo diiday. Haddii ay jiraan arrimo kale oo laga dooday / tusaale: da'da,
caafimaadka, doodahooda iyo go'aanadooda waa in si habboon loo sharraxaa guud
ahaan.

Qodobada qaar waa in si cad loogu qeexaa go'aanka sababtoo ah waa in loo sharaxaa
maxkamada rafcaanka, qolada muranku ka taagan tahay iyo bulshada.

15.2 Maxkamadda Racfaanka Qaab dhismeedka Maxkamadaha shaqada ugu weyn ee

ay qabtaan Maxkamadaha sare waa in ay dib u eegis ku sameeyaan dacwadaha ay soo
gudbiyeen Maxkamadaha hoose. Qaab dhismeedka Maxkamadaha dalkeena wax
badan kama duwana kan. Waxaa aad u batay dooda tooska ah ee Maxkamadaha
degmooyinka, waxaana soo badanaya dacwadaha ka dhaca Maxkamadaha Sare iyo
Sare. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in rafcaanka aan lagu tixgelin doonin maxkamadda
wareegga 45 Bogga

Macnuhu maaha in aanay jirin dacwad toos ah oo la horgeeyo Maxkamadaha Sare.

Qadarka, iyo natiijada la filayo, way kala duwanaan doontaa laakiin waxaa lagu arki
doonaa dhammaan maxkamadaha rafcaanka. Sidaa darteed, dooda soo socotaa waxay
khusaysaa dhammaan maxkamadaha sida ugu habboon. Maxkamadda rafcaanku
waxay fulisaa shaqada dib u eegis marka ay tixgalinayso kiis racfaanka. Maxkamadda
hoose waxay hubisaa in sharciga habraaca si sax ah loo fuliyo, in aan lagu xad-gudbin
shuruucda aasaasiga ah, in caddaynta si sax ah loo miisaamo, iyo in hawlaha
dacwadda loo fuliyo si caddaalad ah. Marka maxkamada rafcaanku dhammaato,
waxay xaqiijiyaan in aan khalad sharciga la gelin. Marka maxkamadda rafcaanku ay
tahay tii ugu dambaysay, waxay diiradda saartaa su'aalaha sharciga, waxayna saaran
yihiin mas'uuliyad culus oo dheeraad ah si ay u hubiyaan in uu jiro nidaam sharci oo
la mid ah oo la mid ah oo ka jira gobolka ama dalka iyada oo la hubinayo in
siyaasadaha iyo sharciyada kale aysan aasaasi u ahayn. lagu xadgudbay. Maxkamada
Racfaanku way kaga duwan tahay Maxkamada darajada koowaad kaliya maaha inay
dib u eegis ku samayso kiis rafcaan ah. Si tan loo sameeyo, wuxuu inta badan baaraa
qoraalka maxkamadda. Kadib marka uu eego diiwaanada hoose, waxa uu awood u
leeyahay in uu xaqiijiyo, ka noqdo, wax ka beddelo, dib u go'aamiyo kiiska ama dib u
celiyo. Maxkamadda Sare waxay awooddan ku isticmaashaa hawl garsoor oo ka
duwan kuwa hoose. Garsoorku waxa uu u shaqeeyaa koox ahaan/iskaashi/sidaa
daraadeed doodaha si weyn ayaa loo fuliyaa inta badan go'aannada lagu heshiiyo
waxaa sameeya maxkamadda. Inta badan waxa uu ku khilaafaa fikirkiisa. Cod yar oo
hal kiis ah ayaa lagu dari karaa cod aqlabiyad kale. Maxkamadda Racfaanka inta
badan waa garsoore wadaag ah, laakiin habka go’aan qaadashada ee dalkeenna,
waxaan u naqaannaa go’aan maxkamadeed, kaas oo uu qoray hal garsoore oo ay wada
saxeexaan. Garsooraha qoraya go'aanka waa inuu fahmo ma aha tiisa oo keliya,
laakiin sidoo kale taxaddarrada ay saaxiibbadiis rabaan inay qaadaan. Waa in la
caddeeyaa in qoraalku aanu ahayn go’aan garsoore keliya, balse uu yahay mid ka
dhashay maskax-wadareed oo midhaha ama sharciga laga soo tuujiyey. Si buuxda
ugama fogaan karto kala duwanaanshaha waxqabad wadareed. Dhanka kale, waxaa
laga yaabaa inuu haysto ra'yi ku raacsan go'aanka laakiin u qalmo sabab kale. Waxaa
habboon in la qoro khilaafaadkaas marka loo baahdo in la xoojiyo mawqifka
garsoorka. Marka la qoro, inta badan garsoorayaasha ayaa eegaya shakhsi ahaan,
maaha go'aanka maxkamadda 46 P

Waxay ku saabsan yihiin oo kaliya waxa la sheegayo. Dhaliilaha iyo dhaleecaynta

waxay u muuqdaan kuwo aan habboonayn oo diiradda saaraya oo kaliya mawduuca
lagu heshiiyey ee doodda. Haddii ay suurtogal tahay in garsoore kala qaybiya,
waaWaxaa la door bidaa haddii ay jiraan qodobbo uusan ku heshiinin asxaabtiisa
hadal dhexdhexaad ah oo qodobbada lagu sheego liis. Baaxadda qoraalka Sida marar
badan lagu soo celceliyey, shaqada koowaad ee maxkamadda racfaanku waa ka
hortagga iyo saxidda khaladaadka ku jira go'aan-qaadashada iyo hab-dhaqanka
maxkamadda hoose. Khaladaad badan ayaa laga heli karaa maxkamadaha hoose ee
arrintan la xiriira. Qaarkood waxaa laga yaabaa in aysan dhib u geysan qolyaha is
haya. Tusaale ahaan, haddii ay maxkamaddu go'aamiso in dacwooduhu uu xaq u
leeyahay 5x2a=1aa birr, dacwooduhu wuxuu sheeganayaa inuu haysto 1a1a=1aa birr.
Khaladaadka noocaan ah lagama yaabo in lagu sixi karo rafcaan, gaar ahaan marka la
eego dabeecadda dacwadeed ee qarankeena, maadaama aysan noqon karin cadaalad
xumo. Marka qaladku caddeeyo oo la ogaado in maxkamaddu ay ku khaldantay
jihadii ay ahayd inay raacdo, waxay u baahan tahay in la saxo.
Qoraalka mawqifka maxkamadda rafcaanka ee ah in aan khalad la samayn, xataa
haddii khalad dhacay, ma xuma, ee ay tahay in khaladka la saxo, isna wuu ka duwan
yahay. Nuxurka qaraarku wuu kala duwanaan karaa xoghaye ilaa xoghaye, laakiin
guud ahaan waxay u egtahay sidan soo socota.
1. Dabeecadda arrintu;
2. Dulucda,
3. Nuxurka,
4. Khalad la helay / sharciga, sababta falanqaynta /,
5. Kooban; Go'aanku wuxuu yeelan doonaa soo koobid. Qodobbada lagu sheegay
amarka nr. 4 asal ahaan waa wixii aan kaga soo hadalnay qaybta hore, duruufo gaar ah
ayaa lagu arki doonaa dooda. si loo xaqiijiyo, wax ka beddelo, loo beddelo, ama loo
tirtiro”.
Sida ku cad nambarada 341 iyo 343, dacwada waxaa lagu celin karaa maxkamada
hoose si ay go'aan uga gaarto marka la xalliyo arrinta ama la sameeyo dood. Sidaas si
la mid ah, Maxkamadda Rafcaanka Ciqaabta, sida ku cad Xeerka Habka Ciqaabta ee
No. 195, si ay u amarto kiiska xaqiijinta racfaanka maxkamad kale, dhamaystirto
go'aanka. 47 | Bogga

Wuxuu awood u leeyahay inuu baabi'iyo, kordhiyo, xoojiyo, yareeyo, ciqaabta.

Awooddan waxa lagu meeleeyaa Xeerka No. 5 kaas oo Maxkamadda Racfaanka ay
sheegi doonto mowqifkeeda ka dib markay tixgeliso racfaanka.
1. Adkaysi Haddii maxkamadda racfaanku ay ogaato in uusan jirin wax qalad ah oo
ku saabsan kiiska ka dib markii ay baartay qoraalka maxkamadda hoose, waxay ku
gaari kartaa go'aankeeda qoraal iyadoon u baahnayn wax badan. Xeer Lr. 348(1) iyo
Xeer Lr.195 ayaa hoosta ka xariiqaya arrintan. Iyadoo taas laga duulayo, racfaanka uu
racfaan-qaaduhu ka gudbiyay maxkamadda racfaanka lama aqbalin, sidaas darteedna
go'aanka maxkamadda hoose waa la raacayaa. Nidaamka qorista go’aannada
dalkeenna, marka ay maxkamaddaha rafcaanku ku adkaystaan go’aanka maxkamadda
hoose, annagoo u kuur-galnay dacwadda rafcaanka ee khilaafkii diiwaanka
maxkamadda hoose, wax khalad ah oo sharci iyo mid xaqiiqo ah toona kuma aannu
helin. maxkamada hoose, sidaas darteed racfaankii waxaa diiday maxkamada hoose.
Waxaanu samaynay sida ku cad lambarka 337/W/M/H/S/S/No./95/1/, waxa aad u
badan in ay amar kooban bixiyaan in diiwaanka la xidho oo la soo celiyo. Dhanka
qoraalkan, qaar ka mid ah qorayaasha ayaa dhaleeceeya inaysan ahayn qoraal sax ah
sababtoo ah ma sharraxayo sababta loo aqbali waayay cabashada rafcaanka. Su'aasha
dooda
1. Go’aamadii aad ku aragteen F/S/Xeer iyo tababaro kale. Amarka jebinta Lambar
34694 ee ku taariikhaysan 11/6/2018. Amarka lagu bixiyay lambarka A3234 ee ku
taariikhaysan 3/3/2018, Fiiri oo ku dheji faallooyinkaaga qoraal go'aankooda. Si sax
ah u qor dhammaan amarrada.
16. Go'aan qaadashada iyo anshaxa Tababareyaasha qaaliga ah, waxaa loo
malaynayaa inaad hore u soo qaadatay koorasyada anshaxa. Go'aan-qaadayaashu waa
inay ilaashadaan anshaxooda marka ay hadlayaan, hab-dhaqankooda, iyo qoraalkooda
gudaha iyo dibedda qolka maxkamadda. Waa maxay hab-dhaqanka dhinac walba 48 |
Bogga

Horay ayaanu u aragnay in la raaco, ee dib ugu noqon mayno oo dib u eegi mayno.
Waxay ku dhamaanaysaa go'aan. Go’aanka ka hor waxa marag madoon ah awoodda
garsoorku u leeyahay hoggaaminta maxkamadda iyo bulshada, gaar ahaan dhinacyada
is haya. Inta badan dhagaystayaasha maxkamada jooga waxay u heellan yihiin
kiiskeeda. Garsooruhu wuxuu had iyo jeer la macaamilayaa macmiilka kiiskiisa.
Haddii go'aanka maxkamaddu uu qoran yahay, waxaa la ballaarin doonaa xiriirka ka
dhexeeya dhammaan qaybaha bulshada. Dhammaan cilaaqaadka, go'aanka / ra'yiga
garsoorka / wuxuu saameeyaa macmiilka iyo bulshada, ma aha oo kaliya sababtoo ah
gabagabada la gaaray, laakiin sidoo kale sida go'aamada loo qoro. "Dad
dhagaystayaashu waxay ku xukumaan garsoorayaasha ka baxsan dugsiga sare" isla
qoraalka ay ku dhejiyeen go'aanadooda. Thebulshadu waxay aaminsantahay
maxkamada gaar ahaan go'aankan. Qoraalka waxaa lagu cabbiraa karti, door muhiim
ah ayuu ka qaataa racfaanka, wuxuu go'aamiyaa nuxurka xiriirka bulshada ee
bulshada, wuxuu keenaa isla xisaabtan, wuxuu aasaas u yahay waxbarashada sharciga
iyo cilmi-baarista, sababtoo ah waa dukumeenti taariikheed. Haddaba, waa in la
hubiyaa in go’aanka la qorayo uu yahay mid lagu kalsoonaan karo, dhexdhexaad ah,
dhego la’aan, kana fog dareenka ay arrintu abuurtay. Dhab ahaantii, way ka sahlan
tahay in la tiriyo waxa aan la samayn karin marka loo eego waxa loo baahan yahay in
lagu sameeyo mabaadi'da anshaxa. Waa in aan aflagaado lagu qorin go’aanka, waa in
aan la qalloocin, yaanay ka baxsan macnaha guud, iwm. Waxaa ka sahlan in la tiriyo
waxa ay leeyihiin intii lagu soo dari lahaa. Qoraal go'aan wanaagsan waa mid ay ku
jiraan waxa xaaraanta ah iyo waxa la ogol yahay oo si sax ah loo fahmay. Garsooraha
aqoonta leh ayaa qori kara go'aan wanaagsan. Taas macnaheedu maaha in garsoore
akhlaaq leh uu mar walba qori doono go'aan wanaagsan. Mid ka mid ah dhinacyada
ugu muhiimsan ee qorista xallinta wanaagsan waa in la hubiyo in heerarka anshaxa si
sax ah loogu raacay dukumeentiga xallinta.
17. Aqoonsiga dhagaystayaasha go'aanka garsoorka 49 Bogga

Marka ay garsoorayaashu go'aan qorayaan, waa in ay ogaadaan in ay jiraan qaybo

badan oo kala duwan oo dadweynaha ah oo akhriya go'aanka. Ka mid ah
dhageystayaasha suurtagalka ah ee go'aanka. Garsooraha laftiisa qoraya go'aanka.
Garsooraha asxaabta / garsoorayaasha /; Garsoorayaasha saxiixay go’aanka. Xirfadle /
Sharci / Bulsho, Dugsiyada sharciga, xarumaha tababarka,

▪ Dadka ku andacoonaya inay na guursadaan arrinta, /Ururka Haweenka Lemsale /

▪ Bulshada guud ahaan, Sharci-dejiyeyaasha iyo hay'adaha dawladda; Caalami /

Qaran / Hay'ado, warbaahinta, safaaradaha, Waxaa xusid mudan in adduunka oo dhan
uu ku yaal internetka, mareegaha, iwm Marka qaraarka la qoro, waa in la gartaa dadka
la beegsanayo iyo hadafka xallinta. Dhinacyada is haya/gaar ahaan/ waxay xaq u
leeyihiin in ay helaan go'aan sharci ah oo waajibka ah in la ixtiraamo xuquuqdaas
qayb ka mid ah go'aan gaaraha. Siyaabaha ay go’aan-qaadayaashu sharciga u fasiran
karaan/ ugu dhaqmi karaan si madax-bannaan, xalaal ah oo daah-furan, waxa ka mid
ah inay gutaan mas’uuliyadda ka saaran golayaasha sharci-dejinta iyo bulshada oo ay
qoraan go’aan ku dhisan caqli-gal dhab ah. Waqtiga qoritaanka go'aanka, oo ka mid
ah dhegaystayaashii kor ku xusan iyo kuwa la midka ah,
❖ Yaa akhriyi kara go'aanka,
❖ Waxa la rabo in akhristuhu sameeyo;
❖ Habka iyo odhaahda go'aanka, Waxa uu u baahan yahay in uu ka sii fikiro sida uu
noqon doono xidhiidhka uu la leeyahay akhristaha. Marka go'aan la qoro, waxaa jiri
kara qolo aan ku heshiin karin go'aanka. Qareenka laga adkaaday dooda, ururka
qareenada, qolada muran ka taagan tahay, garsoore kale, maxkamad hoose iyo mid
sare, iwm. way ku khilaafi karaan go'aanka. Khaasatan xisbigii dooda laga waayey
501 Bogga

Si go’aanka la isugu waafaqo, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in si dhab ah looga doodo

xaqiiqada jirta, haddii ay suurtagal tahayna waxaa wanaagsan in qodobbada ay
maxkamaddu ku heshiisay lagu qeexo isla ereyo. Taas waxa loo adeegsadaa in lagu
tuso in maxkamaddu ay daacad ka tahay in ay miisaan la mid ah siiso dooda
dhinacyada is haya marka ay go'aan ka gaarayaan. Daacad u noqo dooda dhinacyadu
macnaheedu maaha in la koobiyeeyo dooda ay dhinacyadu ku soo bandhigeen
go'aanka. Guud ahaan, marka go'aan la qorayo, waa in la hubiyaa in guud ahaan la
ilaaliyo anshaxa laga filayo mihnadda. Tusaale ahaan, si loo muujiyo
dhexdhexaadnimo, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la hubiyo in garsooruhu awood u
leeyahay inuu go'aan ka gaaro, ixtiraamo s