Presentation of Data

Both Japan and the Philippines are situated in the Pacific Ring of Fire, making them
prone to frequent and powerful earthquakes. As a result, these countries have a wealth of data
and case studies on seismic performance, offering valuable insights for engineers and
policymakers working on earthquake preparedness and mitigation.

Japan:

 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake: This devastating earthquake, with a magnitude of

7.9, caused widespread damage and loss of life in Tokyo and surrounding areas. The
event led to significant advancements in Japanese earthquake engineering, including
the development of base isolation technology and stricter building codes.
 1964 Niigata Earthquake: This magnitude 7.5 earthquake struck Niigata Prefecture,
causing liquefaction and widespread damage to infrastructure. The event highlighted
the importance of ground improvement techniques and disaster preparedness
planning.
 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami: The magnitude 9.0 earthquake and
subsequent tsunami caused immense destruction in northeastern Japan. The event led
to a reevaluation of nuclear power plant safety and the development of more resilient
infrastructure.
 The 1995 Hanshin earthquake: This 7.3-magnitude earthquake struck the Kansai
region of Japan, causing widespread damage in Kobe and Osaka. Over 6,400 people
were killed and hundreds of thousands were injured. The earthquake also caused
significant economic damage, estimated at over $100 billion. This event led to
improvements in building codes and emergency response protocols in Japan.
 The 2004 Niigata-Chūetsu earthquake: This 6.6-magnitude earthquake struck the
Niigata Prefecture in Japan, causing widespread damage to infrastructure and
buildings. Over 60 people were killed and thousands were injured. The earthquake
also triggered landslides and liquefaction, which further exacerbated the damage. This
event highlighted the importance of earthquake-resistant infrastructure and retrofitting
existing buildings.
 The 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes: This series of earthquakes, including a 6.4-
magnitude and a 7.3-magnitude quake, struck the Kumamoto Prefecture in Japan.
Over 250 people were killed and thousands were injured. The earthquakes caused
widespread damage to infrastructure, including roads, bridges, and buildings. This
event highlighted the importance of community preparedness and post-disaster
recovery efforts.

Philippines:
 1990 Luzon Earthquake: This magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck the island of Luzon,
causing widespread damage and loss of life. The event highlighted the vulnerability of
 unreinforced masonry structures and the need for stricter building codes in the
Philippines.
 2013 Bohol Earthquake: This magnitude 7.2 earthquake struck Bohol Island,
causing significant damage to heritage structures and homes. The event demonstrated
the importance of cultural heritage preservation in earthquake-prone areas.
 2017 Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan): While not directly an earthquake, Typhoon
Yolanda's storm surge exacerbated existing vulnerabilities in coastal areas,
highlighting the need for integrated disaster risk management strategies.
 The 2017 Leyte Earthquake: This 6.5 magnitude earthquake struck Leyte Island on
December 22, 2017. It caused landslides and tsunamis, resulting in at least 242
fatalities. The earthquake also damaged infrastructure and buildings, particularly in
the city of Ormoc.
 The 2018 earthquake in Davao City: This magnitude 6.5 earthquake struck Davao
City on December 11, 2018, and caused widespread damage to buildings and
infrastructure. Over 17 people were killed in the earthquake.
 The 2020 earthquake in Luzon: This magnitude 6.9 earthquake struck the island of
Luzon on July 27, 2020, and caused damage to buildings and infrastructure in several
provinces. Over 20 people were killed in the earthquake.