2015 International Conference on Advances in Computer Engineering and Applications (ICACEA)

IMS Engineering College, Ghaziabad, India

Survey Paper on Various Techniques of Recognition

and Tracking
Namrata Jaiswal Vishan Kumar Gupta Asmita Mishra
M.Tech, Computer Science and Department of Computer Science M.Tech, Computer Science and
Engineering, IMS Engineering and Engineering, IMS Engineering Engineering, IMS Engineering
college Ghaziabad,India. College, Ghaziabad, India college Ghaziabad,India.
namrata01nov@gmail.com vishangupta@gmail.com asmitamishra22@gmail.com

Abstract- This paper describes different methods used for

identification and tracking of player and license plate. Although
object (Player and license plate) recognition have projected many
challenges because the algorithms did not give correct results.
But time to time, several techniques are discovered to identify the
object. In this survey paper, we describe and compare many
techniques of identification through table and bar graph.
Keywords- character recognizer, license plate recognition, plate
region extraction, segmentation, localization, vehicle number plate,
vehicle plate extraction.
I. INTRODUCTION
The Player recognition is to identify the individual team
at real time during the match in order to know particular
player performance. Identifying the player, tracking the
player, counting the total team has advantage in many fields.
For example to know about the current activity of the player.
The evolution of team recognition at live time is moving
towards a future of endless possibilities. The basic idea behind
this application is image processing of individual. Image
processing manipulated the HSV characteristics of the player
jersey, the jersey number to different them. The image
processing technique Morphological operation is to isolate the
number mentioned on jersey from captured image and process
further. In this survey paper, Map detection system will be
used. It will different the uniform from whole image and then
segment the image for further process to guess the number of
a player.
The input of the title project is image, data of the team
name and uniform type while the output is the image along
with player name and number. Automatic Player recognition
would be of great importance in game video. Video image is
actually classified into caption text which is scene text
available already in the image. Team player number is the
scene text. Because of the different orientation and angles the
text detection is often tough task to find exact result.
Several methods are used to find the better output. As
mentioned earlier that image is segmented by vector
quantization algorithm that surrounds pixels in to limited color
978-1-4673-6911-4/15/$31.00©2015 IEEE
of the same kind(homogeneous) regions in order to separate
the number of uniform from the background. Digital
characters Size and pipe like attribute are used to filter the
players. The algorithm mentioned by Viola and Jones is for
face identification. There are two stage approaches for number
recognition. The first stage is to grab and selection of image
corners by Harris detection method while second stage is to
extraction of maximally stable external regions. Both of these
steps segment the image to process by OCR software.
Real time player recognition and tracking is difficult
because of the below reasons-
1. The player size sometimes is just about 15-30 pixels.
2. There are very often occlusions between the players.
3. The illumination conditions vary during the game and even
for each frame, when stadium shadows are considered.
4. Player shapes and colors tend to be blurred and non
distinctive, due to low resolution, motion blurring or image
compression artifacts.
To solve the player recognition task despite these
complications, we combine simple but powerful perceptual
cues in a probabilistic manner, in order to achieve robustness,
speed as well as the required precision
All potential player regions unlikely to belong to either
the field or the surroundings are segmented .Likelihood-maps
are generated by template-matching using color, compactness
and height constraints. Hypotheses given by the prediction
module of the Tracker are fused together with template-maps.
Players are localized using their estimated center of gravity
and their uncertainties are estimated from the resultant maps
in image coordinates.
Following techniques are applied to increase robustness and
accuracy:
1. Spatial variance filtering and probabilistic color-models
(mixture of Gaussians) are used to segment player regions.
2. Predicted camera parameters are used to determine
thresholding values and context constraints such as expected
player size.

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 2015 International Conference on Advances in Computer Engineering and Applications (ICACEA)
3. The Mahalanobis distance to probabilistic color-classes is
used in color-template matching.
We analyze segmentation which defines the process.
Second process is to define player extraction using internal
contours in processed image. And finally identify object and
players.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
[1] Presented new algorithm for Vehicle recognition
which was an effective technique of image processing
technique. It was used to recognize vehicles plate numbers.
Many application were used in many field which is based on
this technique. This technique was used in many region
traffic, travel, marketing tool, border control etc .Many
method were used to explain this technique .There were two
techniques used in this paper edge detection method and
image processing tools.[12] Edge detection was a set of
mathematical terms which target was to recognize points in
digital image. The use of image processing tools were resize,
scan the plate area .Image processing tools convert image in
gray scale image and filter the image in order to small objects
and identify plate number which I got object. After that
Guassian filter used to control the obtain image.
[2] Presented changeable software based platform. It was
used for recognition application of number plate .In this paper
software plug-in used a Dll (Dynamic link library) interface.
Processing is broken in many explicit modules. The modular
structure provide maximum facilitates during the comparison
between different algorithm in a particular steps .It allows
code to be reused among application.Dll interface define all
items of data and function which was known to be exported
by a program in the system. Dllexport and dllimport was
declared for all items.
[3] There were many application of .Automatic Vehicle
recognition .Automatic Vehicle Identification used in traffic
system(highway electronic tax collection, red light violation
enforcement ,border and custom checkpoints) etc. License
plate recognition was more effective form of AVI system.
There was easy and smart algorithm for Automatic vehicle
recognition by plate recognition.[12] The given algorithm
contains three main parts- Extraction of plate region,
segmentation of character and character recognition. There
were many types of algorithm used in segmentation of plate
area smearing algorithm, filtering and morphological
algorithm. For extraction of plate area we used different
algorithm edge detection algorithm and smearing algorithm.
Statistical based template matching was finally used for plate
alphabet recognition. The performance was based on real
image. We noted these algorithms give best result for plate
recognition.
[4] Player recognition was very important task sports
video. In Basketball player’s numbers could be exploiting to
perform identification. Uniform number could be contained as
three step picture text and major problems in localization and
identification were low quality of being determined
(resolution). Low brightness, color aliasing, unconstrained
background etc. Two different techniques used in this paper
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IMS Engineering College, Ghaziabad, India
player number localization and recognition .First uniform area
were extracted by region growing algorithm.HSV color space
is used for segmented the region and uniform and number
region. The main method was used for players number
localization was internal contour. It removed the false number
of players on the region and aspect ratio and took enhance
image for smoothing and rotation normal.
[5] Introduced modern methodology for development of
an Automatic Vehicle Identification System(AVIS).The
device could be divided in three main parts: vehicle image
processing, license Plate feature extraction, Hidden Markov
Model(HMM).It gave identification rate 98%.Hidden Morkov
model was a simple foundation for making probabilistic
model of linear serial ‘labeling problems .It gave toolkit for
building hard models just by gene finding, profile searches,
many sequence alignment and regulatory site recognition.
[6] Identification of players and tracking number of
players in sports video took with a (single pan-tilt zoom)
means it is ip camera, user can control movement and position
of lens had many application. It was very tough and
challenging task. In this paper handled difficulties task. The
system made the ability to detect and track multiple numbers
of players and used homography between video frames and
court, and recognize the players. The recognition system
added three weak visual cues, exploit both temporal and
mutual exclusion parts in a conditional Random video clip and
reduce the number of training data which was require to learn
the recognition system and supervised learning was used .The
result was tracking, homography estimation and identification.
[7] Identifying and tracking players in sports videos took
in a single moving pan-tilt-zoom camera had many application
.It was a challenging problem due to fast camera motions,
unpredictable player movement and unreliable visual
constituent. It introduced a system to handled problem based
on conditional random fields .System required large number
of image for training. Semi supervised learning was used to
trained and recognition.
[8] Finding player’s identity was challenging task in
sports video. In case of basket ball player identification was
effective and precise solution. Uniform number could have
been contained a picture text and problems in localization and
identification present in variations in orientation, size,
illumination, motion etc. They applied modern method for
localization and identification and HSV color space used.
[9] They Have presented good and strong method for
detecting and recognize Farsi license plate .It defined space
between cars (how car is far away), rotation(angle between
digital camera and car) and contrast (being dirty, reflected or
deformed) and considered more than one car. This method
extracted edges and determine the candidate areas by using
adaptive image target is adapt quality, size and resolution
enhancement and applying window movement and finally
license plate were detected. The area constituents were
working according to the license plate geometric structure,
continuity and parallelism. After searched license plate, solve
rotation angle and try to compensate it. There were 53 features
 2015 International Conference on Advances in Computer Engineering and Applications (ICACEA)
IMS Engineering College, Ghaziabad, India

were presented and input was artificial neural network

classifier.
[10] Introduced license plate localization and character
segmentation and identification were the researched vehicle
license plate recognition (VLPR).That was advance technical
which was used in this paper. In license plate they fixed local
region part, O tsu binarization was solved to get the plate –
person, areas. Optimal adaptive Binarization Was used to find
the accurate result of license plate localization. After the plate
localization, character devision part and statistical attribute
were took out, for plate identification multilevel classification
RBF neural network was used.
[11] In this paper they defined automatic license plate [14] Many researchers had been developed many
number. This process was done by three steps: 1) extraction 2) different technique for License plate recognition in past and
character division part 3) recognition. Compared to other got different result. When they implemented this paper they
countries in India license plate was not followed strictly. kept in mind localization method and Indian vehicle license,
Characters on license plate were in many types In Indian license plate recognition specification. They defined of license
language. There occur many changed representation of license plate by using license plate. They made used morphological
plate after that extraction, character division and identification operation like variation, used, dilation and erosion and used
was difficult task. After that they presented extraction Ycbcr color model space for special license plate. They
segmentation and identification in English characters. Sobel defined process in two steps: first color segmentation process
filter and morphological operation was used for plate and checked skewed plates after applied test and got approx
extraction, connected component and vertical projection was result.
used for segmentation, Support vector Machine was used for [15] In this paper they used new method for recognizing
identification. player motions in video those was support vector machine and
[12] License Plate Recognition (LPR) has been deeply optical flow. Optical flow was used for traced area and
read in almost countries. Many different types of number improve robustness.SVM was used for recognize player
plates had been used, the utilize of an automated region of action.
number identification system are different for every TABLE I. COMPARISION TABLE
authorized university. In general terms of any License region
identification system was localized and identification, specific Author Year Approach Description
number plate region. License plate recognition image was Allam Mousa 2002 Software plug-ins They proposed a flexible
through dynamic software based platform
captured by digital smart camera, smart phone camera. The link libraries for license plate
Proposed framework for (LPR) system worked in three parts: identification and
1) Localization 2) Segmentation 3) Recognition. Localization applications described.
of the number plate was done by using morphological Serkan 2007 Template They Proposed application
Ozbay and matching. software designed for the
operation, horizontal and vertical edge processing. Character Ergun identification of car name
recognition was done by neural network classifier; Ercelebi plate.
Segmentation was done by connected component labeling. Matko 2008 Internal contour They proposed a new
Sari,Hrvoje and hsv color method for localization and
Dujmi,Vlada model identification of player
[13]Correctly discover human being in a visual n Papi and numbers in basket ball
surveillance system was very big task for different application Nikola Rozi video was proposed.
region which included person identity, gender, event detection Matko 2009 Algorithm region They proposed algorithm
,human motion characterization, fall detection for elderly Saric,Hrvoje growing based, that used temporal
Dujmic,Vlad hsv color model, redundancy and increased
people .they defined first step which was detection process to
an internal contour identification.
detect object after that background subtraction, optical flow Papic,Nikola
and spatio-temporal filtering techniques. Rozic
M.M.Shidore 2011 Sobelfilter, They introduced algorithm
,S.P.Narote morphological for vehicle license plate
operation, svm extraction, segmentation
and identification.

Baoming 2011 Otsu binarization They introduced otsu for

Shah and multilevel rbf clustering of region and rbf
neural network neural network for
identification.
Wei-Lwun 2011 Semi supervised They introduced the use of
Lu,JO-Anne learning semi supervised learning to
Ting,James decrease the amount of

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 2015 International Conference on Advances in Computer Engineering and Applications (ICACEA)
IMS Engineering College, Ghaziabad, India

J.Little,and labels needed during III. CONCLUSION

Kevin training.
P.Murph The conclusion of this paper, first specify various stage of
object detecting, tracking, classification, identification has
S.Adebayoda 2011 Hidden markov They applied hidden been studied. And Literature review of object in real time
ramola,E.Ad model markov model for took out
etiba,A.U. license plate image and
environment and non real time environment using many
Adoghe,J.A. identification. different approaches. The main aim of this paper identify an
Badejo,I.A object approx and using different methods and many
Samuel and approaches to get final result.
T.Fagorus.
Mehran 2011 Neural network They introduced algorithm REFERENCES
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IMS Engineering College, Ghaziabad, India

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