CHAPTER THREE: ILLEGAL ASSEMBLIES AND ASSOCIATIONS

Art. 146. Illegal assemblies. The penalty of prision correctional in its maximum period to prision
mayor in its medium period shall be imposed upon the organizers or leaders of any meeting attended by
armed persons for the purpose of committing any of the crimes punishable under this Code, or of any
meeting in which the audience is incited to the commission of the crime of treason, rebellion or
insurrection, sedition or assault upon a person in authority or his agents. Persons merely present at such
meeting shall suffer the penalty of arresto mayor, unless they are armed, in which case the penalty shall
be prision correctional.

If any person present at the meeting carries an unlicensed firearm, it shall be presumed that the
purpose of said meeting, insofar as he is concerned, is to commit acts punishable under this Code, and
he shall be considered a leader or organizer of the meeting within the purview of the preceding
paragraph.

As used in this article, the word "meeting" shall be understood to include a gathering or group,
whether in a fixed place or moving.

•Ito yung crime na ginagawa ng mga organizer or mga leaders sa isang pag pupulong na dinadaluhan
ng mga armadong tao so ang layunin ng pag pupulong na ito ay gumawa ng kahit anong krimen na labag
sa RPC nagagawa rin ang krimen na ito kung yung dumalo sa isang meeting ay naakit para gumawa ng
crime na treason, rebellion or insserection or sedition.

2 types of crime ng illegal assemblies

1.Pag yung meeting ay dinadaluhan ng mga armadong tao upang gumawa ng krimen, pero hindi daw
lahat ng dumadalo ay armado, pero pag unlawful yung crime under special law there is no illegal
assembly pero kapag yung assembly ay nasa public place ito ay illegal association,

2.Pag memeeting na naakit or napilit lang yung mga kasama para gawin yung crime na treason,
rebellion, sedition or inserection, dito naman ay ang mga kalahok naman ay mga armado o hindi, don
sa una kasi ay kailangan mga armado

ELEMENTS

a)There is a meeting, a gathering or group of persons, whether in a fixed place or moving. kapag nag
pupulong or nag memeeting sila sa isang lugar.

b) The meeting is attended by armed persons - mga dumalo ay mga armado.

c) The purpose of the meeting is to commit any of the crimes punishable under the Code - kung ang
purpose ng meeting ay mag commit ng crimes na labag sa RPC.
PERSONS LIABLE FOR ILLEGAL ASSEMBLY

1) The organizers or leaders of the meeting – yung organizer or yung leader nung meeting

2) Persons merely present at the meeting- yung taong present or nandon sa meeting

-Pag Walang criminal intent wala siyang criminal liability pero pag yung taong present ay out of curiosity
hindi sya liable para mag commit ng illegal assembly kasi nga out of curiosity siya

The persons merely present at the meeting must have a common intent to commit the felony of illegal
assembly. The absence of such intent may exempt the person present from criminal liability.

PENALTY

1) NOT ARMED - arresto mayor- pag yung dumalo ay walang armas arresto mayor lang yung penalty nya

2) ARMED-prision correctional (bolos, knives, licensed firearms) -pag may armas naman prision
correcional

3) UNLICENSED FIREARMS - considered as a leader or organizer of the meeting (it is presumed that the
purpose of the meeting is to commit acts punishable by the Code – Pag wala naman lisensya ito naman
yung talagang may purpose na mag commit ng treason, rebellion, or insurrection kadalasan nag dadala
nito ay yung mga leader or organizer.

Art. 147. Illegal associations. - The penalty of prision correcional in its minimum and medium periods
and a fine not exceeding 1,000 pesos shall be imposed upon the founders, directors, and presidents of
associations totally or partially organized for the purpose of committing any of the crimes punishable
under this Code or for some purpose contrary to public morals. Mere members of said associations shall
suffer the penalty of arresto mayor.

Sa illegal association naman ang mga nag cocommit naman nito ay yung mga founders, directors, at
yung president ng association at ang penalty nila ay Prision correcional layunin naman nila ay gumawa
ng krimen na labag sa RPC o mga bagay na hindi tanggap sa ating lipunan.

2acts punished

1)association Totally or partially organized for the purpose of commiting any of the crimes punishable
under RPC

itong association ay ginawa nila upang gamitin or ang layunin ay gumawa ng krimen na labag sa RPC

Ex: yung kidnap for ransom gang. Akyat bahay gang at etc.
2. Association totally or partially organized for some purpose contrary to public morals

ito naman ay ginawa upang gamitin or ang layunin ay gumawa ng mga bagay na labag sa moralidad

Public moral- usually ang involved dito ay yung sexual matters, or homosexual

Sino yung Liable sa crime na ito?

1.founders, director at yung president ng association

2.member of association

Different between illegal assembly at illegal association

Illegal assembly- ang pinaparusahan dito ay yung pag titipon at pag pupulong

Dapat may actual na meeting a o kasalukuyan nagaganap na pulong

Illegal association - Ang pinaparusahan naman dito ay yung pag buo ng isang association or samahan na
may illegal na layunin,

Not necessary that there in actual meeting

Chapter Four: ASSAULT UPON, AND RESISTANCE AND DISOBEDIENCE

TO, PERSONS IN AUTHORITY AND THEIR AGENTS

Art. 148. Direct assaults. — Any person or persons who, without a public uprising, shall employ force or
intimidation for the attainment of any of the purpose enumerated in defining the crimes of rebellion and
sedition, or shall attack, employ force, or seriously intimidate or resist any person in authority or any of
his agents, while engaged in the performance of official duties, or on occasion of such performance,
shall suffer the penalty of prision correcional in its medium and maximum periods and a fine not
exceeding P1,000 pesos, when the assault is committed with a weapon or when the offender is a public
officer or employee, or when the offender lays hands upon a person in authority. If none of these
circumstances be present, the penalty of prision correcional in its minimum period and a fine not
exceeding P500 pesos shall be imposed.

Ito yung direktang pag-atake na kung Sinumang tao ang gumamit ng pwersa, pananakot, para makamit
nila yung krimen na sedition, rebelion at pag hihmagsik na kung saan gumamit sila ng pwersa para
labanan yung person in authority or yung agent ay may penalty silang prision correcional at may
multang 1000 pesos kapag ang pag atake ay may armas.

Kapag ang nagkasala ay isang pampublikong opisyal o empleyado, o kapag ang nagkasala ay isa sa
person in authority kung wala yung offender nito ang parusa na lamang nya ay 500 pesos.
Two ways to commit direct assault:

1. Pag gamit ng dahas sa pananakot para makamit nila yung layunin nila na rebellion, sedition pero Dito
dapat ay walang public upgrading or yung pag aalsa ng Isang tao, ibig Sabihin non rebellion or sedition
yung nagawa nilang crime

TYPE A Elements:

1. Offender employs force or intimidation - kung ang offender ay gumamit ng dahas or pananakot. Pero
hindi dito sinasabi kung sino ang nag kasala ibig sabihin any person Yung pwedeng mag kasala nito.

2. The aim of the offender is to attain any of the purposes of rebellion or Any of the objects of sedition -
Dito naman ang pakay ng offender ay yung pag gamit ng dahas or pananakot na ang layunin nila ay
yung rebellion or sedition...

3. ) There is no public uprising - walang pag aalsa

2. WITHOUT PUBLIC UPRISING, BY ATTACKING, BY EMPLOYING FORCE, OR BY SERIOUSLY INTIMIDATING

OR SERIOUSLY RESISTING ANY PERSON IN AUTHORITY OR ANY OF HIS AGENTS, WHILE ENGAGED IN THE
PERFORMANCE OF OFFICIAL DUTIES, OR ON THE OCCASION OF SUCH PERFORMANCE.

ito naman yung walang pag aalsa pero may paggamit ng dahas o malalang pananakot at malalang pag
laban sa taong consider person in authority or agent person in authority habang yung taong yon sila is
ginagawa nila yung official na tungkulin nila.

TYPE B Elements:

1. The offender makes an attack, employs force, makes a serious intimidation or makes a serious
resistance --Kung yung offender ay umatake gumamit ng force at nanakot.

2. The person assaulted is a person in authority or his agent - kung ang biktima ay person in authority or
agent

3. That at the time the person assaulted is a person in authority or his agent

a. Is engaged in the actual performance of official duties,

 - Yung person of authority or yung agent ay kasalukuyan nilang ginagawa yung kanilang tungkulin

b. that he is assaulted, by reason of the past performance of official duties

 Yung dahilan kung bakit sya na assault ay dahil don sa nakaraan duties nya ex: may ginawa sya don sa
tao Nung sya Yung naka duty kumbaga kinagalitan nya, sinuntok nya. dahilan ito para ma assault Siya.

4. The offender knows that the one he is assaulting is a person in authority or his agent in the exercise of
his duties - Alam ng offender na yung biktima ay person in authority or agent

5. There is no public uprising - walang pag aalsa.

Kinds of direct assault :

1. Simple assault- simple assault-pag Wala Yung Mga qualifying circumstances

Kailan may Qualified direct assault ?

1. Kapag Yung pag atake ay nagawa na may gamit siyang armas like knife, baril or etc.

2. Kapag ang offender Naman ay public officer or employee

3. Kapag Yung offender ay person in authority, pero Yung actual force Dito ay Hindi necessary

Decree of force:

simple direct assault - pag Hindi mo sya na hawakan like Yung hinamon mo sya sa away, sinigawan lang.

Qualified direct assault - pag Yung hinawakan Mona sya like Yung hinila hila Mona sya o kaya sinaktan
Mona sya.

Agent of a person of authority - actual force Naman Dito ay required, sinaktan mo muna dapat Si agent
of person in authority bago maging simple direct assault, pero pag ang binugbog mo naman si person in
authority qualified direct assault Naman ito, pero pag ang pinag sasaksak mo naman ay si agent of
person in authority qualified direct assault pa rin sya.

Art. 149. Indirect assaults. — The crime of indirect assault is committed by any person who shall make
use of force or intimidation upon any person coming to the aid of the authorities or their agents on
occasion of the commission of direct assault.

The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods and a fine not exceeding P500
pesos shall be imposed upon any person who shall make use of force or intimidation upon any person
coming to the aid of the authorities or their agents on occasion of the commission of any of the crimes
defined in the next preceding article.

Ang Indirect assault ay ito yung di-tuwirang pag-atake na ginagawa ng isang tao na kung saan
gumagamit sila ng pwersa o pananakot sa sino mang tao na tumutulong sa awtoridad or don sa agent,
ang parusa nito ay prision correctional at may multang 500 pesos na kung sinumang tao na gagamit ng
puwersa o pananakot sa sinumang taong tumutulong sa mga awtoridad o sa kanilang mga agent ay
mapaparusahan ng prision correcional
ELEMENTS:

1. DIRECT ASSAULT IS COMMITTED AGAINST AN AGENT OF PERSON IN AUTHORITY

- so ibig sabihin may direct assault na nang yayari laban sa agent of person in authority

Take note: agent lang ang kasama dito Hindi kasama ang person in authority.

Under art 152 kapag tinulungan mo yung person in authority consider kanang agent of person in
authority so pag sya ang sinaktan mo direct assault na sya Hindi sya indirect assault pero kapag ang
sinaktan mo ay yung tumulong sa agent of person in authority Dito na papasok ang indirect assault.

2. The offended party comes to the aid of said agent of a person in authority authority or agent- kung
ang biktima ay tinulungan Yung agent of a person in authority

3. Offender makes use of force or intimidation upon such person coming to the aid of the authority or
his agent - Kung ang offender naman ay gumamit ng dahas or pananakot laban sa biktima..

Sino ba ang biktima Dito?

 ang biktima sa indirect assault ay Hindi person in authority or agent of person in authority ang biktima
Dito ay Yung tumulong sa agent of person in authority sya yung biktima Dito.

Mk

Art. 150. Disobedience to summons issued by the National Assembly, its committees or
subcommittees, by the Constitutional Commissions, its committees, subcommittees or divisions. —
The penalty of arresto mayor or a fine ranging from40, 000 to 200, 000 shall be imposed upon any
person who, having been duly summoned to attend as a witness before the National Assembly,
(Congress), its special or standing committees and subcommittees, the Constitutional Commissions and
its committees, subcommittees, or divisions, or before any commission or committee chairman or
member authorized to summon witnesses, refuses, without legal excuse, to obey such summons, or
being present before any such legislative or constitutional body or official, refuses to be sworn or placed
under affirmation or to answer any legal inquiry or to produce any books, papers, documents, or records
in his possession, when required by them to do so in the exercise of their functions. The same penalty
shall be imposed upon any person who shall restrain another from attending as a witness, or who shall
induce disobedience to a summon or refusal to be sworn by any such body or official.

Ito yung pag suway sa mga patawag na inissued ng mga commitees, para maging saksi tapos ni refuse
mo yung pag tawag sayo without legal excuse. Mapaparusahan ka ng Arresto mayor. at kung pinigilan
ka na dumalo bilang isang witness o kung sino man yung nagudyok na suwayin yung patawag sayo o
tanggihan mo na manumpa ka bilang opisyal ay may parusa siyang arresto mayor.

.ACTS PUNISHED
 1) By refusing, without legal excuse, to obey summons of the -National Assembly, its special or
standing committees or subcommittees, the Constitutional Commissions and its committees,
sub committees or divisions or -by any commission or committee chairman or member
authorized to summon witnesses

pag tinanggihan ng walang dahilan at inetchapwera mo lang yung sumon ng mga committtees.

2) By refusing to be sworn or placed under affirmation while being before such legislative or
constitutional body or official

Kapag tumaggi ka upang sumumpa na pinepresenta sa congres o constitutional body.

3) By refusing to answer any legal inquiry or to produce any books, papers, documents, or records
in his possession, when required by them to do so in the exercise of their functions.

Kapag tumanggi ka na sagutin ang ano mang legal na katanungan o pag tanggi na pag bigay ng mga
books, papers or document o record na nasa kanyang hawak ng kinailngan ito ng congress o
constitutional commission kaugnay sa kanyang tungkulin.

4) By restraining another from attending as a witness in such legislative or constitutional body

IPag bawal sa isang witness na dumalo at maging saksi sa congress at sa constitutional body.

5) By inducing disobedience to a summon or refusal to be sworn by any such body or official

Pag suway sa iba upang tumanggi na sumumpa before the congress or constitutional body

Take Note: dapat yung testimony ng person na sinomon ay yung mga bagay na pwedeng tanungin ng
congreso .

Sino ba yung pwedeng maging liable sa crime na ito?

Any person kung sino yung nabigyan ng sumon to attend as a witness.

151. RESISTANCE AND DISOBEDIENCE TO A PERSON IN AUTHORITY OR THE AGENTS OF SUCH PERSON.

-ito yung pagtanggi mo na gawin mo yung tungkulin mo bilang isang official.

ELEMENTS:

1. The offender is not included in the provisions of the preceding articles–i.e. direct, indirect

assault, disobedience to summons issued by the legislature and Constitutional Commissions;And

2. Pagsuway o pagtanggi dun sa taong may authority / kapangyarihan or dun sa mga tauhan nun,
habang ikaw ay nasa mismong trabaho mo or naka duty ka naman sa trabaho. Responsibilidad
mong sundin iyun.

152. PERSONS IN AUTHORITY AND AGENTS OF PERSONS IN AUTHORITY

Public officer – sila yung mga individual na may role pagdating sa pagpapatupad ng mga tungkulin sa
pamahalaan. Yung example ng mga public nasa article 124?

PERSON IN AUTHORITY – sila na yung mga tao na may kapangyarihan (authorityor power) ganon haha,
bilang isang individual daw or member ng ilang mga courts or governmental corporation daw.

AGENT OF A PERSON IN AUTHORITY – sila naman yung mga taong pinili ng mga person in authority o
yung mga taong may authority nga, through election or insppoint nung may authority para pangalagaan
ang kaayusan ng publiko at protektahan ang buhay at ari-arian.

153. TUMULTS AND OTHER DISTURBANCES OF PUBLIC ORDER

-ito yung mga violation ng mga taong nakakapagdulot ng gulo sa mga public place sa mga opisina or sa
mga establishment pati na rin sa mga makikialam o magugulo kapag may mga public performances nga
daw or sa mga occasion or sa peaceful meeting.

ACTS PUNISSHED:

1. Kapag ikaw ay gumawa ng malaking gulo sa mga public place or sa mga opisina na nakakabahala
sa ibang tao o public place.

Example: nagkaroon ng maingay na away sa loob ng opisina nag-cause ng abala sa mga empleyado.

2. Kapag pinigilan o nanggulo ka sa mga public performances, sa mga meeting o sa mga event
ganon, na nag-cause ng ingay o gulo.

3. Kapag gumawa ka ng outcry then sinulsulan mo sila sa rebellion o sedition habang nasa isang
pulong kayo or nasa isang pagtitipon.

4. Kapag nagpakita ka ng mga placards or mga emblems na maaaring mag-cause ng gulo sa kaayusan
ng isang public place. Example nag kuwan ka ng placards na may salitang nagpapakita ng galit sa
isang pulong o rally.

5. Kapag yung taong naparusahan ng kamatayan is binigyan mo ng malaking seremonya doon sa

pagpapalibing sa kanya, ay labag sa batas.

ANY PERSON CAN BE LIABLE

154. UNLAWFUL USE OF MEANS OF PUBLICATION AND UNLAWFUL UTTERANCES.

 -Ang “Unlawful Use of Means of Publication” ay paggamit ng mga paraan ng pagpapalaganap ng
impormasyon tulad ng social media, panulat, o iba pang media nang hindi sa tamang paraan o sa paraan
na labag sa batas. Samantalang ang “Unlawful Utterances” ay pagsasabi o pagsulat ng mga bagay na
labag sa batas o nakakasama sa iba. Ito ay mga kilos na maaaring magdulot ng pagkakasala o paglabag sa
mga batas ukol sa pagpapahayag o pamamahayag.

ACTS PUNISHED:

1. Kapag nagpakalat ka, or pinakalat mo yung mga balita na hindi naman totoo, na pwede mag-
cause ng gulo sa publiko.
Ex. Nagpakalat ka ng balita na pwedeng ikabahala ng pamahalaan, kumbaga binalita mong may
covid doon sa province niyo kahit wala naman. (TV, RADIO)

2. Kapag inancourage mo yung ibang tao na sumuway sa batas ng isang pamahalaan.

Ex. In-ancourage mo yung isang tao na huwag sumunod sa traffic rules, through posting sa social
media.

3. Kapag pinablish mo yung mga official document na wala ka namang consent, or hindi pa
officially published.

Ex. Kumbaga yung isang resolution ng isang government is pinost mo na agad sa social media na hindi
pa naman inilalabas ng government.

4. Kapag pinrint, pinablish, pinakalat or pinamahagi mo yung mga books, pamphlets, periodicals, or
leaflets nawalan naman yung totoong pangalan nung mismong gumawa nung mga books or
wala man lang nakalagay kung anonymous. (Need malaman para alam kung sino yung
mananagot kapag mali yung information na naka indicate sa mga iyan)

ANY PERSON CAN BE LIABLE

155. ALARMS AND SCANDALS

-yung alarms and scandals daw is ito yung mga pangyayari na kung saan ay nakakapag-cause ng takot
or pagkabahala sa mga publiko

ACTS PUNISHED:

1. Kapag dinischarge nila yung anumang uri ng baril, mga paputok o iba pang mga pang pasabog sa
isang/o loob ng bayan o sa mga public place ganon, na pwede mag-cause ng panganib o
pagkaalarma.
2. Kapag sinusulan mo o nakisali ka sa anumang maingay na samahan, pagtitipon or sa isang event
o meeting na nakaka-offend sa iba o nakakabulabog sa katahimikan ng isang public place.
3. Kapag nanggugulo ka ng disoras ng gabi tapos tahimik na yung isang public.
 4. Kapag lasing ka or nakainom ka tapos ikaw yung nagiging sanhi ng gulo or gumagawa ka ng
eskandalo sa mga public place.

CAN BE COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON

Art. 156 Delivering prisons from jail – The penalty of arresto mayor in its maximum period of prision
correccional in its minimum period shall be imposed upon any person who shall remove from any jail or
penal establishment any person confined therein or shall help the escape of such person, by means of
violence, intimidation, or bribery. If other means are used, the penalty of arresto mayor shall be
imposed.

- Sabi jan, Kung sinu mang tao(prisoner) ang aalisin o pinaalis na Naka kulong (confine) sa loob ng jail
or any penal Establishment, o kung sinu man ang tumulong o tutulong sa taong(prisoner) tatakas sa
loob ng kulangan, Na may paggamit ng violence, intimidation or bribery ay magiging Criminally
liable sa art. 156 Delivering prisoner from jail at may penalty na arresto mayor In maximum period
at prision correccional in maximum period.

If the escape of the prisoner shall take place outside of said establishments by taking the guards by
surprise, the same penalties shall be imposed in their minimum period.

- At kung ang pagtakas ng prisoner ay nangyari sa labas ng nasabing penal Establishment na

pinagkukulungan nya at kumbaga ung mga guards na nagbabantay ay nagulat na LNG ng makatakas
sya. Ang penalty non ay arresto mayor at prision correccional in minimum period.

ELEMENTS:

1) There is a person confined in jail or penal establishment

- 1. Kailangan ung tao o prisoner ay Naka kulong sa jail or penal Establishment.
2) The offender removes thereform such person, or helps the escape of such person.
 The person confined may be a mere detention prisoner. The prisoner may also be by
final judgment.
- Kailangan ung offender ay Nag nagpatakas, nagpaalis, o tinulungan nya na makatakas ang isang
tao(prisoner) na nakakulong sa jail at ang mga prisoner na ito ay dapat may final judgment na
Hospital or asylum is considered as extension of jail or prison. The article applies even if the prisoner is
in the hospital or asylum when he is removed or when the offender helps his escape.

- Ang hospital o asylum(an institution for the care of those unable to care for themselves and
especially for the insane) is consider na extension of jail o prison. Dahil applicable sa art. 156 kahit
ung mga prisoner na nasa hospital o asylum kapag inialis o kapag tinulungan mo nga sila makaalis ay
Magiging liable ka sa art. 156 delivering prisoner from jail.

The offense under this article is usually committed by an outsider who removes from jail any person
therein confined or helps him escape

- Ang ang offense under sa art. 156 ay nako-commit LNG ng mga outsider na nag aalis,
nagpapatakas , tumutulong sa pagtakas ng mga prisoner na Nakakulong.

OTHER OFFENDERS

1) Employee of the penal establishment (provided he does not have the custody or charge of such
person)
- 1. Maliban sa mga outside offender ay kabilang din ang other offender ito ung Employee ng penal
Establishment ( kung saan wala syang karapatan ,wala syang custody , at Hindi sya ung Naka assign
don sa prisoner na yon)
2) A prisoner who helps the escape of another prisoner
3) Any person

INFEDILITY IN THE CUSTODY OF A PRISONER case applicable when the offender is a public officer who
had the prisoner in his custody or charge

- Kapag ang offender naman ay public officer na may custody sa prisoner at nakatakas ang offense na
na-commit nya is INFEDILITY IN THE CUSTODY OF A PRISONER.

DETENTION PRISONER REMOVED OR ESCAPED -no liability

- Kapag ung prisoner na nakakulong , ay sya LNG Mismo o kusa syang umalis o tumakas

Walang liability

CONVICT BY FINAL JUDGMENT REMOVED OR ESCAPED -liable to evasion of service of sentence

Kapag naman na convict ung prisoner by final judgment ay liable naman sya sa evasion of service of
sentence ibig sbhin nyan kaya ka tumakas kahit ma final judgment kana is para takasan ung sentence mo
or iniwasan mong ma serve ung sentence mo sa loob ng jail.
Art. 157. Evasion of service of sentence. The penalty of prision correccional in its medium and
maximum periods shall be imposed upon any convict who shall evade service of his sentence by
escaping during the term of his imprisonment by reason of final judgment. However, if such evasion or
escape shall have taken place by means of unlawful entry, by breaking doors, windows, gates, walls,
roofs, or floors, or by using picklocks, false keys, deceit, violence or intimidation, or through. Connivance
with other convicts or employees of the penal institution, the penalty shall be prision. Correccional in its
maximum period.

- Sa Art. 157, Kung sino mang na convict ang umiwas o tinakasan ang kaniyang sentence, sa
Pamamagitan ng pagtakas habang sine-serve nya ang kaniyang term ng pagkakakulong na mayroon
ng Final judgment. At kung ang pag takas o pag Iwas ay labag sa batas, pagsira ng mga
pintuan,bintana,gate,walls,roofs, o ung pag gamit ng picklocks( hairpin, any tools na magkakasya sa
susian) false key, deceit, violence, o intimidation. At kung nakipag sabwatan ka sa ibang bilanggo o
employee don sa penal institution ay may penalty na prison correccional in maximum period.

ELEMENTS

1) The offender is a convict by final judgment

- Ang offender kailangan n convict ng final judgment

2) He is serving his sentence which consists in deprivation of liberty

- Kailangan sineserve nya ang kaniyang sentence na kung saan limitado lang ung mga rights nya.

3) He evades the service of his sentence by escaping during the term of his sentence
- Iniwasan nya ang pagse-serve ng kanyang sentence sa pamamagitan ng pagtakas sa term ng
kaniyang sentence.

The crime of evasion of service of sentence can be committed only by a convict by final judgment.

- Ang crime na evasion of service of sentence ay nako-commit lang kapag ung convict ay may final
judgment.

EXAMPLES OF NO LIABILITY UNDER ARTICLE 157

1) Convict escapes 15 days from the promulgation or notice of the judgment, without commencing
the sentence, or without expressly walving in writing his right to appeal.
2) Detention prisoners who escape
3) Minor delinquents who escape
4) Accused escaped while the sentence of conviction was under appeal.
5) Offender’s appeal was later dismissed because he had escaped
6) Decision on a case by the trial court not yet final
ESCAPE-to flee from; to avoid, to get out of the way, as to flee to avoid arrest

DESTIERRO-deprivation of liberty

Article 157 is applicable to sentence of destierro.

QUALIFYING CIRCUMSTANCES

If such evasion or escape takes place.

1) By means of unlawful entry (by scaling or climbing the wall)

2) By breaking doors, windows, gates, walls, roofs or floors
3) By using picklocks, false keys, disguise, deceit, violence or intimidation
4) Through connivance with other convicts or employees of the penal institution.

Art. 158. Evasion of service of sentence on the occasion of disorder, conflagrations, earthquakes, or
other calamities. A convict who shall evade the service of his sentence, by leaving the penal institution
where he shall have been confined, on the occasion of disorder resulting from a conflagration,
earthquake, explosion, or similar catastrophe, or during a mutiny in which he has not participated, shall
suffer an increase of one-fifth of the time still remaining to be served under the original sentence, which
in no case shall exceed six months, if he shall fail to give himself up to the authorities within forty-eight
hours following the issuance of a proclamation by the Chief Executive announcing the passing away of
such calamity.

Convicts, who, under the circumstances mentioned in the preceding paragraph, shall give themselves.
Up to the authorities within the above mentioned period of 48 hours, shall be entitled to the deduction
provided in Article 98.

- Sa madaling salita, ang isang bilanggo na umiwas sa pagse-serve ng kanyang parusa, sa

pamamagitan ng pag-alis mula sa penal institutuon dahil sa sunog, lindol, pagsabog, o katulad na
kalamidad, o sa gitna ng pag-aaklas na hindi siya kasali, ay madadagdagan pa ng one-fifth hours sa
natitira na dapat niyang iserve sa original sentence nya. At, hndi ito lalampas sa anim na buwan.
Ngunit, kung hindi siya susuko sa authority sa loob ng 48 hours mula sa proclamation by the chief
executive na nagsasabi na pagtatapos ng pangyayari o kaganapan na naging dahilan ng pagtakas mo
a, mapapatawan siya ng nasabing dagdag na parusa.

Sa kabilang banda naman, ang mga bilanggo na sumuko sa within 48 hours ay may karapatang
mabawasan ang kanilang parusa ayon sa Article 98.
ELEMENTS

1) The offender is a convict by final judgment, who is confined in a penal institution

2) That there is disorder resulting from-
a) Confiagration b) Earthquake c) Explosion d) Similar catastrophe e) Mutiny in which he
has not participated
3) The offender evades the service of his sentence by leaving the penal institution where he shall
have been confined, on the occasion of disorder or during the mutiny
4) The offender fails to give himself up to the authorities within forty-eight hours following the
issuance of a proclamation by the Chief Executive announcing the passing away of such calamity

Art. 159. Other cases of evasion of service of sentence. The penalty of prision correccional in its
minimum period shall be imposed upon the convict who, having been granted conditional pardon by the
Chief Executive, shall violate any of the conditions of such pardon. However, if the penalty remitted by
the granting of such pardon be higher than six years, the convict shall then suffer the unexpired portion
of his original sentence.

- Kailangan ung convicted offender d2 ay na grant-tan ng conditional pardon by chief executive na

kung saan may nga na violate syang condition don sa conditional pardon. At kung Kung mas mataas
sa anim na taon ang parusang binawas ng pardon, ang convicted offender ay kailangang tapusin ang
natitirang period sa kaniyang original sentence.

Except in cases of impeachment, or as otherwise provide in this Constitution, the President may grant
reprieves, commutations, and pardons, and remit fines and forfeitures, after conviction by final
judgment. He shall also have the power to grant amnesty with the concurrence of a majority of all
members of Congress.

- Maliban sa impeachment at iba pang alituntunin ng Konstitusyon, maaaring magpatawad,

magbawas ng parusa, at magbibigay ng tawad si president, pagkatapos ng final judgment. Puwede
rin siyang mag-grant ng amnesty, pero kailangan ang suporta ng mga Kongreso o majority of
members ng congress.

CONDITIONAL PARDON-a contract between the Chief Executive who grants the pardon and the convict
who accepts it. Since it is a contract, the pardoned convict is bound to fulfill its conditions and accept all
its consequences, not as he chooses, but according to its strict terms.

- Ang Conditional Pardon ay parang kasunduan sa pagitan ng Pangulo at ng bilanggo. Kailangan

sundin ng bilanggo ang mga kondisyon nito at tanggapin ang mga epekto nito ayon sa tiyak na mga
tuntunin.

ELEMENTS OF THE OFFENSE OF VIOLATION OF CONDITIONAL PARDON

1) The offender was a convict

2) He was granted a conditional pardon by the Chief executive
3) He violated any of the conditions of such pardon
PENALTIES

1) Prision correcccional in its minimum period-if penalty remitted does not exceed 6 years
2) Unexpired portion of his original sentence-if penalty remitted is higher than 6 years

Violation of conditional pardon is a distinct crime so that although the crime involved in the case in
which the accused was granted conditional pardon was committed in a particular jurisdiction, he should
be prosecuted in the new jurisdiction where he committed the crime in violation of the conditional
pardon.

- Ang paglabag sa conditional pardon ay parang bagong krimen. Kahit saan nangyari ang unang
krimen, kailangang kasuhan ang tao sa bagong lugar kung saan niya nilabag ang conditional pardon.

VIOLATION OF CONDITIONAL PARDON VS EVASION OF SERVICE OF SENTENCE BY ESCAPING

VIOLATION OF CONDITIONAL PARDON does not cause harm or injury to the right of the other person
nor does the public order; it is merely an infringement of the terms stipulated in the contract between
the Chief Executive and the criminal

EVASION OF THE SERVICE OF THE SENTENCE-an attempt at least to evade the penalty inflicted by the
courts upon criminals and thus defeat the purpose of the law of either reforming or punishing them for
having disturbed the public order.

Ang VIOLATION OF CONDITIONAL PARDON ay simpleng paglabag sa mga condition sa pagitan ng Chief
executive at ng criminal, ngunit hindi ito KO-cause ng harm sa karapatan ng iba o sa kaayusan ng
publiko.

Sa kabilang dako, ang EVASION OF THE SERVICE OF THE SENTENCE ay isang pagsusumikap na takasan
ang penalty mula sa court, na nalalayong labagin ang layunin ng batas na magbigay ng parusa o
pagpapabuti sa mga kriminal para sa kanilang paglabag sa kaayusan ng publiko.

Art. 160. Commission of another crime during service of penalty imposed for another offense; Penalty.
Besides the provisions of Rule 5 of Article 62, any person who shall commit a felony after having been
convicted by final judgment, before beginning to serve such sentence, or while serving the same, shall
be punished by the maximum period of the penalty prescribed by law for the new felony.

Any convict of the class referred to in this article, who is not a habitual criminal, shall be pardoned at the
age of seventy years if he shall have already served out his original sentence or when he shall complete
it after reaching the said age, unless by reason of his conduct or other circumstances he shall not be
worthy of such clemency.

- Kapag ang isang tao ay gumawa ng krimen (Felony ex. Robbery, meaning Acts and omissions
punishable by law or felony is a crime that is punishable by a prison sentence of over one year )
pagkatapos nyang ma convict na may final judgment at habang hinihintay pa lang na magsimula ang
parusa mula sa ibang kaso, o habang inilalabas na ito, ay paparusahan siya ng pinakamataas na
parusa para sa bagong krimen na ginawa nya which is felony.
Ang isang bilanggo, kung hindi naman madalas gumawa ng krimen, ay maaring patawarin o pinatawad
dahil sa kaniyang edad na 70 yrs of age lalo na kung tapos na niyang iserve ung penalty don sa original
sentence nya o kung natapaos na nyang iserve ung sentence bago pa lang sya maging 70, maliban na lng
kung hindi karapat-dapat sa ganoong clemency (the power of the President of the United States or a
state governor to pardon a criminal or to commute a sentence. The term itself means “leniency” or
“mercy.”) dahil sa asal o iba pang dahilan.

QUASI-RECIDIVISM-a special aggravating circumstance where a person, after having been convicted by
final judgment, shall commit a new felony before beginning to serve such sentence, or while serving the
same. He shall be punished by the maximum period of the penalty prescribed by law for the new felony.

- Ang QUASI-RECIDIVISM ay isang espesyal na bagay na nagpapalala sa kaso ng isang tao, matapos
maparusahan ng korte, ay gumagawa na ng bagong crime ang isang tao bago pa lng magsimula ang
pag se-serve nila sa kanilang sentence o habang naiipon pa ito. Parurusahan siya ng pinakamataas
na parusa batay sa bagong krimen.

(Aggravating circumstances - the factors that increase the severity or culpability of a criminal act. )

ELEMENTS

1) The offender was already convicted by final judgment of one offense

2) He committed a new felony before beginning to serve such sentence or while serving the same

ARTICLE 161- COUNTERFEITING SEAL OF GOVERNMENT, SIGNATURE AND STAMP OF PRESIDENT

Acts Punished

1. Forging the Great Seal of the Government of the Philippines;

2. Forging the signature of the President;
3. Forging the stamp of the President.

• If the signature of the President is forged, it is not falsification of public document, but forging the
signature of the Chief Executive.

EXPLANATION- Ito yung paggaya sa great seal ng government, signature ng president at stamp ng
president. Nagagawa ito sa paggawa ng document. Halimbawa for reality wala naman talagang ganung
document gumawa kalang using the great seal, signature and stamp. Hindi mo ito matatawag na
falsification but may intent ka talagang gawin o gayahin.

NOTE- pinaparusahan dito yung paggaya

LIABLE sa act na ito ay yung FORGER (gumawa/gumaya)

ARTICLE 162. USE OF FORGED SIGNATURE, COUNTERFEIT SEAL OR STAMP

Elements:

1. That the seal of the Republic was counterfeited, or the signature or stamp of the Chief
Executive was forged by another person;

-Counterfeited- means imitation nung signature, stamp

2. That the offender knew of the counterfeiting or forgery;

-Yung offender may knowledge na imitation lang yung signature, stamp or signature.

3. That he used the counterfeit seal or forged signature or stamp.

- Kapag ginamit mo yung imitation na halimbawa document na yon.

The offender must NOT be the forger otherwise the crime committed is forgery under Art. 161. In using
the forged signature or stamp of the President or forged seal, the participation of the offender is in
effect that of an accessory. Although the general rule is that he should be punished by a penalty two (2)
degrees lower, under Article 162 he is punished by a penalty only one degree lower.

NOTE: pinaparusahan dito yung paggamit ng finorge na document.

LIABLE sa act na ito ay YUNG MAY KNOWLEDGE na imitation lang pala yon.

ARTICLE 163. MAKING AND IMPORTING AND UTTERING FALSE COINS

Elements:

1. That there be false or counterfeited coins;

2. That the offender either made, imported or uttered such coins;
- Yung offender ay gumawa, nag-import at nagbigay ng pasong barya.
3. That in case of uttering such false or counterfeited coins, he connived with the
counterfeiters or importers.
- Any person liable lalo na kapag kasabwat mo yung nag utter ng coin.
- Paano kapag hindi kasabwat? Liable parin siya under ARTICLE 165.

• A coin is false or counterfeited, if it is forged or if it is not authorized by the Government as legal

tender, regardless of its intrinsic value.

Counterfeiting – means the imitation of a legal or genuine coin

• There is counterfeiting when a spurious coin is made. There must be an imitation of the peculiar
design of the particular coin.

- Ito yung paggaya sa tunay na coin, kaya mong paniwalain na tunay na coin iyon, kapag wala kang
permission na gunawa ng coin consider itong counterfeiting.
Uttering – means to pass counterfeited coins

• Uttering includes delivery or the act of giving them away.

It is uttered when it is paid even though the utterer may not obtain the gain he intended.

- Ito yung ginamit mona or pinambili mo yung counterfeit na coin.

Kinds of coins the counterfeiting of which is punished:

1. Silver coins of the Philippines or coin of the Central Bank;

2. Coin of the minor coinage of the Philippines or the Central Bank;
3. Coin of the currency of a foreign country.

• Former coins withdrawn from circulation may be counterfeited.

• Pars. 1 and 2 of Article 163 mention “coin” without any qualifications.

• As regards par. 3, the used of the word “currency” is not correct because the Spanish text uses the
word “moneda” which embraces not only those that are legal tender but also those out of circulation.

ARTICLE 164. MUTILATION OF COINS- IMPORTATION AND UTTERANCE OF MUTILATED COINS

Elements

1. Coin is mutilated is of legal tender or legal currency of the Philippines.

LEGAL TENDER- any amount na kayang makabayad/old coin sa tindahan.

LEGAL CURRENCY- peso ang currency ng pilipinas, hindi kabilang ang foreign currency kahit legal tender
ito.

2. Offender gains from a precious metal dust abstructed from a coin.

- Halimbawa dito yung tinunaw niya coin para makagain ng mas malaking halaga.
3. It has to be a coin.
- Kailangan mga barya lang not included paper bills
- Kapag paper bills ang magiging parusa dito ay PD NO. 247
4. In connivance with mutilator and inventor
- Liable any person kabilang ang kasabwat, pero kapag hindi kasabwat maano siya sa Article 165.

Acts punished

1. Mutilating coins of the legal currency, with the intent to damage or to defraud
another;
2. Importing or uttering such mutilated coins, with the further requirement that
there must be connivance with the mutilator or importer in case of uttering.
• The coin must be of legal tender or current coins of the Philippines and not of a Foreign country.

Mutilation – means to take off part of the metal either by filing it or substituting it for another metal of
inferior quality. It is to diminish by ingenious means the metal in the coin, and thus diminish its intrinsic
value.

- Halimbawa dito yung bubutasan, babawasan o kakaskasin yung coin. Syempre kapag ginawa mo ito
mawawala na yung value nung coin.

ARTICLE 165. SELLING OF FALSE OR MUTILATED COIN, WITHOUT CONNIVANCE

Acts Punished

1. Possession of coin, counterfeited or mutilated by another with intent to utter the same knowing
that it is false or mutilated;

Possession- hindi literal na hawak mo yung coin, pwedeng pinatago, nasa bahay pero may access ka
parin sa coin na yon.

With intent to utter- may intent kang gawin sa coin na yon

Knowing that it is false or mutilated- may knowledge o alam mong peke yung coin na yon.

2. Actually uttering false or mutilated coin, knowing it to be false or mutilated.

- Ginamit mo ito sa pagbili sa tindahan kahit alam mong imitation lang ito.

• It does NOT require that the false coin is legal tender.

• But if the coin being uttered or possessed with intent to utter is a mutilated coin, it must be a legal
tender coin.

• The possession prohibited in Article 165 is possession in general, that is, not only actual, physical
possession but also constructive possession or the subjection of the thing to one’s control, otherwise
offenders could easily evade the law by the mere expedient of placing other persons in actual, physical
possession of the thing although retaining constructive possession or actual control thereof.

(People vs. Andrada, 11 C.A. Rep. 147)

False coin- Any coin

Mutilated coin- legal currency/legal tender