Law and crime

Criminal law is the body of law that relates to crime. It regulates social
conduct and proscribes whatever is threatening, harmful, or otherwise
endangering to the property, health, safety, and moral welfare of people. It
includes the punishment of people who violate these laws.

Many laws are enforced by threat of criminal punishment, and the range of the punishment varies
with the jurisdiction. The scope of criminal law is too vast to catalog intelligently. Nevertheless, the
following are some of the more typical aspects of criminal law.

Five objectives are widely accepted for enforcement of the criminal law
by punishments: retribution,deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation andrestoration. Jurisdictions
differ on the value to be placed on each.
 Retribution – Criminals ought to Be Punished in some way. This is the most widely seen goal. Criminals
have taken improper advantage, or inflicted unfair detriment, upon others and consequently, the
criminal law will put criminals at some unpleasant disadvantage to "balance the scales." People submit
to the law to receive the right not to be murdered and if people contravene these laws, they surrender
the rights granted to them by the law. Thus, one who murders may be executed himself. A related theory
includes the idea of "righting the balance."
 Deterrence – Individual deterrence is aimed toward the specific offender. The aim is to impose a
sufficient penalty to discourage the offender from criminal behavior. General deterrence aims at society
at large. By imposing a penalty on those who commit offenses, other individuals are discouraged from
committing those offenses.
 Incapacitation – Designed simply to keep criminals away from society so that the public is protected
from their misconduct. This is often achieved through prison sentences today. The death
penalty or banishment have served the same purpose.
 Rehabilitation – Aims at transforming an offender into a valuable member of society. Its primary goal is
to prevent further offense by convincing the offender that their conduct was wrong.
 Restoration – This is a victim-oriented theory of punishment. The goal is to repair, through state
authority, any injury inflicted upon the victim by the offender. For example, one who embezzles will be
required to repay the amount improperly acquired. Restoration is commonly combined with other main
goals of criminal justice and is closely related to concepts in the civil law, i.e., returning the victim to his
or her original position before the injury.
 Crimes in the society are hampering freedom and security of citizens. To understand

Law , crime and psychology some crimes are studied and reported.

 Robbery
 Homicide
 Rape
 Corruption
 Terrorism
 Suicide
 Kidnapping
 Cyber crime

Robbery
Robbery is the crime of taking or attempting to take anything of value by force, threat of force or by
putting the victim in fear. At common law, robbery is defined as taking the property of another, with
the intent to permanently deprive the person of that property, by means of force or fear.

What sets robbery apart from mere stealing (theft) is that the robber:

 takes something from the victim’s “person or presence,” and

 uses, or threatens to use, force or violence.
Person or presence. Taking something from the victim’s person or presence
just means that the victim is there when the robbery occurs. So, physically
taking an object out of the victim’s hands can constitute robbery. The robbery
occurs in the victim’s presence if the person who controls the property is
nearby when the theft occurs. For example, a person who steals a wallet out
of a woman’s purse hanging on the back of her seat in a restaurant steals
from the victim’s presence. A person who locks a store clerk in the backroom
in order to steal from the cash register also takes something from the victim’s
 presence. But, a person who steals a bike from someone’s front porch when
no one is home has not stolen from the victim’s person or presence, and
therefore has not committed robbery, only theft (and possibly burglary).
Force or violence. Robbery is also distinct from theft because the defendant
must use or threaten force or violence. Knocking a person down or pulling
something out of someone’s hands are both examples of force. While state
law varies, the following may be considered using force or violence:

 using any physical force against the victim, such as striking or kicking
 snatching the property away
 threatening or coercing the victim, or
 placing the victim in fear of serious and immediate bodily injury.
The threat does not have to be stated explicitly. For example, it could be
considered force or violence for a person to motion to his pocket, suggesting
he is carrying a gun.

Laws

Section 392 in The Indian Penal Code [Complete Act]

Indian Penal Code 392. Punishment for robbery.—Whoever commits robbery shall be
punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term which ... shall also be liable to fine; and, if
the robbery be committed on the highway between sunset and sunrise
Central Government Act
- Cites 0 - Cited by 13763

Section 397 in The Indian Penal Code [Complete Act]

Section 397 in The Indian Penal Code 397. Robbery, or dacoity, with attempt to cause death or
grievous hurt ... time of committing robbery or dacoity, the offender uses any deadly weapon,
or causes grievous hurt to any person
Central Government Act
- Cites 0 - Cited by 11692

Section 394 in The Indian Penal Code [Complete Act]

Indian Penal Code 394. Voluntarily causing hurt in committing robbery.—If any person, in
committing or in attempting to commit ... robbery, voluntarily causes hurt, such person, and
any other person jointly concerned in committing or attempting to commit such
Central Government Act
- Cites 0 - Cited by 9303

Section 114 in The Indian Evidence Act, 1872 [Complete Act]

whose possession the stolen articles were found committed the robbery but also that he
committed the murder; Mukund alias Kundu
Central Government Act
- Cites 0 - Cited by 7161

Section 23 in The Indian Contract Act, 1872 [Complete Act]

prosecution which he has instituted against B for robbery, and B promises to restore the value
of the things taken ... prosecution which he has instituted against B for robbery, and B
promises to restore the value of the things taken
Central Government Act
- Cites 0 - Cited by 2386

Section 8 in The Indian Evidence Act, 1872 [Complete Act]

robbed. The fact that, soon after the alleged robbery, he made a complaint relating to the
offence, the circumstances under
Central Government Act
- Cites 0 - Cited by 1368

Section 401 in The Indian Penal Code [Complete Act]

associated for the purpose of habitually committing theft or robbery, and not being a gang of
thugs or dacoits, shall
Central Government Act
- Cites 0 - Cited by 1247

Section 398 in The Indian Penal Code [Complete Act]

Indian Penal Code 398. Attempt to commit robbery or dacoity when armed with deadly
weapon.—If, at the time ... attempting to commit robbery or dacoity, the offender is armed
with any deadly weapon, the imprisonment with which such
Central Government Act
- Cites 0 - Cited by 1144

Section 300 in The Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973[Complete Act]

subsequently be charged with, and tried for, robbery on the same facts. (f) A, B and C are
charged
Central Government Act
- Cites 0 - Cited by 655

Section 393 in The Indian Penal Code [Complete Act]

Indian Penal Code 393. Attempt to commit robbery.—Whoever attempts to
commit robbery shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment

Causes

Robberies are fairly common crimes, and there are several causes of robbery which
differ from one crime to another. Here are some of the most common causes of
robbery.The present recession and unemployment problems which have plagued
everyone might have instilled a sense of desperation in an otherwise previously hard
working and employed person. This might be a motive to commit a robbery in order to
feed oneself or look after one’s family through tough times.
Another category of robbers are those who are just lazy, and are habitual thieves,
looking to make quick money without any effort. These people are repeat offenders and
they usually drift around committing burglaries and other types of theft as well.

Drug addicts are usually potential thieves to support their drug habit if they do not
hold down a job or have other ways to earn money in order to pay for their habit. The
desperation for the next fix is very severe and usually clouds one’s judgment and leads
to robbery.

Sometimes there crimes are committed by those who have some form of mental
deficiency or lack morals etc. and these kinds of offenders sometimes undertake
burglaries just for the violence involved in the crime, where the money is not an
important factor. Sometimes peer pressure among teens also leads to robberies, with
robbers historically being looked up to in society (Butch Cassidy, Robin Hood etc).

Another common type of offender is one from the lower economic bracket of
society who is just looking to better his or her lifestyle.

These are some of the causes of robbery.