Research Article

Journal of Elastomers & Plastics

2023, Vol. 55(3) 361–382
Determination of shear © The Author(s) 2022
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DOI: 10.1177/00952443221147638
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magneto-rheological
elastomers under harmonic
loading

Ugur Mazlum1 and Ilhan Celik2 

Abstract
Magneto-rheological (MR) materials can respond reversibly and quickly under the effect
of an external magnetic field. MR materials contain micron-sized iron particles. These iron
particles are typically dispersed in an elastomer or a liquid. These materials due to their
properties constitute a kind of smart material in terms of engineering material. Such
materials are used as isolators in various engineering applications, structures, and sound
control subsystems. This study aimed to determine the mechanical properties for shear
behavior of MR materials for under harmonic loading. Parameters such as matrix ma-
terials with different hardness values, powder types, magnetic field, frequency, and
deformation were studied. The parameters related to the MR material itself were an-
alyzed with the obtained data. The present study reveals that considering the sensitivity to
magnetic field parameter, composite materials having the most suitable properties were
produced with Shore 2 hardness value and SQ magnetic powder. It had been observed on
increase about 200% at the rate of Shore A10 and A2 as a result of comparing the
hardness scale. Also according to the powder rate while there was an increase on worth
effect of relative MR, it is seen that the biggest increase had been in SQ powder with 199%
worth. When looked some studies in literature, about comparing different hardness
values such as matrix materials powder types etc. there aren’t any studies. The state of

1
Program of Civil Defence and Fire Fighting, Vocational School of Kürtün, Gümüşhane University, Gümüşhane,
Turkey
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Samsun University, Samsun, Turkey

Corresponding author:
Ilhan Celik, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Samsun University, Samsun 55420,
Turkey.
Emails: ilh.celik@gmail.com
and ilhan.celik@samsun.edu.tr
362 Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 55(3)

magnetic field thinks that features such as MR effect, Storage, and Loss modulus haven’t
been examined yet.

Keywords
harmonic loading, relative magneto-rheological effect, magneto-rheological elastomer,
shear deformation, magnetic field

Introduction
Elastomers are widely used as reliable and cost-effective passive damping behavior
for noise and vibration reduction in many engineering applications. Such elastomers
are known to be effective within a limited frequency range due to their constant
parameters. Magneto-rheological elastomers (MREs) are composite materials that
exhibit rapid and reversible changes in dynamic properties under the applications of
an external magnetic field. Through the rapid response of MREs, their elastic
modulus can be effectively controlled with the help of variable external stimuli. 1
Thus, MREs provide greater potential for actively reducing the vibration in a region
over a wide frequency range. 2,3 Furthermore, due to their reversible properties, such
materials can be utilized in large-scale engineering applications. When an adaptive
response is required, for example, they are used as adaptive-tuned vibration ab-
sorbers,4 adaptive vibration isolators, 5 vehicle seat suspension, 6 and sensing de-
vices.7 The production process of rubber-type materials starts with well-mixing of
the three main components including ferromagnetic powders, matrix material, and
additives. It has been subjected to processes such as holding under vacuum, ap-
plication of magnetic field during sample production and testing, and vulcanization
process in this way they were produced in the isotropic (non-magnetic field) and
anisotropic state The MR effect parameter is called the reversible change in the
applied magnetic field and module. Parameters such as the increase in the proportion
of magnetic particles, the production of soft matrix material, and anisotropic vertical
material have increased this value.
Many studies have been conducted considering the parameters such as the material
used, test type, magnetic field size, orientation, particle type, particle percentage, and size.
These studies are presented chronologically in Table 1.8,9,18–20,10–17
The studies about MR materials that are made on especially dynamic behavior in recent
years have made both iron powder and different powder alloy. It has been analyzed MR
that effect helped us for understanding the mechanic features and materials hysteretic
behaviors by means of dynamic shear loading. Tahir21 calculated the value of MR effect
of materials that consist of Fe-Co and Fe-Ni but Khadiret al.22 increased the storage
modulus about 260% using foam.
Table 1. The literature data on the shear behavior of MRE materials.

Particle percentage/
References Matrix Test type Magnetic flux density Orientation Particle type size
Mazlum and Celik

Demchuk and Silicone rubber Dynamic (vibration Vulcanized; 0.6 T During CIP 3.5; 13; 23 μm, 10–
Kuz’min, 200212 and absorbing) vulcanization 25%
Bellan and Bossis, RTV silicone Tension, dynamic Vulcanized 0– During CIP 2 μm, 5, 15, 25 and
200213 200 kA/m; vulcanization and 30%
Test 123 kA/m, test
dynamic 42 kA/m
Zhou, 200314 RTV silicone Shear Test; 0.455 ve 0.8 T During test CIP 3 μm, 27%
rubber
Gong et al., 200510 RTV silicone Shear (dynamic) Test; During test CIP 3 μm, 20, 40, 60, 70%
rubber 0.2 T
Lockette et al., RTV silicone Compression, Vulcanized; 2 T During Iron and 10–40 μm, 28–32%
200615 rubber dynamic shear vulcanization Barium and 40 nm, 26%
ferrite
Bose, 200716 Silicone rubber Shear, dynamic test Vulcanized; 1.3 T During CIP 5 μm, 0, 10, 20%
Test; 0.7 T vulcanization and
test
Lockette et al., Silicone rubber Dynamic shear Test; 120 kA/m During test Iron 40 and 10 mm, 0–
200817 30%
Li et al., 20087 HTV silicone Dynamic shear Vulcanized; 0–0.35 T During CIP 6 μm 60%
rubber Test; 0-1 T vulcanization and
test
Guan et al., 200818 Silicone rubber Dynamic Vulcanized; 40 kA/m During CIP 5 μm, 0, 15, 20, 27%
Test; 0–636 kA/m vulcanization and
test

(continued)
363
 364

Table 1. (continued)

Particle percentage/
References Matrix Test type Magnetic flux density Orientation Particle type size

Wei et al., 201019 Silicone rubber Shear Vulcanized; 0.8 T During CIP 3.5; 6;21 μm, 80%
natural rubber test; 1 T vulcanization and
test
Ju et al., 201220 Silicone rubber Shear Test; 0–0.6 T During test CIP 3.5; 6.5; 14 μm, 60,
70, 80%
Li et al., 201323 RTV silicone Dynamic shear Vulcanized; 0–0.7 T During CIP 5 μm, 30%
test; 1 T vulcanization and
test
Gao et al., 201724 Silicone rubber Dynamic shear Test; 0–171 kA/m During test Iron oxide 2.3 μm, 10%
Wan et al., 201825 Silicone rubber Dynamic shear Vulcanized; 0–0.7 T During CIP 5–9 μm, 23%
Test; 0–1 T vulcanization and
test
Dargahi et al., Silicone rubber Dynamic shear Test; 0–450 mT During test CIP 3.9–5 μm, 40%
201926
Sulatchaneenopdon Silicone rubber Dynamic Vulcanized; 0.45 T During CIP 3–5 μm, 10%
et al., 202227 Test; 0-0, 24 T vulcanization and
test
Qiao et al., 202228 Silicone rubber Dynamic shear Test; 0.75 T During test CIP 5 μm, 40,50,60%
RTV: Room-temperature-vulcanizing; HTV: Heat-temperature-vulcanizing.
Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 55(3)
Mazlum and Celik 365

The dynamic response of MREs has been evaluated in some studies taking into
account different applications and stimuli.23 However, experimental and analytical
methods for the properties of MREs, standard methods for characterization, and
modeling studies of MREs have not been sufficient over the past decade yet. Some
studies have commonly focused on different methods and experimental conditions to
characterize the mechanical properties of MREs. Generally speaking, we can be
classify these studies as tension-compression and shear. The characteristics of ma-
terials in the shear mode were studied in two groups. The first group only focused on
the identification of MREs24–26 whereas the second group studied the characteristics
of MRE-based instruments such as vibration, absorption, and isolators.2 Character-
ization of MREs is limited by low-frequency stimuli and low-deformation amplitude.
The studies exceeding 10% deformation and 5 Hz frequency have not carried out
completely so far. Other than the limited rates of loading conditions, the low fer-
romagnetic powder ratio and the non-linear behavior of MREs that may resemble
viscoelastic materials have not been thoroughly investigated. Sometimes when looked
into the studies in literature, about comparing different hardness values such as matrix
materials powder types etc., there aren’t any studies. The state of magnetic field thinks
that features such as MR effect, Storage Module, and Loss module haven’t been
examined yet. Here, we aimed to determine the mechanical properties for shear
behavior of MRE materials for under harmonic loading. Parameters such as matrix
materials with different hardness values, powder types, magnetic field, frequency, and
deformation were assessed. The dynamic characterization of the samples was carried
out under the magnetic field of 0–0.226 T with the frequency ratio of 5 Hz, and the
stroke values of 1, 2, and 3 mm. Loss and storage moduli were measured to determine
the dynamic properties of MREs.

Experimental details
Materials
Four different types of MRE materials given in Tables 2 and 3 were used. Matrix
material and ferromagnetic powders were mixed at 10, 20, 30, and 40 volume ratios. In
this way, it was produced as isotropic and anisotropic in the laboratory situation. The
spherical carbonyl iron particles (CIPs) range from 3.8 to 8 μm and the matrix materials
from 2 to 59 shore A hardness values. They were provided from BASF and Smooth-on,
respectively. The silicone rubber, magnetic particles, and curing materials were mixed
well for 10 min with the aid of a blender. Then, we applied vacuum to it for 10 min
before casting the mixture in the mold in order to avoid any air bubbles. The mixture
obtained was poured into 20 × 20 × 5 mm of aluminum mold, cured at 70°C for 20 min
and vulcanized. In this way, isotropic material was manufactured. In addition to these,
anisotropic horizontal and vertical materials were produced by applying approximately
 366

Table 2. Technical information on matrix materials.

Tear
Density Viscosity Curing time Hardness Tensile strength Breaking resistance
Matrix Color (g/cm3) (mPas) (hours) (shore A) (N/mm2) elongation (%) (N/mm)

Dragon skin Transparent 1.022 18,000 0.67 2 1.985 763 10.68

FX
Vario 40 Translucent 0.98 10,000 6 40 8 450 15
MRTV Beige 1.29 130,000 16 59 4.5 250 —
Sorta clear Translucent 1.08 35,000 16 40 5.51 400 —
Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 55(3)
Mazlum and Celik 367

Table 3. Technical information on ferromagnetic carbon doped iron powders.

Ferromagnetic
powders Fe min. (%) C max. (%) O max. (%) N max. (%) Particle size (μm)

BASF SQ 99.5 0.05 0.22 — 3.9–5

BASF SQ-I 98.5 0.03 0.7 — 3.8–5.4
BASF EM 97 0.65-0.85 0.6-0.8 0.1-0.3 4.5–6
BASF CN 99.5 0.03 0.1-0.25 0.01 6.5–8

0.3 T magnetic fields with the help of Neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) magnets with the
dimensions 40 × 20 × 5 mm during material production.

Experimental setup
Dynamic compression tests of MRE materials were conducted under isotropic and
anisotropic conditions with the addition of ferromagnetic powders at 10, 20, 30, and
40% volumetric ratios. Considering the values of 1.2 and 3 mm stroke and 5 Hz
frequency, the tests were performed with the help of the LDS V450 shaker shown in
Figure 1. The jaws made of aluminum material, which are not affected by the
magnetic field, have been designed for the test setup. A maximum magnetic field of
0.226 Tesla was applied to this setup by placing circular NdFeB magnets with a
diameter of 100 mm and a thickness of 10 mm. The relationship between the
magnetic field and distance is shown in Figure 2. With the help of S type load cell and
accelerometer with a capacity of 100 kg, data are obtained. The test results obtained
in this process were simultaneously transferred to the computer screen with the help
of shaker’s program.

Test method
MRE materials are sensitive to stress softening expressed as Mullins effect. Therefore,
there should be no permanent deformation on the material before performing experi-
mental studies. Extensive literature research was conducted by Diani to solve this
problem.29 In order to interpret the nonlinear stress-deformation behaviors of MRE
materials, tangent modulus (ET) was calculated with the help of linear slopes at 1%
deformations. MR effects are produced by comparing the stress and deformation curves in
the situations where the magnetic field is present and absent. Absolute MR effect is
defined as the difference between the magnetic field-free (E0) and field (EM) elasticity
modules

MRabs ¼ EM – E0 (1)
368 Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 55(3)

Figure 1. Dynamic shear test setup.

Figure 2. Scatter plot of magnetic field magnetic field in the middle magnetic field at the ends
distance.
Mazlum and Celik 369

Relative MR effect is defined as the factor between modules

EM
MRrel ¼ (2)
E0
For reproducibility and reliability of the test results, tests should be performed with at
least three samples of the same type, and thus, stress-deformation graphics and MR effect
parameters should be specified.

Results and discussion

Powder rate
The stress-displacement graphs of Shore 2 matrix material obtained in pure and 10–
40% horizontal, vertical, and non-orientational forms are given in Figure 3. When the
data in these graphs are examined, it is seen that the test results of each parameter form
a hysteresis cycle. Therefore, the cyclic test results of all graphs were compared with
each other. The results show that no effect of the magnetic field comes into question in
the pure state. In addition, when the test results are examined up to 40% of powder
ratio, there was an increase in stress values up to 30% while a decrease occurred at
40%. Schubert and Harrison (2015) reported that pure matrix material is not affected
by the magnetic field, but leads to a decrease in stress when the powder ratio is more
than 30% by volume.30 Besides, experimental modeling studies by Davis31 found that
the optimum particle volume ratio is 27% for the largest change in modules. Therefore,
the test results were achieved in consideration of 30% of the powder ratio value for all
parameters. In Figure 3(a), the maximum increase of stress was found to be 28.6% in
the unoriented sample at 30% powder rate and 1 mm deformation. There was no
increase in Figure 3(b) and (c). In general, the graphics almost overlapped with each
other.

Powder type
Highly saturated magnetic property and high purity powder type should be con-
sidered as a distinctive feature in the production of composite materials and in useful
situations. There are many studies in relation to that.15,16,20,32–35 As the literature
reports high-magnetic saturation properties and purity values, carbonyl iron pow-
ders are generally used. As shown in Figure 4(a)–(c), the stress-deformation
graphics were produced with four different types of powder that is commercially
available from BASF supplier. As can be seen from the graphics, increasing stress
was obtained with the effect of magnetic field in all three cases with the SQ powder
type. These increases were found to be 100% at 0.53 mm displacement and 5.8 kPa
strain, 100% at 0.49 mm and 5.82 kPa, and 199% at 0.46 mm and 4.36 kPa. Although
EM powder leads to an increase in the stress under the magnetic field effect, the
stress values remained the lowest at 1 mm deformation. Contrary to the sensitivity of
370 Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 55(3)

Figure 3. Graphs of (a) non-oriented, (b) horizontal, and (c) vertical stress–displacement under 0
and 0.226 T magnetic fields with pure and 10–40% CN powder of Shore 2 matrix material.
Mazlum and Celik 371

Figure 4. Graphs of (a) non-oriented, (b) horizontal, and (c) vertical stress-displacement under 0
and 0.226 T magnetic fields with pure and 10–40% by different powder types of Shore 2 matrix
material.
372 Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 55(3)

powders to the magnetic field in Figure 4(a) and (b), the percent increase in stress
was found quite high in the vertically oriented MR materials in Figure 4(c). The
studies available have shown that vertically oriented materials generally yield better
results in terms of strength values due to local orientations in the direction of
deformation.30,34,36

Hardness
The effect of hardness on MR materials is well known now. Static compression tests of
different RTV silicon matrix materials with the same hardness value were performed.37
Stress-deformation graphs of dynamic shear tests conducted with three different matrix
materials of the same hardness are given in Figure 5. Silicone rubber types with a hardness
value of shore A 40 were used in these graphs. The results show that the composite
materials produced with these three matrix materials supplemented with SQ powder did
not have any stress increase under the magnetic field. Graphs almost overlapped with each
other. In order to demonstrate the effect of matrix materials on test results, the tests were
done with five different matrix materials given in Figure 6. It is observed that there was an
increase about 200% the effects of Shore A2 in Figure 6(c) and (b) Shore A10. This
graphics can take different strain values as a result of substitution because they are
nonlinear graphics. So Ingraphics that procured with magnetic field and without magnetic
field, the value that the biggest exponential increase is used available parameter. On the
contrary, overlapping test data are clearly shown on the graphs of the remaining three
matrix materials. Therefore, given the sensitivity to powder type, matrix, and magnetic
field, it has been concluded that tests are deemed suitable to do using matrix material with
Shore A 2 hardness. Although these composite materials have low stress values in terms
of strength, they can be used actively in applications where strength increase is needed
with the influence of a magnetic field.

Magneto-rheological effect, storage, and loss modulus

The shear-stress-deformation characteristics demonstrate the viscoelastic properties of
rubber-type MR elastomers called Fletcher–Gent or Payne effect. This effect is detected
under cyclic loading conditions with small deformation amplitudes and depends on the
effect of storage module on the applied deformation amplitude. For rubbers, the storage
module rapidly decreases with an increase more than 0.1% in deformation amplitude and
reaches its lower limit for deformations exceeding 20%. Physically, the Payne effect
results from changes dependent on deformation in the microstructure of the material,
namely from the breakage and recovery of weak physical bonds linking adjacent filler
clusters.38,39 Increasing the deformation amplitude in MREs leads to higher distances
between the ferromagnetic particles, which leads to a reduction of the magnetic force
Mazlum and Celik 373

Figure 5. Graphs of (a) non-oriented, (b) horizontal, and (c) vertical stress-displacement of
different matrix materials with a hardness of ShoreA 40 under 0 and 0.226 T magnetic fields.
374 Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 55(3)

Figure 6. Graphs of (a) non-oriented, (b) horizontal, and (c) vertical stress-displacement of SQ
powder-added matrix materials with the different hardness under 0 and 0.226 T magnetic fields.
Mazlum and Celik 375

Figure 7. ShoreA 2 hardness, storage and loss modulus graphs for different hardness and stroke
values (a) storage and (b) loss module for Shore A2 hardness, (c) storage and (d) loss module for
different hardness values, and matrix material graphics (e) storage and (f) loss modulus for different
stroke values.
376 Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 55(3)

Figure 7. Continued.
Mazlum and Celik 377

between the polarizable particles and thereby increases the reduction of the shear
modulus. Norouzi et al.8 studied the effect of the amplitude of the applied dynamic
loading on the shear modulus and loss factor of MREs under different intensities of the
magnetic field. The reduction in shear modulus is more pronounced under the higher
intensity of the magnetic field. Their study also concluded that the loss factor is inde-
pendent of the deformation level. The hardness value of the matrix material and powder
particle type, as well as the characteristics such as magnetic field, frequency, and de-
formation exert an influence over the storage and loss modulus parameters. Figure 7
shows ShoreA 2 hardness, storage, and loss modulus graphs for different hardness and
stroke values of MR elastomer material with ShoreA 2 hardness under non-oriented,
horizontal and vertical conditions. Figure 7(a) and (b) shows the storage and loss modulus
deformation graphs obtained with 1 mm stroke values. The graph demonstrates that the
most increase in the storage and loss module is in the vertically oriented materials due to
the magnetic field. The modulus value decreases up to 5% deformation while remaining
constant at deformation more than 5%.
Graphs of storage and loss modulus and deformation obtained by using different
hardness values are shown in Figure 7(c) and (d). Graphs of storage and loss modulus
in materials with Shore 2 and 10 hardness show an exponential decrease up to 5% of
deformation while an approximate linear situation is observed after 5% of defor-
mation. As the hardness values increase, the exponential deformation region has
receded more. In addition, the magnetic field has affected both parameters. However,
there is no effect of magnetic field on the hardness values after Shore 10. The
maximum increase was detected in the vertically oriented samples with Shore 2
hardness.
The loss and storage moduli of materials with the Shore 2 hardness were examined
according to the hardness and powder type considering the 1 mm stroke. Besides, the loss
and storage moduli at different stroke values with SQ powder are presented in Figure 7(e)
and (f). When these graphs are examined, the most increase in the modules with the effect
of the magnetic field is obtained at 1 mm stroke.
While it is important that comparing with elastomeric polymers in applications,
we also need to understand the role of matrix material and powder type in the
formation of MR effect. The MR effect was described in the previous section as the
effect of the magnetic field applied on some physical properties of the magneto-
rheological elastomer. MR effect values are the largest in the small deformation
values.30 From this point of view, the relative MR effect values of four different
types of magnetic powders were tested up to 8% deformation in Figure 8(a). As can
be understood from the graph, while the relative MR effect values of all powder
types increase, the highest increase is seen in SQ dust with 199% value. Schubert
achieved an increase of approximately 119% within the 10% deformation limits.
378 Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 55(3)

Figure 8. Graphs of vertical orientation relative MR effect-deformation of (a) different powder

types of ShoreA 2 matrix material and (b) different matrix materials.

Furthermore, the graph given in Figure 8(b) is drawn to compare the MR effect
values of matrix materials with different hardness. This graph shows that while the
MR effect values at shore 2 and 10 hardness increased, there are very small vari-
ations among the materials with other hardness values. The mechanical properties of
the graphs presented in Figure 8 is given in Table 4.
Mazlum and Celik 379

Table 4. Mechanical properties of different matrix materials and powder types.

Shear module Shear module Relative MR

Powder type Deformation (%) (0 T) (kPa) (0.226 T) (kPa) effect (%)

EM (Shore A 2) 1.31 4.79 8 67

SQ-I (Shore A 2) 0.33 3.22 3.22 99
CN (Shore A 2) 0.45 6.36 6.36 100
SQ
Shore A 2 0.45 1.59 4.77 199
Shore A 10 0.34 3.58 7.16 100
Shore A 25 0.02 6.45 12.89 100
Vario 40 0.21 18.98 25.32 33
Sorta 40 0.66 24.35 32.38 33
Shore A 59 0.05 16.88 25.32 50

The works on the rubber like materials concentrated for enhancing the mechanic
features. It is required to be enhancing the features that are both static and dynamics. It is
wanted that this materials should be enduring and long durable specially used in au-
tomotive industry. So with the work that made considering different parameter, ıt is
researched ıf the materials are practical or not ın terms of lots of features.

Conclusions
In this study, parameters such as matrix materials with different hardness values, powder
types, magnetic field, frequency, and deformation were evaluated. The analysis results
obtained are summarized below:

- Dynamic shear tests were performed with silicon MRE materials using different
hardness values and powder types. The test specimens were obtained as isotropic,
horizontal, and vertical orientations. Then, the stress, storage, and loss modules and
relative MR effect values were found.
- Hardness values directly affect the MR effects. The best MR effect values were found
in materials with the Shore 2 hardness values in the graphs drawn with five different
hardness values.
- As the hardness values increase, the strength values increase; however, the magnetic
property decreases.
- When all the powder rates are considered, the relative MR effect values increase and
the highest increase is observed in SQ powder with 199% value.
- The MR material obtained with SQ-I powder was found to be the most resistant,
but the best powder ratio in terms of magnetic property was detected as SQ
powder.
- Graphs of storage and loss modulus in materials with Shore 2 and 10 hardness show
an exponential decrease up to 5% of deformation while an approximate linear
situation is observed after 5% of deformation.
380 Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 55(3)

- As the hardness values increase, the exponential deformation region has receded
more. In addition, the magnetic field influences both parameters. However, there is
no effect of magnetic field on the hardness values after Shore 10.
- Hardness pulls the exponential deformation region further back. The magnetic field
effect affects both parameters. However, in the article, there is no effect of the
magnetic field on the hardness values after Shore 10. It has been determined that the
MR material obtained with SQ-I powder is the strongest, but the best powder ratio in
terms of magnetic properties is SQ powder.

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/
or publication of this article.

Funding
The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this
article.

ORCID iD
Ilhan Celik  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6757-834X

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