Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures

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Creep behavior of magnetorheological gels

H. Meharthaj, S. M. Srinivasan & A. Arockiarajan

To cite this article: H. Meharthaj, S. M. Srinivasan & A. Arockiarajan (2020) Creep behavior of
magnetorheological gels, Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 27:13, 1031-1039,
DOI: 10.1080/15376494.2020.1734698

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/15376494.2020.1734698

Published online: 10 Mar 2020.

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MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
2020, VOL. 27, NO. 13, 1031–1039
https://doi.org/10.1080/15376494.2020.1734698

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Creep behavior of magnetorheological gels

H. Meharthaj, S. M. Srinivasan, and A. Arockiarajan
Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

Magnetorheological (MR) gels belong to a group of smart materials whose attributes can be Received 25 December 2019
altered when it is exposed to an external magnetic field. In this paper, the investigation on the Accepted 21 February 2020
creep behavior of MR gels under constant stress is performed. MR gels are prepared by dispersing
KEYWORDS
carbonyl iron (CI) microparticles of different volume percentages (10%, 20%, 30%) in a polymer
MR gels; creep; carbonyl
gel. Using a free decay test apparatus built in-house, the effect of the magnetic field on the creep iron; viscoelasticity;
behavior of MR gels with various volume percentages of CI particles is studied, and the results are magnetic field
compared. From the results, a clear increasing trend is noticed in the creep resistance of the mag-
netic gel with the increase in the volume percentage of the particles under the same magnitudes
of the magnetic field. The obtained experimental creep data are fitted suitably using a three-
parameter model.

1. Introduction polymer. Polystyrene is chosen as the A component that

In order to study the stability of the materials, the investiga-
tion on the creep behavior of the polymers is mandatory
[1–4]. Creep, a time-dependent property, is the change in
strain with time under constant stress. The study on creep
behavior is essential since it has a significant contribution to
the application of viscoelastic materials.
Magnetorheological (MR) materials are composed of
magnetic particles in a polymer matrix and/or carrier fluid
that can be controlled under the influence of an applied
magnetic field [5, 6]. On the application of an external mag-
netic field, the magneto-mechanical effect occurs within
these materials due to the alignment of the magnetic
particles along the applied field. The magneto-mechanical
effect include changes in damping, stiffness and hysteresis.
These benefits allow MR materials to find application in the
fields of vibration control, vibration isolation and smart
sensing [7–10].
By varying the composition and preparation methods,
various types of MR elastomers (MRE) can be produced,
which can influence their performance. Thus, various
researches on the preparation of MREs are performed by
changing the percentage of iron particles and other additives
to enhance their performance. Generally, MREs are devel-
oped by dispelling the magnetic particles in a polymer
matrix. The commonly used magnetic particles are carbonyl
iron (CI) particles [11–15]. During the preparation of
MREs, different types of polymer matrices have been used.
Therefore, the use of elastomer gels such as A-B-A triblock
polymers is suggested as it is one of the soft polymer
matrices available. In A-B-A triblock polymer, A represents
the crystalline polymer and B represents the elastomeric
provides strength while polyethylene and hydrogenated poly-
butadiene are chosen as the B component, which provides
elasticity [16]. This polymer matrix is selected based on the
fact that it eases the particles’ alignment along the direction
of the field since the alignment of the particles plays a
significant role in the performance of MREs [17].
Being a crucial engineering material, the study on the
creep behavior will cater to us more enlightenment toward
the applications of MR materials. Li et al. studied that the
constant stress level plays a crucial role in the strain
response of MR fluids [18]. An identical inference was
obtained by See et al [19]. Further, Li et al. conducted mod-
eling and experimental studies on the creep behavior of
MREs and found that the strain response of MREs is dis-
tinct from MR fluids [20]. Deshmukh et al. discussed the
preparation of MR suspensions based on various carrier flu-
ids and further carried out studies on the dependence of
yield stress on the magnetic field and compared with MR
fluids. This creep analysis study provides vital information
on the response of these fluids [21]. Similarly, Xu et al. con-
ducted experiments on the MR plastomers (MRP) to study
its mechanism of deformation. Also, they studied the influ-
ence of various factors such as creep time, magnetic field,
temperature on the creep behavior of MRPs [22]. Further,
similar experimental work on MREs was carried out by Bica
et al [23]. Yu et al. concluded from his work that the mass
fraction of CI particles in MRE plays a vital role in the per-
formance of MREs [24].
For two different volume fractions and magnetic fields,
Wang et al. performed a comparative study on the creep
behavior of MR fluids through experiments and simulations.
From the analysis, it was observed that, for higher stress

CONTACT Sivakumar M. Srinivasan mssiva@iitm.ac.in Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, 600036 Chennai, India.
ß 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
1032 H. MEHARTHAJ ET AL.

Figure 1. SEM image of CI particles (a) magnification ¼ 50000 and b) magnification ¼ 10000 (figures are reused from our previous work [29]).

Table 1. Composition of the gel matrix in volume percentage.

S.No Gel matrix Copolymer Paraffin oil
Proportions (%) (%)
1 1:4 20 80
2 1:7 12.5 87.5
3 1:10 9.1 90.9

Table 2. Composition of the MR gels in volume percentage for 1:4 gel

matrix proportion.
S.No CI particles Copolymer Paraffin oil
(%) (%) (%)
1 10 18 72
2 20 16 64
3 30 14 56

this work to design and optimize the CI particulate MR gels

Figure 2. Magnetization curve of CI particles.
eventually. Therefore, in this study, the effect of the mag-
netic field, constant stress level, and volume percentage of
values, there was no recovery of strain [25]. The influence
CI particles on the creep behavior of MR gels has been
of constant stress level, temperature, magnetic field, and par-
taken up for investigation using a simple free decay appar-
ticle distribution on the polyurethane-based MREs were
atus built in-house. A clear decreasing trend in creep
studied by Qi et al. and results were fitted adequately [26].
response is observed with the increase in the magnetic field
Similar work was conducted on MR fluids of different par-
and the volume percentage of CI particles. Further, these
ticle concentrations by Li et al., and the results are fitted
results are fitted adequately using a three-parameter model.
with the models [27]. Ghafoorianfar performed experimental
and numerical studies on the compression creep behavior of
MRE under magneto-mechanical loading and concluded 2. Experimental description
that the volume percentage of CI particles in MRE samples
2.1. Preparation of MR gels
plays a significant role in varying the intensity of creep [28].
However, in the literature, the creep studies were conducted The list of materials recommended for the development of
on MR materials prepared with one particular volume per- MR gels is given below.
centage of CI particles. There are very scarce investigations
available in the literature on the creep behavior of MR mate- 1. Carbonyl Iron particles (from Chengdu Nuclear 857
rials prepared with several different volume percentages of New Materials Co., Ltd, China).
CI particles and this is the motivation of this work. 2. Polystyrene-Hydrogenated Polybutadiene-Polystyrene
The influence of the volume percentage of the CI micro- triblock copolymer, commonly known as SEBS 8006
particles (of size 1.4 lm) on the creep response of the MR (from Kurray PVT, Japan).
gels under the application of the magnetic field is studied in 3. The solvent used is paraffin oil.

Figure 3. (a) MR gel affixed between the rod and plate and the inset picture shows the side view of the gel affixed (b) MR gel sample attached between the mag-
netic poles.
The SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) image of the
procured CI microparticles are shown in Figure 1a, b [29].
From the figures, it is evident that these spherical shaped
particles are monodispersed, and the average size of the par-
ticle is 1.4 lm. Figure 2 shows the magnetization curve of
the particles indicating that these particles possess better
magnetization property of soft magnetic materials and are
suitable for the MR gel preparation. The composition of the
gel matrix prepared using different proportions of copoly-
mer and paraffin oil is tabulated in Table 1. The gel matrix
proportion is defined as the ratio of the percentage of the
copolymer and the oil.
Once the appropriate gel matrix proportion (i.e., 1:4) is
chosen from the shear stress-shear strain curves of the sam-
ples, which will be discussed in Section 3, the MR gel sam-
ples are prepared using different volume percentages of CI
particles. The constituents of MR gels prepared are tabulated
in Table 2. In this work, the preparation is confined to an
isotropic MR gel.
The raw materials are blended vigorously in order to avoid
the agglomeration of the particles during the preparation of
the gel samples. Subsequently, this mixture is cured at room
temperature. The gel samples prepared are of size 20 mm 
20 mm  3 mm. In order to perform the creep tests, these gel
samples are bounded between the thin non-magnetic plate
and rod with the help of an adhesive, as shown in Figure 3a.
Due to its high stiffness, the adhesive layer present does not
have much influence on the measurements of the attributes of
the gel sample during the tests [30].
2.2. Creep measurements
In this section, the procedure of testing the gel samples in
the presence and absence of the magnetic field using a sim-
ple free decay apparatus is explained in detail.
A free decay apparatus developed in the earlier work is
used to conduct the creep tests of the prepared MR gel
specimens at room temperature [30]. Figure 4a depicts the
setup used in this work. The gel specimen is placed between
MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES 1033
the magnetic poles in such a way that the plane of shear is
perpendicular to the direction of the applied magnetic field,
as shown in Figure 3b. The graphical depiction of the setup
used for the tests is shown in Figure 4b.
The free decay apparatus consists of a rod of length
250 mm, which is hinged at one end and is balanced by a coun-
terweight using a pulley at the other end. The gel specimen is
attached to the rod at a span of 125 mm from the hinge. Also,
the gel is affixed to the system only when the rod is in its equi-
librium position. The plate strip to which the gel specimen
attached is fastened to the fixed frame. A constant load ( 90
grams), which is chosen from the shear stress-shear strain
curves of the samples, which will be discussed in Section 3, is
hung at the end of the rod for which the creep response of the
gel is to be measured. The creep test is conducted by the appli-
cation of this load instantaneously for a while and removed
suddenly; further, the strain experienced by the gel specimen
due to the load applied is measured using a laser displacement
sensor. Using the LABVIEW software, the strain measurement
is recorded through a data acquisition (DAQ) card. This
experimental method is repeated for the different gels pre-
pared under the influence of varying magnetic fields between
0 and 0.3 T. The rod, fasteners, and the gel plate used here are
non-magnetic materials.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Effect of constant stress level on the creep behavior
One of the essential parameters which influence the creep
performance of the gels is the constant stress level. For the
gel samples prepared without CI particles, the double lap
shear tests are conducted at a rate of 5 mm/min in a con-
trolled environmental condition (temperature  25 C). At
least three gel samples are tested for each gel matrix propor-
tions. From the shear stress-shear strain curves shown in
Figure 5a, it can be noted that the slope of the curve
increases with the increase in the volume percentage of the
copolymer. This increase in slope indicates the rise in the
value of modulus. Therefore, the gel proportion, which has
1034 H. MEHARTHAJ ET AL.

Figure 4. (a) The experimental setup used to determine the attributes of the MR gels (b) The simplified illustration of the setup.

higher modulus value, i.e., 1:4, is chosen as the suitable one 3.2. Determination of creep time
to study the effect of constant stress level, magnetic field,
Once the constant stress level is found, a set of creep tests
and volume percentages on the creep behavior of the gels.
of the MR gels are performed at 2.2 kPa under zero mag-
Within the linear viscoelastic region, the appropriate stress
netic field for different times, as shown in Figure 5b. In this
levels are determined from the stress-strain curves of the gel
figure, the black x mark denotes the time at which the load
samples, which is found out to be a value of 2.2 kPa
is removed. From the figure, it can be observed that the
( 2200 Pa).

Figure 5. (a) Shear stress vs shear strain curves of the gel samples with differ-
ent matrix proportions. Inset graphs (I) and (II) represent the plots between
shear stress (s) vs time (t) and shear strain (c) vs time (t) respectively for 1:4 gel
matrix proportion (b) The creep curves of MR gels at 2.2 kPa under zero mag-
netic field for different times.
creep curves are superimposed well, implying that there are
good reliability and repeatability of data obtained from the
experiments. Also, it can be noted that, initially, there is a
bend in the curves, which is the region of primary creep,
and then, in the region of secondary creep, they are propor-
tional to the time. The creeping time is chosen to be
300 seconds since enough amount of creep information can
be interpreted from the curves within this particular time.
3.3. Effect of magnetic field on the creep behavior
One of the fascinating properties of the MR gels is that its stiff-
ness can be controlled under the influence of the magnetic
field. Hence, it is essential to study the effect of magnetic field
on the creep behavior of MR gels. It can be noted from Figure
6, as the volume percentage of the CI particles increase, the
shear strain of the gel specimens decreases with the increase in
the value of the magnetic field. This decrease can be attributed
to the fact that, when the magnetic field is applied, the CI par-
ticles tend to align along the direction of the applied field and
hence, the particles’ chain becomes stronger. This induced
magnetic effect restrains the movement of the chains of mole-
cules, and further, this restraining effect enhances with the
increase in the values of the magnetic field.
MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES 1035
3.4. Mechanism study
In order to understand how different volume percentages of
CI particles and magnetic field influence the creep behavior
of MR gels, various models have been proposed in the previ-
ous studies [20, 22, 26, 28]. From the experimental creep
observations of MR gels as shown in Figure 6a–c, it can be
noticed that there is an initial jump in shear strain due to
the instant application of shear stress, after which the shear
strain gradually reaches a constant value. Here, the inherent
stiffness in the material is attributed to spring, and the rate-
dependent effects are attributed to a dashpot. This motivates
us to use a Kelvin-Voigt model, which can interpret the
behavior of the viscoelastic materials well. However, it does
not accommodate the initial jump in the shear strain values.
Hence, a linear spring is attached to the Kelvin-Voigt model
to realize a standard three-parameter model. This model is
chosen owing to its simplicity and its ability to describe the
salient features of the experimental observations with rela-
tive ease. The schematic representation of the three-param-
eter model is shown in Figure 7.
The relationship between the shear stress (s) and shear
strain (c) of each segment of the model can be represented
as follows,
The shear stress and strain of segment 1 of the model
can be related as,
s1 ¼ Gs1 c1 (1)
Segment 2 of our model is the Kelvin-Voigt model. The
Kelvin -Voigt model consists of an elastic element (i.e.,
spring) and a viscous element (i.e., dashpot) connected in
parallel where the total strain is constant, and the total stress
(s2) is sum of the stresses exhibited by the spring (ss2 ) and
the dashpot (gd2 ). Using this, the relationship between the
shear stress and strain can be expressed as follows,
:
s2 ¼ Gs2 c2 þ gd2 c2 (2)
The Equation (2) is rearranged as follows,
s2
c2 ¼
 (3)
Gs2 þ gd2 dtd
where, Gs1 and Gs2 represents the modulus of the springs s1 and
s2, while, gd2 denotes the viscosity of the dashpot d2. According
to the proposed model, for an applied constant stress, the total
strain is the sum of the strains experienced by each segment of
the model, as shown in Figure 7 which can be stated as,
cðtÞ ¼ c1 þ c2 (4)
On substituting the Equations (1) and (3) in Equation (4),
the simplified equation is obtained as follows,
q0 s ¼ c þ p1 c_ (5)
where the values of q0, p1 and p2 are given by,
1 1
p1 ¼ T2 ; q0 ¼ þ (6)
Gs1 Gs2
The term T2 in Equation (6) denotes the retardation time
which is defined as the ratio of viscosity (gd2 ) and modulus
(Gs2 ) and is specified by,
1036 H. MEHARTHAJ ET AL.

Figure 6. Creep response of the gels prepared using CI particles with volume percentage of a) 10%, b) 20% and c) 30% under different magnitudes of mag-
netic field.

Figure 7. Three parameter viscoelastic model for MR gels.

gd2
T2 ¼ (7)
Gs2
The solution of Equation (5) as a function of time t is Figure 8. Mastergraph of MR gels plotted between non dimensional parameter,
given by, c nd and time, t for various magnetic fields and volume percentages of CI particles.
 MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES 1037

Figure 9. The experimental and model’s creep response of the gels prepared with different volume percentages (0%, 10%, 20% and 30%) of CI particles under vary-
ing magnitudes of magnetic field a) Experimental data—0 T, b) Simulated model data—0 T, c) Experimental data—0.1 T, d) Simulated model data—0.1 T, e)
Experimental data—0.2 T, f) Simulated model data—0.2 T, g) Experimental data—0.3 T and h) Simulated model data—0.3 T.

s0 s0  t
 s0 s0 s0
cðtÞ ¼ þ 1  eT2 (8) cð0Þ ¼ ; cð1Þ ¼ þ (9)
Gs1 Gs2 Gs1 Gs1 Gs2
where s0 denotes the constant stress applied. The strain val- Also, the linear dependence of shear strain on the applied
ues at the time, t ¼ 0 and t¼1 are given as, magnetic field (B) and volume percentage (/) of CI particles
1038 H. MEHARTHAJ ET AL.
can be written as,
 
B The authors acknowledge funding from the Ministry of Human
cðBÞ ¼ c0B 1  (10)
B1
 
/
cð/Þ ¼ c0/ 1  (11)
/1
where c0B and c0/ represents the initial strain values at mag-
netic field, B ¼ 0 and volume percentage, / ¼ 10% respect-
ively. Similarly, B1 and /1 represents the values of the
magnetic field and volume percentage at zero strain value.
Further, using the Equations (8), (10) and (11), the general-
ized solution of the model for the MR gel samples as a func-
tion of time, magnetic field and volume percentage of CI
particles is given by,
 
s0 
s0 t
cðt, B, /Þ ¼ cðtÞcðBÞcð/Þ ¼ þ 1  eT2
Gs1 Gs2
   ! (12)
B /
c0B 1  Þðc0/ 1 
B1 /1
Further non-dimensionalising of Equation (12) results in
a plot between a non-dimensional parameter, c nd and time,
t which is shown in Figure 8. Similarly, the obtained creep
experimental data of MR gels for different volume percen-
tages of CI particles and magnetic field values are compared
with the model. It can be observed from Figure 9, that the
experimental data are fitted satisfactorily with the model. Of
all the MR gels prepared, the specimens with CI particles of
30% volume percentage showed better creep performance
compared to the samples with 10 and 20% volume percent-
age under the same magnitude of the magnetic field. It is
because the chain of CI particles becomes stronger since
they try to align along the direction of the applied magnetic
field. This restricting effect rises further with the increase in
the magnitude of the magnetic field.
4. Conclusions
Different MR gels were prepared by varying volume percen-
tages of CI particles using the optimized gel matrix propor-
tions obtained from the shear stress- shear strain curves.
The experiments were conducted using a free decay test
apparatus to determine the creep time and the effect of the
magnetic field on the creep behavior of the gels. The experi-
mental creep data reveal that there is a decrease in creep
strain value with the increase in the magnitudes of the mag-
netic field. Also, among all gels, the specimens with a 30%
volume percentage of CI particles exhibit better creep
response compared to other volume percentages under the
same magnetic field values. Further, a three-parameter
model was proposed, and the data were fitted satisfactorily.
Future work will be conducted on the creep behavior of
MR gels embedded with different magnetic particles of dif-
ferent sizes and volume percentages. Further, the variation
of these parameters with respect to the magnetic fields and
other environmental factors will be studied in detail.
Acknowledgements
Resources, India for providing scholarship to Ms. Meharthaj for
this work.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
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