Chapter 05 EE331 Power Electronics lecture AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS

Example: A single phase full wave ac voltage controller working on ON-OFF control
technique has supply voltage of 230V, RMS 50Hz, load = 50Ω . The controller is ON for
30 cycles and off for 40 cycles. Calculate;
• ON & OFF time intervals.
• RMS output voltage.
• Input P.F.
• Average and RMS thyristor currents.

Solution :

n: number of input cycles during which controller is ON; n=30.

m: number of input cycles during which controller is OFF; m= 40.

RMS output voltage :

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Mrs RECIOUI F.Z
Chapter 05 EE331 Power Electronics lecture AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS

• Input Power Factor: P F= √𝑘

• Average thyristor currents.

• RMS thyristor currents.

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Chapter 05 EE331 Power Electronics lecture AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS

RMS Current Rating of Thyristor

1- Performance Parameters of AC Voltage Controller with R Load

The performance parameters of the single-phase full wave AC voltage controller with
R load are:
Vm 1 sin 2 
➢ RMS Output Voltage VO( RMS ) = ( −  ) + ;
2   2 
Vm
= VS = RMS input supply voltage.
2
VO( RMS )
• I O( RMS ) = = RMS value of load current.
RL
• I S = IO( RMS ) = RMS value of input supply current.
• Output load power
PO = I O2 ( RMS )  RL
• Input Power Factor
PO I O2 ( RMS )  RL I O( RMS )  RL
PF = = =
VS  I S VS  I O( RMS ) VS
VO( RMS ) 1 sin 2 
PF = =  ( −  ) +
VS  2 

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Chapter 05 EE331 Power Electronics lecture AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS

• Average Thyristor Current,

 
1 1
IT ( Avg ) =  iT d ( t ) = I sin  t.d ( t )
2  2
m

Im I
IT ( Avg ) =  − cos  + cos   = m 1 + cos  
2 2

• Maximum Average Thyristor Current, for  = 0 ,

Im
IT ( Avg ) =

• RMS Thyristor Current

1  2 2 
IT ( RMS ) =   I m sin  t.d ( t ) 
2  
1 Im sin 2 
IT ( RMS ) =  ( −  ) +
2 2  2 
• Maximum RMS Thyristor Current, for  = 0 ,
I
IT ( RMS ) = m
2
In the case of a single phase full wave ac voltage controller circuit using a Triac with
resistive load, the average thyristor current IT ( Avg ) = 0 . Because the Triac conducts in both the
half cycles and the thyristor current is alternating and we obtain a symmetrical thyristor current
waveform which gives an average value of zero on integration.

2- Performance Parameters of AC Voltage Controller with RL Load

The performance parameters are as follows;

The Expression for the Output (Load) Current

The expression for the output (load) current which flows through the thyristor, during
 t =  to  is given by
Vm  −R
(t − ) 
iO = iT1 =  sin (  t −  ) − sin ( −  ) e L
 ; for    t  
Z  
Where,
Vm = 2VS = Maximum or peak value of input ac supply voltage.
Z = R 2 + ( L ) = Load impedance.
2

L 
 = tan −1   = Load impedance angle (load power factor angle).
 R 
 = Thyristor trigger angle = Delay angle.
 = Extinction angle of thyristor, (value of t ) at which the thyristor (load) current
falls to zero.
 is calculated by solving the equation
−R
(  − )
sin (  −  ) = sin ( −  ) e  L

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Mrs RECIOUI F.Z
Chapter 05 EE331 Power Electronics lecture AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS

Thyristor Conduction Angle  = (  −  )

Maximum thyristor conduction angle  = (  −  ) =  radians = 1800 for    .
RMS Output Voltage
Vm 1 sin 2 sin 2  
VO( RMS ) =  (  − ) + −
2  2 2 

The Average Thyristor Current


1  
IT ( Avg ) =   iT1 d ( t ) 
2  
1  Vm  

( t − ) 
−R
IT ( Avg ) =   sin ( t −  ) − sin ( −  ) e  L  d ( t ) 
2  Z   
 
V  −R
( t − ) 
IT ( Avg ) = m   sin ( t −  ) .d ( t ) −  sin ( −  )e  L d ( t ) 
2 Z   
Maximum value of IT ( Avg ) occur at  = 0 . The thyristors should be rated for maximum
I  V
IT ( Avg ) =  m  , where I m = m .
  Z

RMS Thyristor Current IT ( RMS )

 1  
IT ( RMS ) =   iT21 d ( t ) 
 2  
Maximum value of IT ( RMS ) occurs at  = 0 . Thyristors should be rated for maximum
I 
IT ( RMS ) =  m  .
 2 

Solved Problems

Problem6.1: A single-phase full wave ac voltage controller supplies an RL load. The

input supply voltage is 230V, RMS at 50Hz. The load has L = 10mH, R = 10, the

delay angle of thyristors T1 and T2 are equal, where 1 =  2 = . Determine;
3
1. Conduction angle of the thyristor T1 .
2. RMS output voltage.
3. The input power factor.
Comment on the type of operation.

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Mrs RECIOUI F.Z
Chapter 05 EE331 Power Electronics lecture AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS

Solution


Vs = 230V , f = 50 Hz , L = 10mH , R = 10 ,  = 600 ,  = 1 =  2 = radians,
3

Vm = 2VS = 2  230 = 325.2691193 V

Z = Load Impedance = R2 + ( L ) = (10) + ( L )

2 2 2

 L = ( 2 fL ) = ( 2  50 10 10−3 ) =  = 3.14159

Z= (10) + (3.14159) = 109.8696 = 10.4818

2 2

Vm 2  230
Im = = = 31.03179 A
Z 10.4818

 
Load Impedance Angle ,  = tan −1   = tan −1 ( 0.314159 ) = 17.440590
 10 

Trigger Angle    . Hence the type of operation will be discontinuous load current
operation, we get

  ( +  )
  (180 + 60) ;   2400

Therefore the range of  is from 180 degrees to 240 degrees. (180 0

   2400 )

Extinction Angle  is calculated by using the equation

−R
(  − )
sin (  −  ) = sin ( −  ) e  L

In the exponential term the value of  and  should be substituted in radians.

Hence
−R
(  Rad − Rad )  
sin (  −  ) = sin ( −  ) e L
;  Rad =  
3

( −  ) = ( 60 −17.44059) = 42.55940
−10
(  − )
sin (  − 17.44 ) = sin ( 42.5594 ) e 
0 0

sin (  − 17.44 ) = 0.676354e−3.183(  − )

0

 0 
1800 →  radians,  Rad =
1800

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Mrs RECIOUI F.Z
Chapter 05 EE331 Power Electronics lecture AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS

Assuming  = 1900 ;

 0  1900  
 Rad = = = 3.3161
1800 180

Left. Hand. Side: sin (190 − 17.44 ) = sin (172.56 ) = 0.129487

0

 
−3.183 3.3161− 
Right. Hand. Side: 0.676354  e  3
= 4.94 10−4

Assuming  = 1830 ;

 0  1830  
 Rad = = = 3.19395
1800 180


(  −  ) =  3.19395 −  = 2.14675
 3

L.H.S sin (  −  ) = sin (183 −17.44) = sin165.560 = 0.24936

−3.183( 2.14675)
R.H.S 0.676354e = 7.2876 10−4

Assuming   1800

 0  1800  
 Rad = = =
1800 180

   2 
(  −  ) =   − = 
 3  3 

where; sin (  −  ) = sin (180 −17.44) = 0.2997

 
−3.183  − 
and 0.676354e  3
= 8.6092 10−4

Assuming  = 1960

 0  1960  
 Rad = = = 3.420845
1800 180

L.H.S: sin (  −  ) = sin (196 −17.44) = 0.02513

 
−3.183 3.420845− 
R.H.S: 0.676354e  3
= 3.5394 10−4

Assuming  = 1970

 0  1970  
 Rad = = = 3.43829
1800 180

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Chapter 05 EE331 Power Electronics lecture AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS

L.H.S: sin (  −  ) = sin (197 −17.44) = 7.69 = 7.67937 10−3

 
−3.183 3.43829− 
R.H.S: 0.676354e  3
= 4.950386476 10−4

Assuming  = 197.420

 0  197.42  
 Rad = 0
= = 3.4456
180 180

L.H.S: sin (  −  ) = sin (197.42 −17.44) = 3.4906 10−4

 
−3.183 3.4456− 
R.H.S: 0.676354e  3
= 3.2709 10−4

Conduction Angle  = (  −  ) = (197.420 − 600 ) = 137.420

RMS Output Voltage

1 sin 2 sin 2  
VO( RMS ) = VS  (  − ) + −
 2 2 

1    sin 2 ( 60 ) − sin 2 (197.42 ) 

0 0

VO( RMS ) = 230  3.4456 −  +

  3 2 2 


1
VO( RMS ) = 230 ( 2.39843) + 0.4330 − 0.285640

VO( RMS ) = 230  0.9 = 207.0445 V

Input Power Factor

PO
PF =
VS  I S

VO( RMS ) 207.0445

I O( RMS ) = = = 19.7527 A
Z 10.4818

PO = IO2 ( RMS )  RL = (19.7527 ) 10 = 3901.716 W

2

VS = 230V , I S = IO( RMS ) = 19.7527

PO 3901.716
PF = = = 0.8588
VS  I S 230 19.7527

Problem 6.2: A single-phase full wave Controller has an input voltage of 120 V (RMS)
and a load resistance of 6 ohm. The firing angle of thyristor is  2 . Find

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Mrs RECIOUI F.Z
Chapter 05 EE331 Power Electronics lecture AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS

1. RMS output voltage

2. Power output
3. Input power factor
4. Average and RMS thyristor current.
Solution


= = 900 , VS = 120 V, R = 6
2

RMS Value of Output Voltage

1
1  sin 2   2
VO = VS    −  + 
  2  
1
1   sin180   2
VO = 120    − + 
  2 2  

VO = 84.85 Volts

RMS Output Current

VO 84.85
IO = = = 14.14 A
R 6

Load Power

PO = I O2  R

PO = (14.14 )  6 = 1200 watts

2

Input Current is same as Load Current

Therefore I S = IO = 14.14 Amps

Input Supply Volt-Amp = VS I S = 120 14.14 = 1696.8 VA

Load Power 1200

Therefore; Input Power Factor = = = 0.707 ( lag )
Input Volt-Amp 1696.8

Each thyristor conducts only for half a cycle

Average thyristor current IT ( Avg )


1
Vm sin  t.d ( t )
2 R 
IT ( Avg ) =

Vm
= (1 + cos  ) ; Vm = 2VS
2 R

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Chapter 05 EE331 Power Electronics lecture AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS

2 120
= 1 + cos 90 = 4.5 A
2  6

RMS thyristor current IT ( RMS )


1 Vm2 sin 2  t
d ( t )
2 
IT ( RMS ) =
R2

Vm2

(1 − cos 2 t ) d  t
= 2  ( )
2 R  2

1
2VS 1  sin 2   2
=    −  + 2 
2R   

1
2 120  1   sin180   2
=   − +  = 10 Amps
2  6    2 2  

Problem 6.4: A single phase voltage controller is employed for controlling the power
flow from 220 V, 50 Hz source into a load circuit consisting of R = 4  and L = 6 .
Calculate the following
1.Control range of firing angle
2.Maximum value of RMS load current
3.Maximum power and power factor
4.Maximum value of average and RMS thyristor current.
Solution
For control of output power, minimum angle of firing angle  is equal to the load
impedance angle 

 =  , load angle
L  −1  6 
 = tan −1   = tan   = 56.3
0

 R   4
Maximum possible value of  is 1800
Therefore, control range of firing angle is 56.30    1800
Maximum value of RMS load current occurs when  =  = 56.30 . At this value of
 the Maximum value of RMS load current

VS 220
IO = = = 30.5085 Amps
Z 42 + 62
Maximum Power PO = I O2 R = ( 30.5085 )  4 = 3723.077 W
2

Input Volt-Amp = VS IO = 220  30.5085 = 6711.87 W

PO 3723.077
Power Factor = = = 0.5547
Input VA 6711.87

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Chapter 05 EE331 Power Electronics lecture AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS

Average thyristor current will be maximum when  =  and conduction angle

 = 1800 .
Therefore maximum value of average thyristor current
 +
1 Vm
IT ( Avg ) =  sin ( t −  ) d ( t )
2  Z
Vm  −R
(t − ) 
iO = iT1 =  (  −  ) − ( −  ) L
Note: sin t sin e 
Z  
At  = 0 ,
Vm
iT1 = iO = sin ( t −  )
Z
V  +
IT ( Avg ) = m  − cos ( t −  ) 
2 Z
V
IT ( Avg ) = m  − cos ( +  −  ) + cos ( −  ) 
2 Z
But  =  ,
Vm V V
IT ( Avg ) =  − cos ( ) + cos ( 0 )  = m  2 = m
2 Z 2 Z Z

Vm 2  220
 IT ( Avg ) =
= = 13.7336 Amps
 Z  42 + 62
Similarly, maximum RMS value occurs when  = 0 and  =  .
Therefore, maximum value of RMS thyristor current

 + 2
1 Vm 
ITM =   sin (t −  )  d (t )
2  Z 

Vm2
 +
1 − cos ( 2 t − 2 ) 
ITM =   d ( t )
2 Z 2   2 

 +
Vm2  sin ( 2 t − 2 ) 
ITM =  t − 
4 Z 2  2 
Vm2
ITM =  +  −  − 0
4 Z 2

Vm 2  220
ITM = = = 21.57277 Amps
2Z 2 42 + 62

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Mrs RECIOUI F.Z