Adventist Youth

Honors Answer
Book/Health and
Science/Heredity
< Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book‎| Health and Science
 Heredity
Health and Skill Level 3
Science
North American Year of

Division Introduction: 2004

The Heredity Honor is a component of the Health Master Award .

Contents

1. What is meant by the term

"heredity"?
Heredity refers to the transfer of biological characteristics from a parent organism to offspring,
and is practically a synonym for genetics, as genes are now recognized as the carriers of
biological information.

A simpler way to describe "heredity" is simply how traits are passed on from parent to offspring.
2. Draw a picture of an
animal cell and label the
following parts: Cell
membrane, cytoplasm,
nucleus, nuclear membrane,
golgi bodies, ribosomes.

3A. What is a chromosome

and where are they located?
A chromosone is a threadlike linear strand of DNA and associated proteins in the nucleus of
eukaryotic cells that carries the genes and functions in the transmission of hereditary
information. Chromosomes are located in the nucleus.

3B. What is a gene and where

is it found?
It is a segment of a chromosome responsible for a trait,it is also a piece of DNA with specific
sequence which is responsible for a phenotype and any change (mutation) in the sequence
results in respective change in the phenotype, and it is a sequence of DNA that contains the
information for ("Codes for") the construction of a protein (genotype).Genes are located on the
chromosomes.

4A. What is meant by the

term "allele"?
An allele is any one of a number of viable DNA codings of the same gene occupying a given
position on a chromosome. Humans have paired chromosomes in their somatic cells, and these
contain two copies of each gene. In some cases the two copies of the gene are identical — that
is, have the same allele. In other cases, the two copies are different. Humans inherit two copies
of every gene, one copy comes from the mother, and the other comes from the father.

4B. How does a dominant

allele differ from a recessive
allele?
Characteristics associated with a certain allele can sometimes be dominant or recessive, but
often they are neither. A dominant trait will be expressed when at least one allele of its
associated type is present, whereas a recessive trait will be expressed only when both alleles are
of its associated type.

4C. Determine which allele

you have of the following
genetic traits

Widow's Peak

Widow's Peak
A widow's peak is a descending V-
shaped point in the middle of the
hairline (above the forehead). The trait is
inherited genetically and dominant. The
term comes from English folklore, where
it was believed that this hair formation
was a sign of a woman who would
outlive her husband.

Free
earlobe(left) and
attached
earlobe (right)

Free earlobe
The free earlobe is a dominant trait, and
its counterpart, the attached earlobe, is
recessive. Geneticists are unsure if it is
the result of a single gene or if multiple
genes are involved.
 Dimpled cheeks

Dimples
Dimples are small indentations in the
cheeks most evident when a person
possessing this trait smiles.

Curved thumb
Giving the "hitchhikers thumb" the end
section of the thumb where the
thumbnail is located is not 90 degrees
straight up and down with the rest of the
thumb. It points farther backwards than
90 degrees. It is a commonly dominant
trait.

Bent pinky
Holding your hand up in front of you,
palm outwards, fingers extended you
will notice that your pinky finger may or
may not bend towards your ring finger.

Digit hair
Digits refer to your fingers and toes.
Dominant traits possess hair (even if it
is very fine hair) on the section of the
digit closest to the body or foot.
Recessive traits have no hair.

Rolling tongue
It was once taught with certainty that
the ability to roll one's tongue into the
shape of a tube was a dominant trait,
however; based on the research data
kept by Genome Research, this may not
be the case. In 1952 Matlock and again
in 1975 Martin realized that identical
twins are no more likely to be able to roll
their tongues than are fraternal twins.
From the evidence, it appears that the
ability to roll one's tongue may not be a
genetic trait after all.

Mortons Toe
Second toe longer
Morton's toe is the common term for the
second toe (second from innermost)
extending further than the great toe
(Hallux). Morton's toe is typically due to
a lengthened second metatarsal. The
Metatarsus is the five long bones of the
foot. Although commonly described as a
disorder, it is sufficiently common to be
considered a normal variant of foot
shape (around 10% of feet worldwide
have this form). The main symptom
experienced due to Morton's toe is
discomfort and callusing of the second
metatarsal head. Morton's toe is
hereditary. If one of your parents has a
 second toe that is longer than big toe,
you may have inherited your Morton’s
toe from him or her.

4D. Using a punnet square,

predict the ratio of offspring
produced from these
monohybrid crosses: TT (tall)
crossed with tt (short), Tt
(tall) crossed with Tt (tall), Tt
(tall) crossed with tt (short).
A punnet square is a genetic diagram used to determine the probability of an offspring
expressing a particular genotype. An allele can be dominant or recessive. If a dominant allele
(represented as a capital letter) is present, the trait will be expressed. The recessive trait will be
expressed only of both alleles are recessive (represented as a lower case letter).

In our example, tallness is the dominant allele and it is represented by the capital 'T'. Shortness
is the recessive allele, and it is represented as a lowercase 't' (not by an S). First we construct a
table showing the alleles of the parents. The mother (with alleles TT) is generally shown across
the top, and the father (with alleles tt) is shown down the left column:
 TT

Next we copy the alleles from the mother's row and the father's column, placing the dominant
allele ahead of the recessive one (so we would always show Tt rather than tT). In this case, all
four outcomes are identical: Tt.

T T
t Tt Tt

t Tt Tt

Next we show a Tt mother and a Tt father. In this case, the pair has produced one TT, two Tt's,
and one tt.

T t

T TT Tt
t Tt tt
Finally, we show the cross between a Tt and a tt. In this case, we get two Tt's, and one tt.

T t

t Tt tt
t Tt tt

So what does all this mean? A TT individual has two dominant alleles for tallness. All of that
individual's offspring will be tall, but all will not necessarily be TT. A Tt individual will also be tall,
but can have short offspring if crossed with either another Tt (75% tall, 25% short), or if crossed
with a tt (50%-50%). Only individuals with tt alleles will be short, but if crossed with a TT or a Tt,
can still have tall offspring (though all offspring will be carriers for shortness).

5A. What does the process of

mitosis accomplish?
 Mitosis. Click to enlarge.

Mitosis is the scientific term for cell division. Before mitosis begins, the cell will have already
made two copies of its genetic material. Mitosis is the separation of these two copies into two
new cells.

5B. Draw a sequence of cells

that shows the process of
mitosis including: prophase,
metaphase, anaphase, and
telophase.

Prophase

Prophase: The two round

objects above the nucleus
are the centrosomes. Note
the condensed chromatin.

Normally, the genetic material in the nucleus is in a loosely bundled coil called chromatin. When
prophase begins, chromatin condenses together into a highly ordered structure called a
chromosome. Since the genetic material has already been duplicated earlier, the chromosomes
have two sister chromatids, bound together at the centromere by a protein. Just outside the
nucleus are two centrosomes. The two centrosomes sprout microtubules (which may be thought
of as cellular ropes or poles). By repulsive interaction of these microtubules with each other, the
centrosomes push themselves to opposite ends of the cell.

Metaphase
 Metaphase: The
chromosomes have aligned
at the metaphase plate.

The nuclear envelope dissolves, the microtubules enter the nucleus, and attach to points on the
chromatids. As microtubules find and attach to these points, the centromeres of the
chromosomes gather on an imaginary line called the metaphase plate that is equidistant from
the two centrosome poles. This even alignment is due to the counterbalance of the pulling
powers generated by the opposing kinetochores, analogous to a tug of war between equally
strong people.

Anaphase

Anaphase: Microtubules
shorten.

During anaphase, two events occur in order:

1. The proteins that bind sister

chromatids together are split,
 allowing them to separate. These
sister chromatids turned sister
chromosomes are pulled apart
because the microtubules attached
to the chromosomes become shorter,
pulling them toward the centrosomes
to which they are attached.
2. The unattached microtubules
elongate, pushing the centrosomes
(and the set of chromosomes to
which they are attached) apart to
opposite ends of the cell.
At the end of anaphase, the cell has succeeded in separating identical copies of the genetic
material into two distinct populations.

Telophase
Telophase is a reversal of the prophase events. It "cleans up" the aftereffects of mitosis. At
telophase, the unattached microtubules continue to lengthen, elongating the cell even more.
Corresponding sister chromosomes attach at opposite ends of the cell. A new nuclear envelope
forms around each set of separated sister chromosomes. Both sets of chromosomes, now
surrounded by new nuclei, unfold back into chromatin.

5C. Briefly explain how the

DNA in the chromosomes is
copied during this process.
The DNA is copied during transcription with the help of enzymes. The strands unwind, are
copied, then are rewound back into the double helix shape.

6A. What does the process of

meiosis accomplish and how
does it differ from mitosis?
Meiosis is employed to create gametes (sex cells), and occurs only for the creation of sex cells,
not body cells. Mitosis is used for the creation of all other cells in the body.

Mitosis is the process in which a cell duplicates its chromosomes to generate two, identical
cells. It is generally followed by cytokinesis which divides the cytoplasm and cell membrane.
This results in two identical cells with an equal distribution of organelles and other cellular
components.

A primary difference between meiosis and mitosis is that meiosis will have the haploid number
of chromosomes (n) and mitosis will have the diploid number of chromosomes (2n).
6B. Draw a sequence of cells
that shows the process of
meiosis including: prophase I
&II, metaphase I &II,
anaphase I &II, and telophase
I &II.
The Process of meiosis is actually split into two processes, meiosis I and meiosis II, each of
which have a prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. To see an illustration of meiosis,
click on the diagram to enlarge.
 Meiosis

Meiosis I
This is the process by which a diploid cell divides into two haploid cells. These two haploid cells
still have duplicated chromosomes, however, so the two cells must enter Meiosis II following.

Prophase I
During Prophase I, the chromosomes cross over and the centrioles move to opposite ends of the
cell and begin to form the mitotic spindle.
Metaphase I
The chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate, and the microtubules from each centriole
grab one chromosome from each homologous pair.

Anaphase I
The microtubules pull the chromosome pairs apart, so that each centriole gets one chromosome
from each pair.

Telophase I
The cell membrane constricts in order to cut off the two cells, and nuclei begin to form around
the chromosomes. The chromosomes are still duplicated, so now the cells undergo Meiosis II.

Meiosis II
This is the process by which the two haploid cells (with duplicated chromosomes; produced
during Meiosis I) split into two more cells, so that the final product of Meiosis is four haploid
cells.

Prophase II
The centrioles duplicate again and move to opposite ends of the cells, and the spindles begin to
form.

Metaphase II
The chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate and the spindles from the centrioles attach to
each chromosome.

Anaphase II
The centrioles pull the chromosomes apart, much like in mitosis, and each centriole gets one
half of each chromosome.

Telophase II
The cell membranes constrict and a nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes. The
end result of meiosis is four cells with only one chromosome from each homologous pair. These
are called gametes.

6C. Do the cells resulting

from meiosis remain
haploid? Explain.
Yes. Haploid cells are gametes and must remain haploid to produce viable offspring.

7. Describe how DNA encodes

the specific proteins that
result in genetic traits.
Demonstrate your knowledge
of this process by using
diagrams or paper models.
See Protein Synthesis for more information on this.

In transcription DNA copies codes of thymine, adenine, cytosine and guanine into sequences
that result in the formation of genes. An example of a sequence is AT-CG-AT-TA-TA-CG-GC-GC-AT
representing base pairs of adenine/thymine and guanine cytosine.

Thymine will bond with adenine and only adenine. And cytosine will bond with guanine and only
guanine.

Demonstrate this by using diagrams

or paper models.
Ideas for doing this include using the candy "dots" or "Mike and Ike's." You can use them with a
toothpick to hold them together representing the bond and place them end to end to make a
double helix around a dowel. Cytosine - red / Adenine - yellow / Thymine - orange / Guanine -
green

8. What is mutation? Using

diagrams or models created
in question 7, illustrate the
effect of a mutation on the
genetic trait.
Mutation is any change in an organism's genetic material (DNA) caused by a mutagen, which is
any material that drives this change.

Mutation can cause changes both big and small in a gene, either by point mutations and
insertion/deletion of nucleotides on the small end of the scale or by mutations that have larger
effects such as the duplication of a certain gene, the translocation of a certain chromosome, or
the inversion of a chromosomal segment.

Many mutations are meaningless and ineffective as there are up to four triplet codes that each
code for the same amino acid, and so if one base is changed, the overall result is unchanged,
and the protein will be as if the mutation never happened. However, if multiple mutations occur
on the same DNA or RNA strand, this can result in improperly built RNA which translates into
improperly formed proteins and even malformed body structures and uncontrolled cell growth
(cancer). See Protein Synthesis for more information on this.

A mutation is a shift in base pairs (which is the CG / AT) during transcription. It can be a
deletion, subtraction or translocation.

9. Know at least five genetic

disorders and tell a story
about a famous person or
someone that you know who
has had one of these
disorders.

Color-blindness
Bill Clinton, former President of the
United States, and Bob Dole, Former
Majority Leader of the U.S. Senate.
These two ran against each other in
the 1996 Presidential election, and
during their debates, the colors
normally used had to be changed to
accommodate them both.
Cystic fibrosis
Grégory Lemarchal, French pop
singer, died from the illness in 2007
 Frankie Abernathy, actress in Real
World: San Diego, died in 2007
Lisa Bentley, Triathlete
Down syndrome
Stephane Ginnsz, actor (Duo (film))
First actor with Down syndrome in
the lead part of a motion picture.
Chris Burke, actor (Life Goes On)
and autobiographer
Andrea Friedman, actor (Life Goes
On), guest appearances on many
other shows
Pascal Duquenne, actor (Le
Huitième Jour aka The Eighth Day,
Toto le héros aka Toto the Hero)
 Anne de Gaulle (1928–1948),
daughter of Charles de Gaulle
Hemophilia
Ryan White, famous for his struggle
against AIDS. Ryan had hemophilia
and got AIDS from the blood-
clotting medicine he took.
Parkinson's Syndrome (formerly referred
to as Parkinson's Disease)
Michael J. Fox - Actor
Cassius Clay (aka Muhammad Ali) -
Former heavyweight boxing
champion and Olympic gold
medalist.
 Janet Reno, former Attorney
General of the United States
Huntington's Disease
Woody Guthrie
Sickle Cell Anemia
Spina bifida
Olympian and eight-time Boston
Marathon winner Jean Driscoll [1] (h
ttp://www.jeandriscoll.com)
1980s rock star, John Mellencamp
Welsh Paralympian, Tanni Grey-
Thompson
U.S. country music singer, Hank
Williams
 Tay-Sachs disease

10. Is Biological Heredity the

only factor contributing to
your character, i.e., what
makes you who you are?
Biological Heredity is not the only factor contributing to your character- it is proven in studies
that a personality of a person, and who they are, is determined by not only their genes, but also
by their environment (way they are brought up).

As Adventists and Pathfinders we must also include our parents, our faith and by temptations
and sin which can change our character.

11. Find 3 statements from

Ellen White's writings that
relate to the previous
question.
 Desire of Ages, p. 307 Inside of us by
faith
Desire of Ages, p. 122/123 Christ's
character in you will see you through the
end times.
Testimonies Vol. 4, p. 439 Character
traits are transmitted to us from our
parents.
The Adventist Home, p. 206 God can
transform inherited and cultivated
tendencies;

References

K12science.org (http://www.k12science.
org/curriculum/genproj/traits.html) -
Genetic traits
CVD (Color Vision Deficiency) Books (htt
p://www.cvdbooks.com/)
Tongue Rolling:
http://www.discovery.com/area/skinnyo
n/skinnyon970226/skinny1.html
Tongue Rolling:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/que
ry.fcgi?
cmd=Retrieve&db=OMIM&dopt=Detailed
&tmpl=dispomimTemplate&list_uids=18
9300
Various other answers were provided by
Phillip Bautista on The Pathfinder Forum
(http://www.pathfindersonline.org/foru
 m/viewtopic.php?t=507&highlight=&sid=
b337f5280e06ee3dc5196576fdffef99) .

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