长难句视频课讲义

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微臣教育
TOEFL OP 长难句 Day1

主讲人：韩煦
1
以学生为友，以GRE为敌，以成长为傲
北京市海淀区微臣培训学校
北京市海淀区北三环中路44号院 A115（原人民教育出版社印刷厂）
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臣在TOEFL
我们要讲的是
1. 倒装
2. 省略
3. 长句
北京市海淀区微臣培训学校不止提分联系我们：010-82484015

臣在TOEFL
倒装
1. 介词结构倒装
2. 分词结构倒装
3. 定语从句
4. 同位语从句
5. 宾语倒装
6. 主语倒装

臣在TOEFL
英语中如何修饰名词？
形容词：a beautiful girl
介词结构：a beautiful girl in the classroom
分词结构：a beautiful girl reading in the classroom
定语从句：a beautiful girl who is reading in the classroom

臣在TOEFL
（1）传统语法
（2）三种形式
（3）举例

臣在TOEFL
传统语法
1. 作表语
The apple is on the desk.
2. 固定搭配
on the tree
at the same time
in the past

臣在TOEFL
我们如何处理
做后置定语修饰前面的名词
the apple on the desk

桌子上的苹果
a planet around the star

围绕恒星的行星

臣在TOEFL
三种形式
1. 一般介词结构
the economy of China
a garden to the building
an attempt to heal the world
2. 形容词+介词结构
the time different from past
a job available to pretty girls

臣在TOEFL
三种形式
3. 连词+介词结构
a nice man because of his kindness

臣在TOEFL
我们如何处理
多重介词结构倒装
初期练习：从最后一个介词结构开始，从后往前理解
终极境界：不需要回读就可以理顺所有从属修饰关系
the detection [of molecular oxygen] [on Earth-sized planets]

[around other stars] [in the universe]
在宇宙中，环绕在其余恒星周围地球尺寸大小的行星上氧分子的
发现

臣在TOEFL
举例
an absence of nearly 70 years
a higher incidence of depression
the intense competition for light, nutrients and water
the effects on the atmosphere of even small changes in the

temperature or chemistry of the global ocean

臣在TOEFL
an absence of nearly 70 years

将近70年的缺失
a higher incidence of depression

更高的抑郁发生率
the intense competition for light, nutrients and water

对阳光、营养和水的激烈竞争
the effects on the atmosphere of even small changes in the temperature or

chemistry of the global ocean
全球海洋的气温或者化学物质的微小变化对大气的影响
臣在TOEFL
传统语法
doing 现在分词表现在
非谓语动词 done 过去分词表过去
to do 不定式表将来

臣在TOEFL
我们如何处理
一个坐在椅子上的姑娘
a girl sitting on the chair
a beautiful girl standing on the top of the roof
一个对政治感兴趣的男孩
a boy interested in politics

臣在TOEFL
我们如何处理
a status quo defended by people
the conclusion drawn by previous researchers
the high levels of education attained by the descendants of

Chinese and Japanese immigrants

臣在TOEFL
分词结构倒装
The research leading to short-term forecasting has been

focused on precursors observed prior to previous earthquakes.

臣在TOEFL
分词结构倒装
The research leading to short-term forecasting has been

focused on precursors observed prior to previous earthquakes.
促成短期预测的研究聚焦于过往地震发生前被观察到
的征兆上。

臣在TOEFL
分词结构倒装
Stone imported by sea has to compete with imported copper
proved more effective for variety of uses.

臣在TOEFL
Stone imported by sea has to compete with imported copper

proved more effective for variety of uses.
由海运进口的石头不得不和被证明更加有用的进口铜竞争。

臣在TOEFL
介词与分词结构造成的阅读障碍—主谓分离
The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminishing ability

to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation.

臣在TOEFL
介词与分词结构造成的阅读障碍—主谓分离
The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminishing ability

to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation.
吸收水分能力下降导致的土壤的逐渐干燥造成了植被
的进一步消失。

臣在TOEFL
3&4 定语从句/同位语从句
(1) 定语从句举例
(2) 同位语从句举例
(3) 二者区分

臣在TOEFL
定语从句&同位语从句举例
一篇受到学术界欢迎的文章
an article that is welcome among the academia
地球围绕太阳转这个事实
the fact that the Earth revolves around the Sun

臣在TOEFL
化学反应发生的温度
the temperature at which the reaction takes place

臣在TOEFL
如何区分
Q：定语从句和同位语从句如何区分？
A：看从句中成分是否完整。

臣在TOEFL
The old belief that climatic stability accounts for the high level
of species diversity in the Amazon River basin of South
America emerges, strangely enough, from observations of the
deep sea.

臣在TOEFL
It means that photosynthesis, the process by which plants use
the energy of sunlight to produce the organic carbon
compounds necessary for life can only occur in surface waters
where the light intensity is sufficiently high.

臣在TOEFL
5. 宾语倒装
（1）宾语倒装举例
（2）为什么会有宾语倒装

臣在TOEFL
宾语倒装
1. 妈妈将孩子所需要的书本装入书包中。
Mother puts into bags the books that are needed by children.
2. 科学家因为基因编码的突变猜想异想天开而不予理会。
Scientists dismiss as fanciful the idea of sudden changes in a

genetic code.

臣在TOEFL
宾语倒装
Q：宾语倒装为什么？
A：因为宾语长。
Q：如何判定长？
A：宾语后面有修饰。
Q: 宾语倒装如何辨别？
A：及物动词后没有直接出现宾语。

臣在TOEFL
宾语倒装
不定式to do做宾语，it做形式宾语，常见形式是make it…to do…
Soil conditions in New Guinea made it difficult to grow cereals.

臣在TOEFL
宾语倒装
He places at the heart of his book an image of the

producer.
It brings to predominant positions in a society people

who often lack those qualities.

臣在TOEFL
宾语倒装
He places at the heart of his book an image of the producer.
他将制片人的形象放在他的书的核心位置。
It brings to predominant positions in a society people who often

lack those qualities.
它将经常缺乏那些品质的人带到社会中的主要地位上。

臣在TOEFL
6. 主语倒装
（1）主语倒装举例
（2） it“小傀儡”

臣在TOEFL
6. 主语倒装
一夜成名是有可能的。
It is possible to rocket to fame overnight.
It is possible that a man could rocket to fame overnight.

臣在TOEFL
省略
1. 平行结构省略
2. 定语从句省略
3. 无头句（逻辑主语省略）

臣在TOEFL
常见的平行结构
and or
not only...but also... either...or....
neither...nor... both...and...
as well as A, B, and C

臣在TOEFL
他喜欢踢足球和打篮球。
完整版： He likes playing soccer and he likes
playing basketball.
省略版： He likes playing soccer and basketball.

臣在TOEFL
It highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from

the traditional picture of the poetic novelist concerned with
examining states of reverie and vision and with following the
intricate pathways of individual consciousness.

臣在TOEFL
It highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from

the traditional picture of the poetic novelist concerned with
examining states of reverie and vision and with following the

intricate pathways of individual consciousness.
它强调了与诗意小说家的传统描绘非常不同的她的文学兴趣的一方
面，这些诗意小说家关注于研究幻想和想象的状态，并且关注于跟随个
人意识的复杂道路。

臣在TOEFL
（1）定语从句省略举例
（2）如何判定

臣在TOEFL
定语从句省略举例
Perroult 收集和复述的民间故事不只是起源于法国。
完整版：The folktales that Perroult collected and retold

were not solely French in origin.
省略版：The folktales Perroult collected and retold

were not solely French in origin.

臣在TOEFL
Q：如何判定定语从句省略？
A：两个名词连用
（1）第1个名词修饰第2个
（2）如果不修饰，则省略 that

臣在TOEFL
The potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are

transported over long distances are enormous.
花粉粒在远距离传输时受到的潜在危险是很大的。

臣在TOEFL
（1）两种形式
（2）如何处理

臣在TOEFL
无头句两种形式
1. 以V-ed或者V-ing开头
2. 以形容词开头

臣在TOEFL
以V-ed或者V-ing开头
完整版：When this theory applied to the political area, this
theory works very well.
无头句版：When applied to the political area, this theory
works very well.
当这个理论被应用到政治领域时，这个理论非常有说服力。

臣在TOEFL
以V-ed或者V-ing开头
Purchasing land for stations along its path, the Illinois Central
then laid out towns around the stations.
伊利诺伊中心环线沿着它的轨道买地建站，伊利诺伊中
心环线接下来就在火车站周围布局城镇。

臣在TOEFL
The little bird eluded the shark emerging from the sea.
The little bird eluded the shark , flying toward the sky.
Flying toward the sky , the little bird eluded the shark.

臣在TOEFL
“一逗之差，两个世界”
在 SVO，doing 结构中，doing的修饰对象是主句主语 S；
在 SVO doing 结构中，doing的修饰对象是主句宾语 O 。

臣在TOEFL
以形容词开头
Well aware of the economic benefits of railroads, individuals
had long purchased railroad stock.
个体们清楚地意识到铁路带来经济上的益处，这些个
体一直都在购买铁路股票。

臣在TOEFL
长句
1. 英文句子变长的原因
2. 长句处理举例

臣在TOEFL
Indeed, many nineteenth-century American women who

participated in reform or who distinguished themselves as writers
and professionals were single.

臣在TOEFL
The growth of mutual trust among merchants facilitated the

growth of sales on credit and led to new developments in finance,
such as the bill of exchange, a device that made the long, slow, and
very dangerous shipment of coins unnecessary.

臣在TOEFL
From a plant’s evolutionary view point, however, it was also a land

of opportunity, free of competitors and predators and full of carbon
dioxide and sunlight, the raw materials for photosynthesis, which
are present in far higher concentrations in air than in water.

臣在TOEFL
In response to biologists who question how organisms presumably

working for their own selfish ends could have evolved to behave
in a way that benefits not only the planet but the organisms as
well, cooling benefits the algae, which remain at the ocean surface,
because it allows the cooled upper layers of the ocean to sink, and
then the circulating water carries nutrients upward from the depths
below.

微臣教育

主讲人：韩煦
1
1. 倒装
2. 省略
3. 长句
北京市海淀区微臣培训学校不止提分联系我们： 010 - 8 2 4 8 4 0 1 5

倒装
3. 定语从句
4. 同位语从句
5. 宾语倒装
6. 主语倒装

省略

Warm up

One of the most gifted prodigies in the history of music, he

produced his first masterpiece at sixteen.

It is a huge privilege to introduce to a new generation of readers

this first collaboration between John Yeoman and Quentin Blake.
The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships

made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently.
set out 出发，摆出

Its framers were proposing to write into the Constitution not a

laundry list of specific civil rights but a principle of equal
citizenship.
a laundry list 清单
Indeed, many nineteenth-century American women who

participated in reform or who distinguished themselves as writers
and professionals were single.

Review

In a tour through the pages of European and American weeklies of

the 1840s and 1850s, one encounters in many illustrations the
various pictorial qualities that were common in early products of
the camera.

These magazines owed their rise in part to the development of new

and better printing technologies, such as electrotype, and electrical
process that used a wax mold of a page, covered in graphite, to
create a metal plate for printing.

In 1857 the artist Winnslow Homer in Boston copied onto a

woodblock a daguerreotype portrait of a sea captain who lived in
California thereby allowing the captain's likeness to reach
publication in the Companion without the subject's having been
within a few thousand miles of the artist who had drawn him.

Grown for their seeds or kernels, cereals are excellent sources of

energy: although they lack some amino acids, as well as calcium,
vitamin A, and vitamin C, they provide starch and oil, and in some
cases, considerable amounts of protein.

平行结构省略1
An Irish newspaper editorial encouraging women to participate in

the nonimportation movement launched in Ireland in 1779 appears
consistent with a perception that the political use of the consumer
boycott originated in North America and spread eastwards across
the Atlantic to Ireland.

平行结构省略2
Mary O’Dowd argues that from the late seventeenth century, Irish
political discourse advocated for the nonconsumption of imported
goods and support for home manufactures by women in ways that
were strikingly similar to those used later in North America.

平行结构省略3
Modern studies have profited both from the breadth of information

that Mather provides--in, for example, his discussions of colonial
medicine--and from his critical observations of such leading
figures as Governor John Winthrop.

平行结构省略4
The very presence on a landscape of humans who are consumers

affects food resources, blurring the lines between wild and
domesticated and, hence between hunting and pastoralism, and
between gathering and cultivation.

微臣教育
TOEFL ONEPASS 长难句

主讲人：韩煦
1. 倒装
2. 省略
3. 长句

倒装
3. 定语从句
4. 同位语从句
5. 宾语倒装
6. 主语倒装

省略

平行结构省略1
An Irish newspaper editorial encouraging women to participate in

the nonimportation movement launched in Ireland in 1779 appears
consistent with a perception that the political use of the consumer
boycott originated in North America and spread eastwards across
the Atlantic to Ireland.

平行结构省略2
Mary O’Dowd argues that from the late seventeenth century, Irish
political discourse advocated for the nonconsumption of imported
goods and support for home manufactures by women in ways that
were strikingly similar to those used later in North America.

平行结构省略3
Modern studies have profited both from the breadth of information

that Mather provides--in, for example, his discussions of colonial
medicine--and from his critical observations of such leading
figures as Governor John Winthrop.

平行结构省略4
The very presence on a landscape of humans who are consumers

affects food resources, blurring the lines between wild and
domesticated and, hence between hunting and pastoralism, and
between gathering and cultivation.

平行结构省略5
The effective ruler was not the one who brusquely subdued
opponents, but the one who both avoided antagonizing those
opponents who could not be easily subdued and who gradually
lured most others into his court with political appointments.

平行结构省略6
These agents were expected to evaluate the appearance of

candidates, unearth evidence of unhealthy family histories or
questionable habits, and attest to the respectability of the people
writing testimonial letters on an applicant's behalf.

平行结构省略7
Kohler, asserts that a growing population led to human-

environmental interactions that caused people to live in villages,
intensify agrarian food production, deforest the region, deplete
the local soils, and ultimately abandon the area.

平行结构省略8
One idea developed during the late nineteenth century was that
there existed in the remote geological past a vast Southern
Hemisphere continent, in other words, that the modern continents
of the Southern Hemisphere were somehow connected long ago,
thus explaining the similarities in fauna and flora.

练习1
The dramatic expansion of the railroad network in the 1850s,

however, strained the financing capacity of local governments and
required a turn toward private investment, which had never been
absent from the picture.

练习2
Over a period of decades, dark-colored forms became an
increasingly large fraction of some populations and eventually
came to dominate peppered moth populations in certain areas—
especially those of extreme industrialization such as the Ruhr
Valley of Germany and the Midlands of England.

To be continued

无头句1
The old monastic scriptoria-monastery workshop where monks

copied texts by hand work were closely alongside the new presses,
continuing to produce the luxury goods that movable-type printing
could not yet supply.

无头句2
Until the 1980s, in what Blakemore and Harley called ”the Old is
Beautiful Paradigm”, scholars largely focused on maps made
before 1800, marveling at their beauty and sometimes regretting
the decline of the pre-technical age.

同位语
The implication is that the forest that did remain was changing to
relatively more junipers, a tree that is more fire resistant, better
able to reproduce in open settings, and less desirable for
construction than pinon.
juniper 杜松
pinon 矮松

无头句+同位语


宾语倒装
Meggers accepted that fish and turtle resources of the Amazon

made possible the long riverside villages the explorer Orellana
described in 1542, but she dismissed as exaggerated Carvajal’s
estimates of tens of thousands of people in those settlements, and
she was sure those settlements did not have inland counterparts.

主谓分离
Hierarchies that did not exist in earlier foraging groups but that
were helpful in structuring cooperative labor and in organizing
more-complex technologies probably became established, even
before domestication and agriculture, as pre-Neolithic societies
(before the tenth millennium BCE) reacted to the population
increase.
pre-Neolithic 旧石器时代

as
先行词是such/the same+名词时，用as引导定语从句：
（1）在从句中作主语
We invited all such people as were likely to come.
as=all such people
（2）在从句中作宾语
I have never heard such stories as he tells.
as=such stories
（3）在从句中作表语
I’ve never seen such a fool as he is. （He is such a fool.）
as=such a fool

as和that
Such…as定语从句
Such…that结果状语从句
He is such a good boy that everyone likes him.

Douglass' vision of the future as a melting pot in which all

racial and ethnic differences would dissolve into “a composite
American nationality” appears from the pluralist perspective of
many present day intellectuals to be not only utopian even
wrongheaded.

微臣教育

主讲人：韩煦
1
1. 倒装
2. 省略
3. 长句

倒装
3. 定语从句
4. 同位语从句
5. 宾语倒装
6. 主语倒装

省略

To be continued

无头句1
The old monastic scriptoria-monastery workshop where monks

copied texts by hand work were closely alongside the new presses,
continuing to produce the luxury goods that movable-type printing
could not yet supply.

无头句2
Until the 1980s, in what Blakemore and Harley called ”the Old is
Beautiful Paradigm”, scholars largely focused on maps made
before 1800, marveling at their beauty and sometimes regretting
the decline of the pre-technical age.

同位语
The implication is that the forest that did remain was changing to
relatively more junipers, a tree that is more fire resistant, better
able to reproduce in open settings, and less desirable for
construction than pinon.
juniper 杜松
pinon 矮松

无头句+同位语


宾语倒装
Meggers accepted that fish and turtle resources of the Amazon

made possible the long riverside villages the explorer Orellana
described in 1542, but she dismissed as exaggerated Carvajal’s
estimates of tens of thousands of people in those settlements, and
she was sure those settlements did not have inland counterparts.

主谓分离
Hierarchies that did not exist in earlier foraging groups but that
were helpful in structuring cooperative labor and in organizing
more-complex technologies probably became established, even
before domestication and agriculture, as pre-Neolithic societies
(before the tenth millennium BCE) reacted to the population
increase.
pre-Neolithic 旧石器时代

as
先行词是such/the same+名词时，用as引导定语从句：
（1）在从句中作主语
We invited all such people as were likely to come.
as=all such people
（2）在从句中作宾语
I have never heard such stories as he tells.
as=such stories
（3）在从句中作表语
I’ve never seen such a fool as he is. （He is such a fool.）
as=such a fool

as和that
Such…as定语从句
Such…that结果状语从句
He is such a good boy that everyone likes him.

Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or

trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?

微臣教育
TOEFL ONEPASS 长难句

主讲人：韩煦
我们要讲的是
1. 倒装
2. 省略
3. 长句

倒装
3. 定语从句
4. 同位语从句
5. 宾语倒装
6. 主语倒装

省略

Review

An individual with longer horns had a better chance of

circumventing its opponents' horns and fatally wounding them than
one with shorter horns, and females probably preferred to mate with
winners of these contests rather than with losers, either because they
liked what they saw in the male or because they liked the territory
that the male could defend from competitors.

Zooplankton, tiny invertebrates that feed on phytoplankton,

migrate vertically on a daily cycle: up into the surface waters at
night to feed and down into the dark, deeper waters during the day
to escape predatory fish that rely on light to detect prey.

First, it means that photosynthesis the process by which plants use

the energy of sunlight to produce the organic carbon compounds
necessary for life can only occur in surface waters where the light
intensity is sufficiently high.

To be continued

Although discharges follow one another almost continuously

throughout the life of the fish, their power level is much too low to
be detected by human handlers but potent enough to create a
stable electric field around the body of the fish.

Learning appropriate social behaviors is especially important for

species that live in groups, like young monkeys that needed to learn
to control selfishness and aggression and to understand the give-
and-take involved in social groups.

Among them were a large number of nonconformists whose

religious principles encouraged thrift and industry rather than
luxurious living and who tended to pour their profits back into
their business, thus providing the basis for continued expansion.

The mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary
stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they
presumed to have been the purview of women.

Early predatory animals were probably not very sophisticated, so

some evolving animals that later might have been eliminated by
predation were given a chance to survive, making the beginning of
the Cambrian period a window of opportunity for many different
adaptations to establish themselves in the environment.

In a species-rich ecosystem, diseases may spread more slowly

because most species will be relatively less abundant, thus
increasing the average distance between individuals of the same
species and hampering disease transmission among individuals.

Because liquid water was present, self-replicating molecules of

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen developed life early in Earth’s
history and have rapidly modified its surface, blanketing huge
parts of the continents with greenery.

This appealing coincidence that should have drawn more modern

scholars to a comparative study of the two systems of servitude,
has failed to arouse the interest of scholars.
servitude 奴役

Despite her formidable gifts as a polemical and discursive writer,

and for all her reputation as an intellectual who sacrificed feeling
to intelligence, what powers McCarthy’s best essays are her
fictional rather than strictly intellectual gifts.

Douglass' vision of the future as a melting pot in which all

racial and ethnic differences would dissolve into “a composite
American nationality” appears from the pluralist perspective of
many present day intellectuals to be not only utopian even
wrongheaded.

In response to biologists who question how organisms presumably

working for their own selfish ends could have evolved to behave
in a way that benefits not only the planet but the organisms as well,
cooling benefits the algae, which remain at the ocean surface,
because it allows the cooled upper layers of the ocean to sink, and
then the circulating water carries nutrients upward from the depths
below.

长难句 视频课讲义

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长难句 视频课讲义

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TOEFL OP 长难句 Day1

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形容词：a beautiful girl

介词结构：a beautiful girl in the classroom

分词结构：a beautiful girl reading in the classroom

定语从句：a beautiful girl who is reading in the classroom

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the apple on the desk

a planet around the star

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a nice man because of his kindness

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the detection [of molecular oxygen] [on Earth-sized planets]

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an absence of nearly 70 years

a higher incidence of depression

the intense competition for light, nutrients and water

the effects on the atmosphere of even small changes in the

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an absence of nearly 70 years

a higher incidence of depression

the intense competition for light, nutrients and water

the effects on the atmosphere of even small changes in the temperature or

非谓语动词 done 过去分词表过去

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a beautiful girl standing on the top of the roof

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a status quo defended by people

the conclusion drawn by previous researchers

the high levels of education attained by the descendants of

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The research leading to short-term forecasting has been

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The research leading to short-term forecasting has been

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Stone imported by sea has to compete with imported copper

proved more effective for variety of uses.

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Stone imported by sea has to compete with imported copper

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The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminishing ability

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The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminishing ability

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an article that is welcome among the academia

the fact that the Earth revolves around the Sun

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the temperature at which the reaction takes place

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of species diversity in the Amazon River basin of South

America emerges, strangely enough, from observations of the

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It means that photosynthesis, the process by which plants use

the energy of sunlight to produce the organic carbon

compounds necessary for life can only occur in surface waters

where the light intensity is sufficiently high.

长难句视频课讲义

长难句视频课讲义

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