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For example, a study on the lives of laundry women in rural Philippines should be done by the river
where they gather to wash clothes amidst chatter, teasing, and giggling, instead of inviting them over
to the town leader’s house which some researchers actually did and found ineffective. In this case,
more in-depth treatment should be assured in the fewer pagtatanong-tanong that will be con- ducted.
Sometimes, this bagoong makes its way to Canada and Japan “pag may flight yung pilot na asawa
ng naging customer ng reseller ko”, she shares. Phew. The use of a multimethod approach in cross-
cultural research has been the recommendation of a number of scholars (Enriquez 1979; Mataragnon
1979; Tsukashima 1977), in addition to the multiculture, multilanguage perspective. About three
houses away, you will see a yard full of mango trees in bloom. This is interpreted by the researchers
as depicting the Filipino trait of resilience, or Sikolohiyang Pilipino’s “lakas ng loob” (Lagmay,
1976). Pinakbet needs sauting while Bulanglang the vegetables are simply boiled and traditionally
the. In this case, we would want to correlate the participants’ demographics with the occurence of
bangungot. Many a time, the relationship continues long after the research is over. Bagoong comes in
varieties—some of the common types of bagoong are bagoong isda (bagoong monamon), bagoong
terong, bagoong sisi (bagoong macaebe), and bagoong alamang or bagoong armang. In searching for
appropriate indigenous research methods, Filipino researchers have come to assume the pakapa-kapa
perspective, a “suppo- sitionless approach to social scientific investigations.” As implied by the term
itself, pakapa-kapa is an approach characterized by groping, search- ing, and probing into an
unsystematized mass of social and cultural data to obtain order, meaning, and directions for research
(Torres, 1982). He also gets the feeling that people are not really at ease with him. Harris’ (2004)
research finds that bad dreams affect people even up to their waking state. It is colloquially and
culturally used to describe the combination of nightmares and immobility during sleep (Tan, 2000).
There are times, however, when time flexibility is not feasible because of pressures and deadlines
imposed by the agency that one is working for. This is, in fact, also a theme that emerged- “Putting
meaning into life experiences.” Participants often relate their experiences while awake to their
bangungot episodes. If resistance persists, a compromise can be offered: Have the session taped; if
the informant still feels strongly against it, then the researcher will just listen to it once, take down
notes and erase the tape. The dichotomy of the “One-of-Us” and the “Outsider” categories re- flects
a value for defining group membership which determines the boundaries or the extent of allowable
behavior for a person. In one study of pagkalalaki (no direct translation, but approximately means
“maleness,” “masculinity,” “ manhood” or all of these) in rural Bulacan, Philippines, the female
researcher would have been placed in bad light if she had insisted on doing interviews with her male
informants individually. International Journal of Intercul- tural Relations 1, 15-34. Making bagoong
is said to be a time honored tradition and a way of life for the people of the Ilocos region. Whenever
a pagtatanong-tanong ends, he should thank the informant for his time and cooperation. With this
question, we wished to gather the themes or the subject matters of their dreams during their
bangungot episodes. If the informant shows signs of apprehension, anxiety, or reluctance in
answering some questions, the manner of asking should be changed, or the reason for asking the
question explained, or the question set aside until later. They are not at all distractive; in fact, they
are useful opportunities to gain the people’s confidence. Now that the researcher has learned a lot
about the group, what does he intend to do for them. A similar condiment or sauce called garum was
made in Ancient Rome as ancient studies claim. Philippine Journal of Philippine Medicine, 49 (3),
165-176. Emphasis is given to the basic guiding principle: that the level of interaction between the
researcher and the informant influences the quality of data obtained. These are the similar
experiences participants go through while having an episode.
Apr 08 2015 Different Methods of Food Preservation. In the absence of a tape recorder and the
reactivity of note-taking, the researcher has to be more creative. The role of local informants and
local co-researchers cannot be understressed for they are the ones who are fully aware of the
subtleties of local priorities and sensitivities. I came to appreciate the experiences of these Filipino
migrant workers from the Philippines who came to Hawaii, their adjustment strategies, and how they
managed to transplant much of their original culture to a new environment. Qualitative Research in
Psychology, 3 (2). pp. 77-101). Ethical Issues Ethical issues cannot be ignored especially if the
researcher is sincere about maintaining a status of equality between him and the informant. For
example the Ilocos region has its bagong terong which is made with bonnetmouth fish. For example,
some housewives may not welcome a pagtatanong-tanong ses- sion in the morning when they are
ready to go to the market or when they return and start cooking, a task which requires concentration
unless the research is on cooking and food. The use of a multimethod approach in cross-cultural
research has been the recommendation of a number of scholars (Enriquez 1979; Mataragnon 1979;
Tsukashima 1977), in addition to the multiculture, multilanguage perspective. The sooner he starts,
the sooner he can finish and go back to his office, analyze the data and write up the report for which
he has a deadline. Some participants even expressed that even though they struggled in getting out of
an episode, they did not consider their whole situation as a hindrance. In fact, being a member of
the group, although it serves as an advantage, does not guarantee that one would get the full
confidence of the group. For more details, check out this amazing Youtube video from bagoong
maker, Princess Ester Landayan. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Ed.,
Text Revision. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. They can be distinguished
further by the type of fish they are made of. With this question, we wished to gather the themes or
the subject matters of their dreams during their bangungot episodes. The social distance will vary
depending on whether he is assuming an “insider” or “outsider” role, something which depends
large- ly on the status of the researcher in the community (Maykovich, 1977). The Ultimate Guide
For Philippines’ Most Famous Condiment. May bago namang resiping komersiyal na nilalagyan ito
ng pampaanghang. (PKJ). The third characteristic of pagtatanong-tanong is its being appropriate and
adaptive to the conditions of the ethnic minority group. The preparation of bagoong can vary
regionally in the Philippines. The expected “bias” of the insider will be balanced by the supposed
“objectivity” of the outsider. Additionally, two focus group discussions were completed: One for
validating the themes initially formulated from the interviews, and another for the FGD participants
to review the findings of their discussion. Bagoong is uniquely Filipino and remains to be a
definitive gastronomic experience. During the early part of this phase, the researcher greets the
inform- ants, introduces himself, mentions the name of the go-between (a strategy for establishing
linkage and credibility), states the purpose of the study, and gives an estimate of the expected length
of the session (which is not Page 8. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here.
This product is made initially from only several types of fish such as monamon, padas, and ipon. The
barrier that the above dichotomy implies should be overcome in order to get reliable data. If
resistance persists, a compromise can be offered: Have the session taped; if the informant still feels
strongly against it, then the researcher will just listen to it once, take down notes and erase the tape.
As much as possi- ble, their consent for publication of any material from the research should be
obtained; afterwards, they should be made aware of it.
American Psychologist 32,934-944. DINGES, N. (1977). Interdisciplinary collaboration in cross-
cultural social sci- ence research. The fourth characteristic of pagtatanong-tanong is its being
integrated with other indigenous research methods. In fact, the informant’s evaluation of the
relationship carries more weight. However, if phenomonelogy is still to be pursued, the number of
participants should be increased, for the purpose of further reaching data saturation. The research
focused on finding the experiences of young Filipinos who suffer from chronic episodes of
bangungot. Pakikiisa (Being-one with; level of fusion, oneness and full trust) These eight levels of
relationship are used in everyday interaction and Page 10. The first question on the research topic
should come in the conversa- tion as spontaneously as possible, whenever the researcher feels that
the informant is ready for it. It is then usually paired with singkamas, green mangoes, and dishes like
Pinakbet and Kare-Kare. Existing research has focused on finding an explanation for SUDS. Nor are
they sources of confounding because the people around serve as reliability check on the truthfulness
of the answers of the informants. Retrieved September 04, 2012, from Dictionary.com website.
Since the causes of bangungot that are offered by current studies are still not completely proven to
actually determine bangungots, we decided to use a phenomenological approach, since we learned in
our QUALIRE class that this entailed only describing the lived experiences of our participants, and
did not concentrate on explaining them. Common fishes used include the following: Anchovies -
locally known as dilis, monamon, bolinaw, or gurayan (Stolephrus and Encrasicholina spp.). Full use
of the indigenous language and culture are major ingredients of this per- spective. In the inter- view,
time management is always the lookout and responsibility of the interviewer. CulturaZ Sensitivity
(Pakikiramdarn) Some characteristics of the researcher are bound to be the scrutiny by the ethnic
group and may have a bearing on the research: age, sex, and style of dressing (Armstrong, 1982),
institutional affiliation, and most of all his personality. The researcher should find out when the
informants are not busy but relaxed, and the hours to be avoided. This product is made initially from
only several types of fish such as monamon, padas, and ipon. Mixed methods may also be
employed, in order to find a possible correlation between demographics and the occurrence of
bangungot. We have learned in our QUALIRE class that grounded theory is just like “taking
phenomenology a step further,” in that it is basically deriving a theory from a phenomenological
study. If the researchers are familiar with the language, cultural norms, and values, among other
things, then accuracy and relevance of their interpretations can be opti- mized. Following this
principle of equality, the researcher should never treat the informant as an object of research but as
an active participant. Besides, only the first few sessions may be long but the succeeding ones will
be shorter. Having arrived at the house, he immediately informs the town leader of his research for
which he readily obtains permission. Ending the pagtatanong-tanong is not an abrupt “goodbye and
thank Page 9. I came to appreciate the experiences of these Filipino migrant workers from the
Philippines who came to Hawaii, their adjustment strategies, and how they managed to transplant
much of their original culture to a new environment. Nov 14 2018 Depending on the kind of salmon
salmon bagoong would have slightly different tastes. Bagoong alamang is usually turned into
ginisang bagoong (shrimp paste) and served alongside manggang hilaw or unripe mangoes. The
research was also limited to interviewing only those in middle to high SES.
This paper discusses its usefulness in cross-cultural studies par- ticularly those among ethnic minority
groups. Sometimes, this bagoong makes its way to Canada and Japan “pag may flight yung pilot na
asawa ng naging customer ng reseller ko”, she shares. Phew. Enriquez (1979), how- ever, claims that
most of indigenization efforts have been “from without,” that is, from outside the culture being
studied. This is why a phenomenological study is more appropriate; We wished to present
descriptions of the bangungot episode phenomenon itself. Retrieved September 04, 2012, from
Dictionary.com website. Filipinos are used to spending hours chat- ting and exchanging questions
and ideas. Apagtatanong-tanong on buying behavior should be done in the marketplace. Based on
our findings, one of our participants kept a “dream blog” where she would document the theme of
her bangungot episodes, as well as what she did during the day that a certain episode occurred. The
meat of the fish is separated from its bones, combined with salt, and then fermented for a few weeks
or months. Can you tell me where the barrio captain lives?” The man answers, “Just go straight; it is
still two sigarilyos (cigarettes) away.” The researcher continues walking and after a period of time
which is his estimate of how long it will take to finish two cigarettes, he asks another person he
meets, this time a woman, who asks him where he comes from and why he is in town before finally
answering, “Follow this road. Data can be cross-checked with other documents unobtrusively too
(Torres, 1982). Much of the contributions in Filipino psychology have been interdisciplinary too, thus
broadening the scope and enriching the materials. Maybe you can look for the psychological
attributions of bangungot (i.e. parusa ng Diyos, death wish etc.). You can also study the grieving
process of a family whose member died of bangungot. For more details, check out this amazing
Youtube video from bagoong maker, Princess Ester Landayan. You need to put the salted anchovies
in a glass jar and then add the fish sauce. For example, a researcher may be asked to stand as
godparent to a child during baptism, and if he accepts, he is accepting a strong commitment, not
only to the child, but to the community as well. You may say that it is already implied that the
adjustments were in fact coping methods, but we decided to be safe and to not disregard our
participants’ suggestions. In analyzing the data, the group coded the information and utilized Braun,
et al.’s (2006) thematic analysis. Popular dishes that have it as an essential ingredient are dinengdeng
and pinakbet. Emphasis is given to the basic guiding principle: that the level of interaction between
the researcher and the informant influences the quality of data obtained. I do not think that we were
referring to sleep paralysis alone, because we interviewed participants who had experienced
immobility in sleep alongside nightmares- which is what constitutes the colloquial and cultural
definition of bangungot, according to Tan (2000). Pinakbet needs sauting while Bulanglang the
vegetables are simply boiled and traditionally the. But then, this is an important investment in terms
of quality of data and the goodwill to the present researcher and others in the future. In the realm of
cross-cultural research, indigenization as an approach to the study of cultures emerged. With this
question, we wished to gather the themes or the subject matters of their dreams during their
bangungot episodes. May bago namang resiping komersiyal na nilalagyan ito ng pampaanghang.
(PKJ). Given the time frame allotted for this study to be conducted, it was more fitting that we used
phenomenology. In our succeeding results tables, there are themes that describe the immobility of the
participant in sleep. Some manufacturers just package the fermented fish straight from the clay jars.
The indigenous interpretation and perspective should al- ways prevail.
Due to the participatory nature and the equality of status, both re- searcher and informant have an
input in time management. In the realm of cross-cultural research, indigenization as an approach to
the study of cultures emerged. In opening up about his feelings, the informant expects the researcher
to do the same thing. Maybe you can look for the psychological attributions of bangungot (i.e. parusa
ng Diyos, death wish etc.). You can also study the grieving process of a family whose member died
of bangungot. But modern methods have introduced ways to shorten the fermentation time. If group
members are wary of researchers overtly taking down notes, a less reactive strategy that can be
adopted is the use of the tape recorder which has the ability of storing information accurately,
including those that one is not attentive to during the pagtatanong-tanong. Determining the existing
level of relationship is not the sole lookout nor prerogative of the researcher. The inform- ant should
always be assured of confidentiality. Requests for reprints should be addressed to Rogelia Pe-Pua,
Department of Psychology, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, The Philippines. 147
Page 2. Oct 20 2019 It can come in different forms from liquid sauces and thicker pastes to solid
dried blocks depending on which culinary tradition the paste comes from. We are not claiming that
what one does during the day will necessarily determine the presence of a bangungot episode later in
the day. As much as possi- ble, their consent for publication of any material from the research should
be obtained; afterwards, they should be made aware of it. They are not at all distractive; in fact, they
are useful opportunities to gain the people’s confidence. This should be welcome because once he
proves that he can be trusted, then word gets around fast to facilitate his future interaction with the
next informants. Therefore, the viewpoint was still that of an outsider since the theroretical
framework and assumptions were borrowed from the West. Indigenization efforts have been active
in Third World countries like India (Sinha, 1977), Mexico (Diaz-Guer- rero, 1977), and the
Philippines (Enriquez, 1977). If the expected mutuality is not obtained, the informant usually
withdraws the trust he has shown and reverts the relationship back to the more shallow level of
pakikitungo (civility) or pakikisama (being-along with), for example. The trend used to be that of
“indigenization from without.” For exam- ple, American personality tests were translated to Filipino
which were then used to assess Filipino personality. He puts his interview schedule aside and just
tries to remember an outline of the things that he wants to find out. For example, the Ilocos region
has its bagoong terong, which is made with bonnetmouth fish. The structure is not predetermined by
the researcher as in the inter- view. A semi-structured interview and a focus group discussion were
employed for data gathering. Silver coho meat is more orange than red and has a mild flavor. The
research was also limited to interviewing only those in middle to high SES. Ethical Issues Ethical
issues cannot be ignored especially if the researcher is sincere about maintaining a status of equality
between him and the informant. It’s possible to clean the fish with tap water, but it’s best to use the
mixture since you combine them with salt. Though some aren’t fans of its pungent smell, the popular
condiment has a complex and intense flavor that can be added to many Filipino dishes. Many a time,
the relationship continues long after the research is over. This will be discussed in a later section of
the paper. Nor are they sources of confounding because the people around serve as reliability check
on the truthfulness of the answers of the informants.