PGTRB Physics Study Material English Medium

s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
. P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww
ww wwww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
K.S ACADEMY, SALEM-COACHING CENTRE FOR PHYSICS 2019
t N etet N etet N etet N etet
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i
PG. N TRB , UG TRBPOLY,
s a
s laalia. i . N
ENG-TRB & TNSET
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
w
ww w
ww www ww w www
ww ww ww ww ww
t
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N ia.N
a laal a i a laal a i a laal a i a laal a i a laal
ss ss ss ss ss
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww PG TRB, wwUG TRB, POLYTECHNIC,
ww wwww ENGwww - www & TNSETwww
TRB ww
ww ww ww w
t N etet COACHING N etet CENTRE FOR N tet
ePHYSICS N etet
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww STUDY wwMATERIAL ww w ww
wwww wwww wwww ww w ww ww
t NOuretet institute is the N tet TRB institute
efirst N eteproviding
t note N etet
in
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada comparison
P . P. P aada
adbased method .for P. P
ada
adabetter understanding . P. adaada & easy .P.P
P adaada
ww
ww ww
ww wwww ww ww wwww
ww ww revisionww during examination ww ww
s a
s laa ia. i . N
l And also KS Academy, s a
s laalia. i . N
Salem is sthe
a
s laa ia. i . N
l first institute s(KS a
s laa ia. i
l SIR) . N
s a
s laalia.N
.wP.P adaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
w
ww provides w
www many shortwcut w
wwwmethods for problem wwww solving. ww w
www
ww ww w ww
t
i . etet
N i . etet
************************************************************************
.N .N N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N ia.N
ss ss daadsas daadsas daadsas
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P � w�� . P. a
P � � . P. a
P . P. a
P
ww ww w ww ww
wwww wwww wwww wwww ww ww
t Introduction
N etet N etet N etet N etet
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s daadas s
. P. adaada
P Molecular . P. adaada
spectroscopy
P is the . P. adaadaof the interaction
study
P . P. aof
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww
ww wwww ww ww wwww
ww electromagnetic ww waves and matter ww which gives the information ww related to w w
the
t structure N etetof matter. N etet N etet N etet
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaadaTypes of molecular
P . P. P
ada
adaspectra . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww
ww wwww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
t N etet know that molecules
We N etetcan remain in the N etet
ground state as wellNas etet
s a
s laal
excited
ia. i . N
states. The s a
s laali
transitiona. i . N
between the s a
s laal
allowed
ia. i . N
energy states s a
s
oflaa ia. i . N
la molecule s a
s laalia.N
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
w
ww with the emission w
www or absorptionww ofw w
wwradiation give risewto ww
wwmolecular spectra.wwww w
ww ww w w
The frequency of emitted or absorbed photon is given by
t
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N ia.N
ada−
ss ss adsas ss ss
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P � =. P. P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww
ww wwww ℎ ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
The molecular tet spectra classified tet into three distinct teregions.
t N e N e N e t N etet
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
. P. adaadaK.S ACADEMY,.SALEM-COACHING
P P. adaada
P . P
CENTRE
. adaada FOR PHYSICS.P.P
P adaada . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww
wTRBPOLY,
w ww
w&w ww ww wwww
ww PG TRB , UG ww ENG-TRB ww TNSET ww ww
Page 1
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lala i . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s a
s laalia.
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i
PG . N TRB , UG TRBPOLY,
s a
s laalia. i . N
ENG-TRB & TNSET
s aslaalia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
w
ww www w
w�pec��o�copy
w www www
ww ww ww ww ww
t
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N ia.N
ss ss ss ss ss
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww Rotational ww ww ww Electronics ww
wwww wwww wVibrational
ww
w wwww ww
ww
t Spectroscopy
N etet N etespectroscopy
t N etet spectroscopy N etet
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
. P. adaada = .
P � . P. adaada <
P . P. a=daada. �
P < . P. adaada = −
P � . P. adaada
P
ww
ww � wwww wwww� wwww �� wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
t [ − Ne�te] t N etet [ − � ] Netet [ �N ]etet
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s aslala N
a i . i .
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaadaMicrowave is used
P . P. adaada
P IR is used
. P. P aadchange
adto a
. P. P
ada region
adavisible . P. adaada
P
ww
ww (or) to change ww rotational ww
vibrational energy level ww Ultra violet region. ww
s a
s laa
energylia. i . N
level
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N is used
s as
to
laalia. i .
changeN
s a
s laalia.N
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada adaada energy level .P.P
Electronics
.wP.P adaada
w
ww www www www w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
1. Pure rotational
tet spectrum t t
t
i N
. i.N e i .N . ee
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N ia.N
a laal a a laal a i a laal a i a laal a i a laal
ss ss ss adsas ss
. P. adaada
P
The transitions
. P. adaadabetween the rotational
P . P. adaada energy states.P.of
P adamolecule
P
with
. P. adaada
P
ww worwaborption of a photon ww give rise to purewrotational w ww
wwww the emission wwww wwww wwww spectrum. ww
ww
t  N etethis
t case electronic N tet
econfiguration N etet and vibrational N etet of
s a la
i
ala . i . N
In
s a la
i
ala . i . N of
s a lthe
a
i
ala . i N
atom
.
s a la
i
ala . i N
state
.
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
. P. adaada
P molecule.Premains
. adaada the same. .P.P
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww  Rotational ww levels are separated ww by small energyww interval of order of ww
t N e te−t �. N etet N etet N etet
s a
s
a
la i . i . N
la Pure rotationalsspectra a
s
a i . i . N
lala lie in microwave s a
s
a i . i . N
lalaor far infrared region. s as
a i . i .
lala(PG TRB-N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww 2002) wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
 Pure
t N etet rotational spectra N etefirst
t found in water N emolecule
tet (PG TRB-2001)
N etet
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s aslaalia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
.wP.P adaada2. Rotational – .Vibrational P. adaada
P
spectrum: adaada
. P. P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
w
ww w
www w
www w
www w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
The transitions between vibrational energy states of a molecule with the
t
i
emission .N . etetor absorption ofi.N
N ai.N
tet
ephoton, when electronic i .N . etetconfiguration ofi.N
N an. etatom
N et ia.N
a laal a i a laal a a laal a i a laal a i a laal
ss adsas rise to rotational ss ss ss
. P. adaadaremains the same,
P . P. adagiving
P . P. adaada– vibrational spectrum.
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
P P. adaada
P . P
CENTRE
P
ww
ww ww
wTRBPOLY,
w ww
w&w wwww wwww
Page 2
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lala i . i . N
s as
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i
s a
s laalia. i . N
ENG-TRB & TNSET
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
w
ww w
wrotational
w www w
wwe
w get a pure w
ww
ww  If the ww state of molecule ww do not change, ww ww
t
i .N . etet
vibrational
N spectrum. i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N ia.N
ss daadsas lie in near IR daadsas ss ss
. P. adaada  Vibrational
P . P. aspectra
P . P. aregion.
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww  Vibrational wwww states are separated wwww by energy interval wwww
of about . �. ww ww
ww
ww ww ww ww
t  Pure etet vibrational spectra etetobserved only ini.N etet (PG TRB 2005-2006)
liquids. etet
l i
ala . N
i . N l i
ala . N
i . N l ala i . N l i
ala . N
i . N l alia.N
s a
s a s a
s a s a
s a s a
s a s a
s a
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww 3. Electronic www w
spectrum wwww wwww ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
t N etet transitions between N etettwo electronic energy N etet states of an atom N einteat
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
The
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaadamolecule with .emission
P P. adaada or absorption
P . P. aofdaaphoton
P da give rise .to P. P
daada
aelectronic . P. adaada
P
ww
ww
ww spectrum.ww ww ww ww
s a
s laa
lia. i . N
The energy l
separation
s a
s aalia. i . Nbetween different
s a
s laalia. i . N
electronic states s in
a
s laa ia. i
between
l . N
s a
s laalia.N
.wP.P adaada � −ww .P.�.adaada
P .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
w
ww ww www www w
ww
ww  Thewelectronicw spectra liewin w visible and ultravisible ww part of spectrum.ww
t
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N ia.N
ss ss ss ss ss
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
REGION SPECTROSCOPY
t N e tet N etet N etet N etet
a la
i
ala . i . N
a la
i
ala . i . N
a la
i
ala . i . N
a la
i
ala . i . N
a laalia.N
adaada� region →dMossbauer
s s s s spectroscopy s s s s s s
. P. P . P. a aada
P . P. adaada (Nuclear Resonance
P . P. adaadafluorescence) .P.P
P adaada
ww
ww
ww X – ray region ww → − �� ww � ww ww
a a
lalai . i . N
a a
lalai . i . N
a a
lalai . i . N
a a
lalai . i . N
a laalia.N
adaada } ada→
s s s s
adaElectronic (Atomic s s s s s s
. P. P . P. P . P. adaada fluorescence).P.P
P
ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
IR region t → vibrational t spectroscopy
t N e e t N e e t N etet N etet
s a laa ia. i
l � � �. N
a laalia. i . N
a laalia. i . N
a laalia. i . N
a laalia.N
adaada�s − →s
adaada
s
Rotational(Microwave) adaada
s s spectroscopy adaada
(ESR s s
spectroscopy) s
adaada
s
w .wP.P w .wP.P w .wP.P w.wP.P w .wP.P
wwww ww ww ww ww ww ww wwww
�� → � spectroscopy
t
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N ia.N
ss ss ss ss ss
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
P P. adaada
P . P
CENTRE
P
ww
ww ww
wTRBPOLY,
w ww
w&w wwww ww
ww
Page 3
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lala i . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww wwww wwww ww ww ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i
s a
s laalia. i . NENG-TRB & TNSET
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
w
ww w w
w w
ww spectra) ww w w
ww
ww Microwave wwspectroscopy (Rotational ww ww ww
t
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N ia.N
a laal a i Microwave a l
spectroscopy
aal a i deals with the
a laa a
study
l i of rotations of
a laa a i
molecules.
l a laal
ss ss ss ss ss
. P. adaadaThe rotational .motion
P P. adaada involve the moment
P . P. adaadaof inertia of a molecule.
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
t Rigid diatomic etet molecule (Rigid etetRotator) etet etet
l i
ala . N
i . N l i
ala . N
i . N l i
ala . N
i . N l i
ala . N
i . N l alia.N
s a
s a s
adasa a s a
s a s a
s a s a
s a
. P. adaadaWhich molecules.are
P P. adarotational
P
active?
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N �o�ecu�e� s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
t N etet Polar N etet N etet Non-Polar N etet
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
.wP.P adaadaEx , , ,.P.P ada, ada, , , .P.P adaada Ex: .P., P ada,ada(TNSET-2016) .P.P adaada
w
ww w
www w
www wwww w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
→ They have permanent dipolemoment. � ≠ → Have no permanent dipole
t tet tet te etet
� l− alia N e
. i.�N � (POLY TRB l alia N
i . e
N 2017)
. 2006, l alia. i.N t
N e moment �la=lia.N i . N l alia.N
ssa a ssa a ssa a a a a a
P adaada P adaada . P adaada P a daadsas P a daadsas
ww . . P ww . . P ww . . P No w . . P
w moment , hence ww
dipole w . . P
wwww wwww ww ww wwww ww w
t N etet N etetNo change in rotation N tet , so � � − Inactive
elevel N etet
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
Note: A molecule can interact with electromagnetic radiation only if it has
s a
s
a
lalai
permanent. i . N electric dipole
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
moment.
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada  Homo-nuclear
P . P. adaadadiatomic molecules,
P . P. adaadsuch
P
a as , , do
. P. adaanot
P da have . P. adaada
P
ww
ww
ww ww
electric dipole moment and ww hence give no absorption ww spectra. ww
t  N etet
Hetero-nuclear molecules,N etet such as HCl, CO, N etet permanent electric
have N etet
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
.wP.P adaada dipole moment
.wP.P adaadaand hence give.Pabsorption . adaada
P
spectra. adaada
. P. P . P. adaada
P
w
ww www w
www wwww w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
t → Theedipole tet experiences ofetorque tet due to electricetField present in Electro etet
i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N et i . N
i . N ia.N
ssa laal
magnetica wave. Hence ssa l al a
Rotational
a level change
ssa laal a ssa laal a ssa laal
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
P P. adaada
P . P
CENTRE
P
ww
ww ww
wTRBPOLY,
w ww
w&w ww ww ww
ww
Page 4
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lala i . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
P Padasalai
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww wwww ww ww wwww ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i
s aslaalia. i . N
ENG-TRB & TNSET
s a
s laa lia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
w
ww w
wwmicrowave activeww w w www w
ww
ww Conditionwfor w �w≠ ww ww
t
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N ia.N
a laal a i a laal i
Inactive
a � = a laal a i a laa l a i a laal
ss ss ss ss ss
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww electric dipolewmoment, w ww
wwww  Thewmolecules,
ww
w having permanent wwww wwww can give rise ww ww
t to
etepure
t rotational spectra. etet etet etet
l aia. N
i . N l i . N
i
al,a , ,. N l i . N
i . N
ala the rotationalsspectra l i . N
i .
ala in far N l alia.N
s a
s a l Molecules like s a
s a , etc.
s asshow
a a
s a s a
s a
. P. adaada
P infrared . P. adaada
P
region. . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
 Homonuclear molecules such as , , does not give rotational
t N etet N etet N etebecause
t N etet
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
spectra ( But show
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
rotational Raman
s a i
spectra
s
a
lala . i . N of the
s a
s
a
lala i . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada
P polarisability
. P. adaadofa the molecule.).P.P
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
We consider a diatomic molecule as a rigid rotator.t t
t N etet N etet N ee N etet
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s aslaalia. i . N
s a
s laa lia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
w
ww www ww w www w
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
t
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N ia.N
a laal a i a laal a i a laal a i a laa l a i a laal
ss ss ss ss ss
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalai . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s as
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lala i . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s aslaalia. i . N
s a
s laa lia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
w
ww www ww w www w
ww
ww ww
A rigid diatomic moleculewtreated w as two masses, ww and joined w bywa
t rigid i .N etet
N
bar.
. i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N ia.N
a laal a i a laal a i a laal a i a laa l a i a laal
ss ss ss ss ss
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww Let the wmolecules
w are joined wby
w a bond such that wwdistance betweenww
wthe w
wwww ww
ww wwww ww w ww w
them remains constant. The bond length is given by
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalai . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
P P. adaada
P . P
CENTRE
P
ww
ww ww
wTRBPOLY,
w w&www wwww ww
ww
Page 5
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s as
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lala i . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww
ww ww ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i
s a
s laalia. i . N
ENG-TRB & TNSET
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
w
ww w
ww w+ w
w www www
ww ww =ww ………. ww ww
t
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N ia.N
a laal a i The moment of l a
inertia
a a l a i of the molecule a l a
is
a l a i a laal a i a laal
ss ss ss ss ss
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww
ww w=www wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
tet tet +
t N e N e N etet N etet
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s =� …a… daad…a…s ……. s s
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww
ww ww ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww =�
ww w w
t N e te t N e tet N etet N etet
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P adaada
P . P adaada
P =.PP ada+ada
. P adaada
P . P adaada
P
ww
ww . ww
ww . �
ww ww . ww ww . wwww .
ww ww ww ww ww
t N e�tet= N eteast reduced mass iof N etetsystem. N etet
laalia.N
Wherea i . i . N is known
a i . i . N a . i .the
N a i . i . N
s a
s la l a + s a
s la l a s a
s la l a s a
s la l a s a
s
w
ww Here we have w
wwconverted two body w
wwproblem into a single w
wwbody. www
ww ww ww ww ww
t tet
ethe etetmolecule is equivalent etet to the rotational etet
Hence
l alia.Ni . N rotation of diatomic
l alia.Ni . N l alia.Ni . N l alia.Ni . N
of l alia.N
ssa a ssa a ssa a ssa a ssa a
. P. adaadasingle particle..P.P
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
t N
If tthe molecule is rotating
e e t N e tet with angular velocity N e tet �, then it has energy N etet
s l
equal
a a
i . i .
ala to � .N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww
wmomentum
w ww ww ww ww wwww
ww The angular ww � = �. ww ww ww
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N � s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
adaada adaada = … ada…ad…a… adaada adaada
ww . P. P ww . P. P ww . P. P ww. P. P ww . P. P
wwww ww ww wwww ww
ww wwww
t According etet to quantum mechanics, etet the angular momentum etet is quantizedeand tet
l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N ℎ l a ia. N
i . N laalia.N
s a a
given
s l by � =
s a
s√ a l + ђ �ℎ s a
s a l ђ = (PG TRB 2005-2006) s a
s a l s a
s
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada �
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
w
ww w
ww ww w ww w www
ww ww ww ww ww
Energy = �
t
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N ia.N
ss ss s+s ss ss
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P ∵� =
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Rotational energy level of rigid rotator
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
P P. adaada
P . P
CENTRE
P
ww
ww ww
wTRBPOLY,
w w&www ww ww wwww
Page 6
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lala i . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i
s a
s laalia. i . N
ENG-TRB & TNSET
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
w
ww www www www www
ww ww ww + ℏ ww ww
t N e tet N e tet = etet etet
l alia. i.N l alia. i.N l alia.Ni . N l alia.N i . N l alia.N
ssa a a
sas a ssa a ssa a ssa a
. P. adaadaRotational quantum
P . P. adaadnumber,
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
t N e tet N e tet = , , , , … … ….Netet N etet
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P = . P. ada+ada ℏ
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
t N etet N etet + ai.N etet N etet
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a i .
lala � =i . N
s a
s lala i . N
∵ s =
a
s
a
lalai . ℎi.N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.
�ad
P
�aada . P. adaada
P
�
. P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww = + ww ww
s a laal
Interms
s
ia. i . N
of wave number,
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
w
ww www w
ww ℏ www www
ww ww ww w−w ww
tet � = t = +
t
i N
. i.N e i N
. i.N ℎ
e e t � i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N ia.N
a laal a a laal a a laal a i a laal a i a laal
ss ss ss ss ss
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada ℎ
P − . P. adaada
P ℎ . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww wwww = wwww � wJou�e�
ww wwww
ww ww � ww � www ww
s a la
i
ala .
Rotational i . N Constant
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ∝ ww ww
a a
lalai . i . N
a a
lalai . i . N
a a
lalai . i . N
a a
lalai . i . N
a laalia.N
adaada→ It (I) oppose.Protation
s s s s s s s s s s
. P. P . adaada of motion .P.P
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww → rotational ww constant depends w w
isotopic effect. ww ww
s a l a
Energy
s a lia. i . N
expansion fors a l a
rigid
s a
ia. i .
l rotatorN
= s a
s laa+
lia. i . N −
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
w
ww www www www www
ww ww ww = = ww ww
t
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N ia.N
→a laal a
Hence i the molecule a l a
does
a l a i not rotate at all.a laal a i a laal a i a laal
ss ss ss ss ss
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww wwww =wwww�w = wwww wwww
ww ww w w
} w w w
t e t t = �et = t + = et t etet
N e N e N e N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
P P. adaada
P . P
CENTRE
P
ww
ww ww
wTRBPOLY,
w ww
w&w wwww wwww
Page 7
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lala i . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww wwww ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i
s a
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
w
ww ww w ww w www w
ww
ww ww �epe��o� ww �e��ee� e�e��y �e�e� ww ww
t
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N ia.N
ssa laal a i =ssa la�
al a =
i + = ssa laal a i } ssa laal a i
ssa laal
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww = � = ww ww w+w = }w
w ww ww
ww
ww ww ww ww
t N etet = � N e
=
tet
+ = N etet } N etet
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
. P adaada
P . P adaada
P . P adaada
P . P adaada
P . P adaada
P
ww . → From above .
wwits clear that energy .
wlevels
w are discrete and .
wwalso they are not ww w .
wwww ww ww ww ww wwww ww w
equally spaced.
a a
lalai . i . N
a a
lalai . i . N
a a
lalai . i . N
a a
lalai . i . N
a laalia.N
adaadaSelection Rule .P.∆P adaa=da± (PG TRB-(2003-2004
s s s s s s s s s s
. P. P . P. adaada & 2004-2005)
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww
ww + for absorption
ww and – for emission.
ww ww ww
s a laalia
Frequency
s
. i . N
of spectral s a l
line
s aalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
w
ww ww w w w w
ww ww ww �̅ww=∑ + −� wwww wwww
t
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N ia.N
a laal a i a laal a i + + − a laal a i + a laal a i a laal
ss ss ss ss ss
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww = ww ww w+w + − wwww ww
ww
ww ww ww ww
t N etet N ete�̅t = + N tet
eTRB N etet
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
(PG
ala . i . N 2017 PROBLEM)
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww Frequency w wspectral
ofw w line ww ww wwww ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
t = .N, N etet �̅ = N etet N etet N etet
s a
s= a i
lala , i .
�̅ = s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada = , �̅ = .P.P
P a}daada → E�u�� epe��o�. . P. adaada(PG TRB 2013).P.P
P
ww
ww
ww = ,
w�̅w=
ww ww ww
s→a
s laalia
From
. i . N
the above it is
s a
s laa ia. i . N
l that, the absorption
clear s a
s laa ia. i . N
l spectrum of rigid s a
s laalia.
diatomic
i . N
s a
s laalia.N
.wP.P adaada .wP.ofadaada
P adaada
.wP.with
P .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
w
ww molecule series
ww w equal distance ww w
line constant w
separation
ww of . w
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
t → The i .N . N
tet
eseparation between i .N . etet 2 adjacent line iis
any
N .N . ete.t
N i .N . etet
N ia.N
ss ss ss ss ss
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
P P. adaada
P . P
CENTRE
P
ww
ww ww
wTRBPOLY,
w w&w ww wwww ww
ww
Page 8
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lala i . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i
s a
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
w
ww www www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
t
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N ia.N
ss ss ss ss ss
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
w
ww www www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
t Thei.rotational
N . etet
N level are closely i .N . etetspaced companed
N i .N . N
tet KT (Room linpN–etet
ewith ia. i.N ia.N
a laal a i a laal a i a laal a i a laal a laal
ss ss ss ss ss
. P. adaadaThermal energy)
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ≈ w w w w
t N e t
e t N e te t N etet N etet
s a
Ex:la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww wwww ww
wby
w wwww wwww
ww If −ww molecule replaced ww − ie watom w is replaced by its ww
t isotopes N eteint this substitution N tet
einternuclear distance N tet not change and
edoes N tet
ealso
s a laalia. i . N
s a laalia. i . N
s a laalia. i . N
s a laalia. i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
. P. adaadachange distribution
P . P. adaaddoes
P
a not change but
. P. adathere
P
ada is an increaseain
. P. P
daadmass
a (or)
. P. adaada
P
ww
ww increasingww ww
moment
ww of Inertia ww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N ∝ sasal l a ia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
w
ww www www www www
ww Hence rotational ww constant decreases, ww ww ww
t
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N ia.N
a laal a i a laal a i < ; a laa<
l a i a laal a i a laal
ss ss ss ss ss
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
P P. adaada
P . P
CENTRE
P
ww
ww ww
wTRBPOLY,
w ww
w&w wwww wwww
Page 9
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lala i . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i
s a
s laalia. i . N
ENG-TRB & TNSET
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
w
ww www www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
t
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N ia.N
ss ss ss ss ss
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
w
ww www www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
t
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N ia.N
ss ss ss ss ss
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
t Thetet transitions in the heavier
tet molecule are shown tet by dotted lines.t t
N e N e N e .N ee
s a laalia. i. N
s a laalia. i. N
s a laalia. i. N
s a laalia i . N
s a laalia.N
s adas as separation between s s
. P. adaada→ From the above
P . P. adadiagram
P
it is clear that
. P. adaadthe
P . P. adaada the energy .P.P
P adaada
ww
ww level of heavier wwwwisotopes is smaller wwwthan
w lighter isotopes. wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
t N etet to this shift in the N tet
espectral N tet
edetermine N etet
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
Due
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N lines
s
we
a
s
a
lalai
can. i . N the
s
atomic
a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaadaweights with extreme
P . P. adaada precision and.calculate
P P. adaada the abundance
P . P. P aadisotopes
adof a by . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww
wof
w wwww wwww wwww
ww comparison ww absorption intensities. ww ww ww
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
w
ww → The relative w
ww no. of moleculeswin www
the state J at thermal w
wequilibrium
w is, www
ww ww w ww ww
t
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet= e�p − /i.N.N
N etet i .N . etet
N ia.N
ss ss ss ss ss
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww wwww ww w − + ℏ www ww wwww
ww ww = www e�p w ww
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
P P. adaada
P . P
CENTRE
P
ww
ww ww
wTRBPOLY,
w ww
w&w wwww wwww
Page 10
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lala i . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
P Padasalai
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww wwww ww ww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laa lia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i
s a
s laalia. i . N
ENG-TRB & TNSET
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
w
ww w
ww populated J value w
wwis ww w www
ww → The maximum ww ww ww ww
t
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N ia.N
a laa l a i a laal a i a laal a i a laal a i a laal
ss ss daadsas − daadsas daadsas
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P ��ww = . P√
. a
P . P. a
P . P. a
P
ww
ww wwww ww ℎ ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
s→a laalai
The . i . N
energy of maximum
s a la
i
ala . i . N
intense line is
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
t N e tet N e t∆
e t �� = √ ℎ +.NN etet N etet
s a
s
a
lala i . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai i .
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww Propertiesww wwww ww ww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww
t → aMostly N etetabsorption spectrum N etet N etet N etet
s a
s la lia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
.wP.P adaada→ wavelength .range P. adaada
P − � . P. adaada TRB-2016) .P.P
P
(ENGG adaada . P. adaada
P
w
ww w
www wwww wwww w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
t → Ne→ t Microwave inactive etet etet etet
l a lia. i.Net l alia.Ni . N l alia.Ni . N l alia.Ni . N l alia.N
. P. adaada→ All linear triatomic
P . P. adaadamolecule all are
P . P. a�da−adawave inactive. Because
P . P. adaada they
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww � − − �wwbehaves as Homonuclear ww diatomic molecule. ww ww
s→a la lia. i .
asymmetric N linear s a l
molecules
a
i
ala . i . N does not exhibit
s a la
i . i . N
alapure rotational spectrum s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww → spherical ww molecule
wtop
w , wwww,ww , There are �w−wave ww ww in active. wwww
ww ww w ww
t
→lasphericalN etet Top molecules N etetNon polar. N etet N etet
s a
s a
i
la . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
are
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww w ww (not permanent w ww ww
wwww { it does notwgive
wwww rotational spectrum wwww dipole)}
ww w ww ww
t Example N ete1t N etet N etet N etet
s a
s laa lia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
.wP.P adaadaThe moment of.Pinertia . adaada of the carbon.P
P adaada molecule is.P.P
P
monoxide
. a. daada× . P. adaada
P
w
ww w
www wwww wwww w
www
ww −
�. ww. Calculate the lowest ww rotational energy of wwthe molecule, the ww
t angular i .N . etevelocity
N t .N
and intermolecular
i . etet
N distance.(Given i .N . etetℎ = . ×
N i .N��. etet −
N ia.N
ss ss ss ss ss
. P. adaada , �� = . .P×.P
P adaad−a � . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
The energy of the rotating diatomic molecule is given by
s a laalai . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
P P. adaada
P . P
CENTRE. adaada FOR PHYSICS.P.P
P
ww
ww ww
wTRBPOLY,
w w&www ww ww wwww
Page 11
s a
s
a
lala i . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lala i . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww wwww ww ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i
s a
s laalia. i . N
ENG-TRB & TNSET
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
w
ww www w
ww ℎ www www
ww ww ww + ww ww
t N e tet N e tet = � etet etet
l alia. i.N l alia. i.N l alia.Ni . N l alia.Ni . N l alia.N
. P. adaadaThe lowest rotational
P . P. adaadaenergy level corresponds
P . P. adaada
P to = . .P.P adaada . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
t N e tet N e tet = ℎ × N etet N etet
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
� s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww wwww ww ww ℎ wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
=
t e te t e te t � etet etet
a
lalai . N
i . N a
lalai . N
i . N a
lalai . N
i . N a
lalai . N
i . N laalia.N
s a
s s a
s s a
s s a
s s a
s
. P. adaadaSubstituting the
P . P. adaada of h and I we.P
values
P . adaada
have,
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww − ww ww
. ×
t N e te t N =e te t N e−tet N etet
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N × � × .
s a
s la×
alia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada . P. adaa−da
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
w
ww www = ww .wwww × �� w
www w
www
ww ww ww ww
t
i .N . etet
N . a× i .N . ete−t
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N ia.N
a laal a i = a la l a i � = a.laal a× i −
�� a laal a i a laal
ss ss ss ss ss
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada. × −
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww w w
= . × −
�
ww w w
t N e te t N e te t N etet N etet
s a
Forla
i . i . N
ala = , the angularsavelocity la
i
ala . i . N
is given by s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww √ ww ww ww
t e tet � = et t (�ℎ = et�t ) etet
N N e N e N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P � = . . ×
P. adaada � /
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
t Henceethe tet intermolecular distance etet is given by i.N.N etet etet
l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a a i l a ia. N
i . N laalia.N
s a
s a l s a
s a l s a
s a l s a
s a l s a
s
w
ww www w
ww = √ ww w www
ww ww ww ww ww
��
t N e tet N e tet etet etet
l alia. i.N l alia. i.N l alia.Ni . N l alia.Ni . N l alia.N
ssa a ssa a a a a a a a
P adaada P adaada P a daa
−dsas P a daadsas P a daadsas
ww . . P ww. . P .ww ww ×
. . P �. ww. . P ww. . P
wwww wwww = √ww −
ww
ww wwww
. × �
t N e tet N e tet N etet N etet
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
P P. adaada
P . P
CENTRE
P
ww
ww ww
wTRBPOLY,
w w&www ww ww wwww
Page 12
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lala i . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
P Padasalai
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i
s a
s laalia. i . N
ENG-TRB & TNSET
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
w
ww www www www www
ww ww =
ww . × − ww ww
t
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N ia.N
ssa laal a i
ssa laal a i = . °
ssa laal a i
ssa laal a i
ssa laal
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww Example 2: wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
t N etet the rotationalienergy N etet of CO on the quantum N etet level = if ithe N etet
s
Determine
a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s as s as − � s
. P. adaadaequilibrium nuclear
P . P. adaaddistance
P of CO of . P. adaada °. (1 a.m.u.=.P.P
1.131
P a. daad× . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
t Reduced
N e tetmass, � = + Netet N etet N etet
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P × . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww wwww = ww wwww= . �. . �.ww wwww wwww
ww ww + ww
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laa ia.
l= . i . N × . × s a
s laali−
a. i . N � s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
w
ww www =ww w
w.w × − � w
www w
www
ww ww ww ww
t
i .N . etet
N = � i .=N . ete. t × − × .i.N.N
N ete×t − i .N . etet
N ia.N
ss ss ss ss ss
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. a−daada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww
ww wwwwww = . ww w×ww
w � wwwwww
(TNSET-2016) wwwwww
t N etet N etet ℎ N etet N etet
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
= s +
a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P .
�P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww . × − ww ww
t etet = ete.t × . × . i.N etet − etet
a
lalai . N
i . N a
lalai . ×
N
i . N a
lala ×
i . N a
lalai . N
i . N laalia.N
s a
s s a
s s a
s s a
s s a
s
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P = . . P. a×
P
daada −
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
w
ww www www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
Multiplet choice questions at the tet last page
t
i N
. i.N e e t
i N
. i.N e i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N ia.N
a laal a a laal a a laal a i a laal a i a laal
ss ss ss ss ss
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
P P. adaada
P . P
CENTRE. adaada FOR PHYSICS.P.P
P
ww
ww ww
wTRBPOLY,
w ww
w&w wwww wwww
Page 13
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lala i . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laa lia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i
s a
s laalia. i . N
ENG-TRB & TNSET
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
w
ww www www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
t
l
Welcome to K.S Academy, Salem
a ia.Ni . etet
N l a ia.Ni . etet
N l a ia.Ni . etet
N l a ia.Ni . etet
N l a ia.N
ssa a l ssa a l ssa a l ssa a l ssa a l
. P adaada
P . P adaada
P . P adaada
P . P adaada
P . P adaada
P
ww
ww
ww .
 Our ww
wvision
ww w
.
is to provide wwww .
ww positive learning
ww ww .
ww experience
wwwwww .
t N etet student becomes
so N etet competent. N etet N etet
s a laalai . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
wwww
 Our ww
ww mission is to maximize wwww
student ww ww
career wwww
s a
s
a
lala i . i . N
opportunities. s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
OUR SPECIALTIES OUR SPECIALTIES
t N e tet N e te t N etet N etet
s a laa lia. i . N
s a laalia. i . N
s a laalia. i . N
s a laalia. i . N
s a laalia.N
adaada  Time Saving Tricks Padaada Best questionPpaper
s s s s s
.wP.P .wP.P adaadShort
a
.w.P .w.P adaada for .wP.P adaada
w
ww www
Forwproblem questions & www complete www
preparation. ( no ww www
ww w ww ww
t Reasoning
etet etet repeated etet questions) i.N.N etet
l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a a i l a ia.N
ssa a l ssa a l a l
s sExperienced anddadexpert
a ssa a l ssa a l
P adaada
P P adaada
P P adaada
P st .P.P aa a P adaada
P
ww
ww
ww
. .  High ww .
wquality
ww w
. lecturer ww wwww . . faculty w (w
1wwwwrank holder in 3ww
ww w
w . .
t tet tet different tet TRB exams) Netet
N e N e N e
a la
N
alia. i.Slip test, unitstest, a laalia. itwoN
. unit a laalia. i. N
a laalia. i.N a laalia.N
adaada Mock tests and
s s daadas s s s
daadas test Padaadas s
. P. adaada
P combined . P. atest,
P one third test,. P. P . P. aaccuracy
P . .P
ww
ww ww
ww wwww for everyww wwww
unit wwww
ww ww
half test, and full test w w w w
t N etet N etet  N etet N etetto
s a
s
a i . i . N
lala Questions aresin a
s
a i . i . N
la level of
lathe s
KS
a
s
a
lalai . . N
Academy
i is committed
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada the development
P . P. adaaof
P da our . P. adaada
P
ww
ww lastwTRB ww pattern.
ww wwww wwww wwww
ww w ww studentsww ww
t N etet N etet  9ayears N etetof TRB coaching N etet
s a
s laa ia. i . N
l 2 Trial Classes s a
s l a ia.
Before
a l i . N
s a
s la lia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
.wP.P adaada Admission .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada experience and .wP.P
daada success Padaada
amany . .P
w
ww w
ww www stories. ww www wwww
ww ww ww ww
t
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N ia.N
ss ss ss ss ss
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww
ww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a laalai . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
P P. adaada
P . P
CENTRE
P
ww
ww ww
wTRBPOLY,
w ww
w&w wwww w ww
w
Page 14
s a
s
a
lala i . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lala i . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia. i
s a
s laalia. i . N
ENG-TRB & TNSET
s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
w
ww www www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
t
ssa l
K.S Academy, Salem - way to success
aalia.Ni . etet
N
ssa laalia.Ni . etet
N
a
sas laalia.Ni . etet
N
ssa laalia.Ni . etet
N
ssa laalia.N
. P. adaada
P COACHING
. P. adaada
P CENTRE . P. adaadFOR
P TRB PHYSICS
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
(PG-TRB,
t
UG-TRB,t POLY-TRB, ENG-TRB, t
AEEO-TRB,
t N e e t N e e t N e e t N etet
s a la
i
ala . i . N
TNPSC s a la
i . i . N
alaSCIENTIFIC ASST s a la
i . i . N
ala & TNSET) salaala i . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww Contact: wwww9047767620, www9042976707
w w&
www8148891005 wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
t N ete t PG TRB 2019 N ete(BATCH-3)
t ADMISSIONN etet IS GOING N eteON…
t
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada(KS ACADEMY
P . P. P
adaat Salem onlya-daaNO
adais . P. P da OTHER BRANCH . P. adaada )
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
t Multiple etechoice
t questions: et t etet etet
N N e N N
s1.
a
s laa ia. i . N
l rotational energy
The s a
s laalia.
leveli . N
of a molecule s s laali
depends
a a. i . N
upon s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
.wP.P adaadaa) magnetic quantum .wP.P adaadanumber .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
w
ww www www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
b) rotational quantum number and moment of inertia
t
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N ia.N
c)
a laal a i
rotational quantum anumber
laal a i and not moment a laal a iof inertia a laal a i a laal
ss ss sas ss ss
. P. adaadad)moment of inertia
P . P. adaada
P & not the rotational
. P. adaadquantum
P number . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
t 2. The erotational
tet energy of aediatomic tet molecule ineterms tet of wave number eteis
t
l a ia. N
i . N ℎ l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l a ia. N
i . N l alia.N
a a l a a l a a l a a l a a
adaadaa) = � +adadas as � = �� +adadas
s s s s s s s
. P. P . P. P a . P. adaadb)
P . P. P a . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ħ ww ww wwww ħ ww ww wwww
ww c) = ww + ww d) � = ww + ww
t N e te�t N e tet N e te� t N etet
s a
s
3.
a i . i . N
la wave number sdifference
laThe a
s
a
lalai . i . N
between s a
s
a
lalai
successive
. i . N
rotational s a
s
levels
a i . i . N
lalaof a rigid s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww diatomic molecule wwww is wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
a) b)2B t+t
t N etet N etet N ee N etet
sc)
a
s laalia. i . N + s a
s laalia. i . N
sd)
a
s laalia. i . N− s a
s laalia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
w
ww 4. The various w
ww energy level of awrotational www spectrum is w w
w by
given www
ww ww w ww ww
t a) 2B,6B,12B,_ etet __ etet � B,NeB,tetB, B,…. etet
l alia.Ni . N l alia.Ni . N l alia. i.N l alia.Ni . N l alia.N
a
scs , B, B, B,…. dadsas
a a a a
sds , B, B, B, B,….dadsas
a a a ssa a
. P. adaada
P . P. aa
P . P. adaada
P . P. aa
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww wwww ww
wregion.
w wwww wwww
ww 5. Pure rotational ww spectrum lie w inw ww ww
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
P P. adaada
P . P
CENTRE
P
ww
ww ww
wTRBPOLY,
w ww
w&w wwww wwww
ww PG TRB , UG ww ENG-TRB ww TNSET ww Pageww15
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a
s laa lia. i . N
s aslaalia. i
s a
s laalia. i . N
ENG-TRB & TNSET
s a
s laa lia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
w
ww w w
w www w
wwregion. www
ww a) infrared ww region. ww b) microwave ww ww
t
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i N
.−ray
. etet
N i .N . etet
N ia.N
c)
ssa laa l a
visiblei region. ssa laal a i d)
ssa la�
al a i region. ssa laa l a i
ssa laal
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww 6. The vibrational ww states are separated ww by ww ww
s a
a) la
i
ala. . i . N
s a la
i
alb)
a. i . N
� s a
c) la
i .
ala �−i . N
d)
s a laa
. lia. i .
�
N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
7. The rotational constant B=?
sa)
a
s
a
lala i . i . N −
s as
a
lalai . i . N
b)
ℎ
s a
s
a−
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lala i . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada ��
P . P. adaada
P . P. ada�ada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ℎ wwww wwww ℎ wwww wwww
ww c) � � w−w ww d)
�
− ww ww
s8.
a
s laa ia. i . N
l spacing between
The s aslaa ia. i . N
l consecutive absorption
two s a
s laalia. i . N rotational spectra s a
s laa ia.
l is i . N
s a
s laalia.N
w
ww a) 4B www b) 8B w
ww c) 0B www
d) 2B www
ww ww ww ww ww
t
i
9.laMatch .N . etethe
N t
typical spectroscopici .N . etet regions specified
N i .N . etein
N t
Group I withlathe i .N . etet
N ia.N
a a l a i a laal a i a laal a i a a l a i a laal
ss sas ss ss ss
. P. adaadacorresponding.P
P . adaadof
type
P transitions in.Group P. adaadaII.
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww Group I ww ww Group II ww ww
t (P) iInfra-red
N etet region N etet (i) electronic N tet
etransitions involving N etet
s a laala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalai . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s adas electrons adaadas s
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adavalence
P . P. P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww (Q) Ultraviolet-visiblewwww region ww wwww(ii) nuclear transitions wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww
t (R) X-ray e tet region e tet (iii) vibrational e tettransitions of molecules etet
i . N
i . N
lalγa-ray region
a a
lalai . N
i . N a
lalai . N
i . N a ia.
lalshell N
i . N laalia.N
s(S)
a
s s as (iv) transitions
s a
s involving inner
s a
s s a
s
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaaelectrons
P da . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
a) (P-i); (Q-iii); (R-ii); (S-iv) b) (P-ii); (Q-iv); (R-i); (S-iii)
t N e te t N e te t N etet(Q-i); (R-ii); (S-iii) N etet
s a
s a lia.
c)la(P-iii);i . N (Q-i); (R-iv);
s asla li
(S-ii)
a a. i . N
s
d)
a
s la lia.
(P-iv);
a i . N
s a
s laa lia. i . N
s a
s laalia.N
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
w
ww 10. For isotopic w
www substitution in w aw
w w
ww
diatomic molecule the www w
separation between w
www
ww ww ww ww
rotational
t
i . N . etet energy levels i.N.N
N etet i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N ia.N
a)
a laa l a i
increases a laal a i b)
a laal a i
unaltered a laa l a i a laal
ss ss sas ss ss
. P. adaadac) decreases .P.P
P adaada . P. adaadd)
P either a or c . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
s a laalai . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a la
i
ala . i . N
s a laalai . i . N
s a laalia.N
s s s s s
P P. adaada
P . P
CENTRE
P
ww
ww ww
wTRBPOLY,
w ww
w&w wwww wwww
Page 16
s a
s
a
lala i . i . N
s as
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lalai . i . N
s a
s
a
lala i . i . N
s a
s laalia.N
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww

PGTRB Physics Study Material English Medium

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

PGTRB Physics Study Material English Medium

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

s a

You might also like