Fluid Flow 2 Lab Report

Submitted by:
Suleman Khan…………..2022-CH-238
Abdul Wahab……………2022-CH-232
Mubashir Hussain…………..2022-CH-204
Abdul Rehman……………2022-CH-264
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LAB RUBRICS

RUBRICS CRITERIA AND CORRESPONDING SAMPLE CLOs

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Lab Layout

Entrance Fluid Friction in Series/parallel

pipe apparatus pumps bench

Axial fan apparatus

Centrifugal fan
apparatus

Air flow apparatus

Exit

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Table of Content
Experiment # 01 (Mobile Bed and Flow Visualization tank.)
Objective: ............................................................................................................
Apparatus: ...........................................................................................................
Theory: ................................................................................................................
Procedure: ...........................................................................................................
Result: ..................................................................................................................
Reference: ...........................................................................................................
Experiment # 02 (F6 The Air Flow Rig)
Objective: ...........................................................................................................
Apparatus: ..........................................................................................................
Theory: ...............................................................................................................
Procedure: ..........................................................................................................
Result: ................................................................................................................
Reference: ...........................................................................................................
Experiment # 03 (Centrifugal Pump Demonstration Unit.)
Objective: ...........................................................................................................
Apparatus: ..........................................................................................................
Theory: ...............................................................................................................
Procedure: ..........................................................................................................
Result: ................................................................................................................
Reference: ...........................................................................................................

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Experiment # 01
Objective:
To visualize the flow pattern of a converging and diverging nozzle to give a parallel
flow in a contracted outlet using different item.
Apparatus:

Mobile Bed and Flow Visualization tank.

Theory:

Figure 12: Mobile bed and flow visualization tank

Flow Visualization:
“The Mobile Bed and Flow Visualization Unit is a particularly useful unit to demonstrate the
fluidization phenomenon in engineering. Flow visualization is the art of making flow patterns
visible.”

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How to make the flow visible?
Most fluids (air, water, etc.) are transparent, thus their flow patterns are invisible to the naked
eye without methods to make them this visible. Local speeds and direction of flow are estimated
from the movement of dust particles sprinkled on the water surface. The dust should be lightly
distributed upstream of the boundaries arranged in working section.
Models of flow boundaries:
The basis of the flow boundaries inserted in the working section must be flushed with the glass
sheet to prevent the leakage of water beneath .isolated models such as cylinders should have
basis machined at right angle to their vertical axis .Long walls can easily be made of metal strips
but their lower edges must be straight. The strips may be kept vertical by short length of angle
fixed on inner side of the wall where there is usually no flow .The strips may also be horizontal
legs of the angles to prevent movement of the wall.
Flow Patterns:
It may be converging, diverging or in between them.
Converging Flow:
A duct that has a decreasing cross section in the direction of fluid flow is convergent flow

Figure 13: Convergent flow

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Divergent Flow:
A duct that has an increasing cross section in the direction of fluid flow is divergent flow.

Figure 14: Divergent flow

Laminar Flow:
Type of fluid (gas or liquid) flow in which the fluid travels smoothly or in regular paths.

Turbulent Flow:
In which the fluid undergoes irregular fluctuations and mixing.

Procedure:
• Place the model to be used in the channel with the screws supplied. Wedge models (as well
as circular ones) will be placed in the central hole.
• For a better visualization of the flow, we must use an ink, injected through the hypodermic
needles. 3
• It is recommended to use a vegetable ink with density similar to that of the water, so the
flow lines are clear.
• Start the pump in order that the water begins to circulate through channel, being the ink
valve closed. Adjust the flow through the channel with the control valve of the hydraulic
bench.
• To study the submerged bodies in a fluid current, we will slide the trap from top to bottom,
in order that the water covers the models completely.
• Open the ink control valve located in the base of the tank and adjust the current density
• Repeat this procedure with all models supplied.
• With the discharge adjustable plate at the highest position, the channel will operate full of
water, allowing the visualization of the flow with flow models around and over submerged
objects.

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• To see the visualization of the flow lines clearly, we can place a blank sheet at the back of
the channel.
• See how lines vary depending on the flow, when we increase this flow progressively.

Observations and Calculations:

Converging:
Flow = Turbulent
Velocity= 0.52 L/s
Viscosity= 10 ^-3
Diameter = 0.027cm
Density= 1000 kg/m3
Re = P v d/ Viscosity
Re = 14040

Diverging:
Diameter = 0.205 m
Re = 106600

Result:
We arranged different shapes of hurdles and different other things to break and diverge the flow
of the incoming water and observed the turbulence produced by it and how the boundary layer
formation occurs and how it is dependent on the flow type because it’s thickness depends on
whether the flow is laminar or turbulent.
Precautions:
a) Personal safety
• Ensure proper working of residual current circuit
breaker (RCCB)
• Water laboratory coat Closed shoes
b) Equipment safety

Ensure the proper working of miniature breaker (MCB) Do not start equipment without
supply water.

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Reference:
https://www.hampden.com/civil-engineering-program.html (cited on 2021)
https://www.engapplets.vt.edu/fluids/CDnozzle/cdinfo.html (cited on 2019)
http://www.expertsmind.com/questions/airflow-through-divergent-and-convergent-
ducts30111535.aspx (cited on 2015)

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Experiment # 2
Objective:
To determine the velocity distribution of a free non-buyout fluid jet at various cross
sections and different distances from the orifice.

Apparatus:
F6 The Air Flow Rig

Reagent:
Air

Theory:

Figure 24: Air flow rig

The equipment comprises a long smooth-walled test pipe connected to the suction side of a centrifugal fan that
is driven by a fixed speed electric motor.
The 80mm diameter test pipe is connected to the inlet of the fan to minimize turbulence inside the
pipe. A profiled bell mouth at the inlet to the test pipe prevents air separating from the wall and straightening
vanes suppress swirl and the formation of vortices. These features allow the boundary layer to develop naturally
on the inside wall of the test pipe. One end of the test pipe is connected to the suction side of the centrifugal fan
via a conical inlet
duct, while the other end is open to atmosphere. Pressure tapings along the complete length of the test pipe
permit the pressure gradient to be determined. A traversing Pitot tube enables the measurement of the
velocity profile at five different stations along the length of the test pipe and hence the boundary layer
growth inside the test pipe can be determined.
Bolted flanges allow the test pipe to be separated half way along its length for the insertion of an orifice plate
for flow measurement or different bends for comparison of head loss. A large radius bend and a metered
cascade elbow allow comparison of pressure losses for each fitting. Large or small nozzles can be fitted at the

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inlet to the test pipe allowing high and low flow rates to be measured. The fan discharge can be fitted with a
flow control damper that allows the velocity inside the test pipe to be varied when performing closed conduit
experiments alternatively the damper can be replaced by a plate incorporating a small orifice for jet dispersion
experiments. A Pitot tube is used to measure variations in air velocity when performing air jet dispersion
experiments. The Pitot tube is mounted vertically on a graduated traversing carriage that allows the tip of the
tube to be moved laterally across the jet and longitudinally along the jet for jet dispersion profiles at various
distances downstream from the orifice. The fan is supported on a floor standing steel frame with an adjacent
support frame for the test pipe. A fourteen tube manometer bank, mounted on the support frame, allows head
loss and velocities within the pipe and jet velocities at the fan discharge to be measured. The manometer can
be inclined to increase its sensitivity. Manometer fluid (Red colored Kerosene) is supplied.
. The differences between the liquid levels in the manometer tubes' are used to calculate the
pressure differences in each of the experiments.
Starting with the basic equation of hydrostatics:
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑃ℎ

Therefore the pressure difference ΔP corresponding to two different levels in

manometer tubes 1 and 2 is

∆𝑃 = 𝑃𝑃∆ℎ

If the height of fluid in two vertical manometer tubes is x1 and x2 then

∆𝑃 = (𝑃1 − 𝑃2)

The manometer tubes can be inclined to increase the sensitivity of the readings. If the
manometer is inclined at an angle of θ from the vertical then the equivalent vertical
separation of liquid levels in the manometer tubes is given by

∆ℎ = (𝑃1 − 𝑃2)𝑃𝑃

Or

∆𝑃 = (𝑃1 − 𝑃2)𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃

When using kerosene in the manometer ρ=787 kg/m3 Note: If required, the measured head
difference using kerosene can be converted to an equivalent ‘head’ of water as follows: #

Assuming a density of 787.kg/m3 for kerosene and 998 kg/m3 for water gives:

∆ℎ = 0.797(𝑃1 − 𝑃2)𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃2𝑃

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Procedure:
1. Select three or more cross-sections of the jet well-spaced along its axial length.
2. The cross-section closest to the orifice will be fixed by the need to accommodate the total
head on the jet center line (point of maximum velocity) within the range of the ' manometer
provided. The position of the most remote cross-section will be fixed by considerations of
accuracy in the measurement of total head with the manometer.
3. Determine the jet axis or center at each cross-section selected by moving the total • head
tube through the center of the jet and stopping it at the point where the highest manometer
reading is obtained.
4. If this process is repeated a couple of times traversing alternatively in the horizontal and
vertical directions, the jet axis will soon be located. Do not assume that the Centre of the jet
occurs at the same y and z values at each cross-section as it may be inclined in either the
vertical or horizontal plane.
5. When the y and z co-ordinates of the point of maximum velocity have been located, traverse
the total head tube through this point recording the position and the manometer liquid
levels at each point.
6. Enough velocity points must be taken to ensure a clearly defined velocity profile. Pay
particular attention to the edges of the jet continuing to take velocity readings until well
clear of the mixing zone at each section.
Observations and Calculations:
Density of kerosene = 787 kg/m3
Orifices X1 X2 X1-X2 ΔP = ρg(X1 — X2)
(cm) (cm) (m) (kg/ms2)
First 148 140 0.08 617.008
Second 149 140 0.09 694.134
Third 153 140 0.13 1002.638
Fourth 165 140 0.25 1928.15
Fifth 178 140 0.38 2930.788
Table 10: Air flow rig Readings

Results:
From our observations and calculations, we come to know that when we move from first to last
orifice of air flow rig the distance between manometer readings increases and therefore the
pressure drop also increases.
References:
• Yunus A. Cengel, John M. Climbala “Fluid Mechanics” 2nd Edition.
• W. L. McCabe, J. C. Smith “Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering” 7th Ed, McGraw Hill
Education (Pvt.)

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Experiment # 3

Objective:
To obtain, power and efficiency characteristic curves for a centrifugal pump.

Apparatus:
 The FM50 Centrifugal Pump Demonstration Unit
 The IFD7 Armfield Interface Device
 Compatible PC with Armfield FM50-304 software installed

Reagent:
 Supply Air

Theory:

A centrifugal pump is a mechanical device used to transport fluids by converting mechanical energy
into hydraulic energy. It operates based on the principle of centrifugal force, utilizing a rotating
impeller to create a flow within the pump casing.

Total Head:

The change in total head produced because of the work done by pump can be calculated as:

Ht = Change in static head + Change in velocity head + Change in elevation

Ht = Hs + Hv + He

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Where,
Hs = Change in static head = (P out-P in) /p g

Efficiency:

The efficiency of a centrifugal pump refers to how effectively it converts the mechanical power input
into hydraulic power output. It is an important parameter that determines the pump's performance
and energy consumption. Pump efficiency is typically expressed as a percentage.

The overall efficiency of a centrifugal pump can be affected by several factors, including hydraulic
losses, friction losses, and mechanical losses. Hydraulic losses occur due to fluid friction and
turbulence within the pump. Friction losses are caused by the flow of fluid through pipes and fittings.
Mechanical losses include losses in the bearings, seals, and other mechanical components of the
pump.

The efficiency of a centrifugal pump is highest at the Best Efficiency Point (BEP), which represents
the flow rate at which the pump operates most efficiently. Operating the pump close to the BEP helps
to minimize energy consumption and maximize performance.

Power:
Power is an important parameter in centrifugal pump operation and is typically measured in units of
watts (W) or horsepower (hp). In a centrifugal pump, power refers to the amount of mechanical
power required to drive the pump or the hydraulic power delivered by the pump.

Power input: The power input to a centrifugal pump is the mechanical power required to drive the
pump. It is typically supplied by an electric motor or an engine. Power input is measured in terms of
electrical power consumed by the pump, which can be calculated by multiplying the voltage and
current supplied to the pump.

Power output:
The power output of a centrifugal pump refers to the hydraulic power delivered by the pump to the
fluid being pumped. It can be calculated using the formula:
Power output = (Flow rate × Head × Fluid density × g)
where Flow rate is the volume of fluid being pumped per unit time, Head is the pressure developed by
the pump, Fluid density is the density of the pumped fluid, and g is the acceleration due to gravity.

The power output of the pump depends on the flow rate and head. As the flow rate or head increases,
the power output also increases. The power output is affected by hydraulic losses within the pump,
which reduce the overall efficiency.

Characteristic Curves:
 The power and efficiency of a centrifugal pump can be represented graphically using
characteristic curves. These curves show the relationship between the flow rate and various
parameters such as power, efficiency, head, and NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head)
requirements.

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 The power characteristic curve represents the relationship between the flow rate and the power
input to the pump. It shows how the power input increases as the flow rate increases,
indicating the pump's power requirements at different operating points.

 The efficiency characteristic curve represents the relationship between the flow rate and the
pump's efficiency. It shows how the efficiency varies with the flow rate and indicates the
pump's efficiency at different operating points. The curve typically has a peak efficiency point
(BEP) where the pump operates most efficiently.

 These characteristic curves are important tools for pump selection, system design, and
performance evaluation. They help in identifying the operating range, determining the optimal
operating point, and assessing the pump's suitability for specific applications.

Overall, the efficiency, power, and characteristic curves of a centrifugal pump play a crucial role in
understanding and evaluating its performance, energy consumption, and operating characteristics.
Procedure:
1. Switch on the IFD7. Switch on the FM50 pump within the software using the Power
On/Standby button:
2. Using the software, set the speed to 80%. The interface will increase the pump speed until it
reaches the required setting. Allow water to circulate until all air has been flushed from the
system. Slightly closing and opening the inlet valve and gate valve a few times will help in
priming the system and eliminating any bubbles caught within the valve.
3. Leave the inlet valve fully open. In the results table, rename the spreadsheet (Selects Format
Rename Sheet) to 80%.
4. Close the gate valve to give a flow rate Q of 0. (Note that the pump will not run well with the
gate valve closed or nearly closed, as the backpressure produced is outside nonnal operating
parameters. The pump should begin to run more smoothly as the experiment progresses).
Select the "GO" icon to record the sensor readings and pump settings on the results table of the
software.
5. Open a little to give a very low flow. Allow sufficient time for the sensor readings to stabilize
then select the "GO" icon to record the next set of data. Increase the flow in small increments,
allowing the sensor readings to stabilize then recording the sensor and pump data each time.
6. Using the arrow buttons on the software display, reduce the pump speed to 0%. Select "Save"
or "Save As... from the "File" menu and save the results with a suitable file name (e.g. the date
and the exercise).
7. Switch off the FM50 within the software using the Power On/Standby button then switch off
the IFD7 and close the FM50 software.

Observations and Calculations:

Atm. Pressure = 101.0kPa

Torque = 1.00 rum

Speed = 2400 rpm

Discharge = 3.391 l/s

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Fan Setting = 80

Flow Rate % Efficiency Power output Head

(l/s) (W)
0.2 0.739 2.42 0.901

0.4 0.940 3.36 1.202

0.6 1.109 3.41 1.201

0.8 1.303 3.06 1.041

0.9 0.896 3.90 1.341

Graph:
% Efficiency
1.4

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

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Graph:
Power (W)
4.5

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Graph:
Head
1.6

1.4

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

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Results:
From our observations and calculations, we come to know that in centrifugal pump air flows at
different rates by our adjustment and applying pressure and gives different factors.

References:
• Yunus A. Cengel, John M. Climbala “Fluid Mechanics” 2nd Edition.
• W. L. McCabe, J. C. Smith “Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering” 7th Ed, McGraw Hill
Education (Pvt.)

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