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From the above studies, we may conclude that image watermarking is resistant against most attacks
when using embedding in the DCT domain. Therefore, the DISB method ensures high robustness
against attacks and improves the quality of the watermarked images. Previous Article in Journal
Digitalization of the Marketing Activities of Enterprises: Case Study. This scheme has been shown
to detect the tampered regions successfully. To ensure the homogeneity of the embedding region, a
high percentage of its pixels must have the same intensity value; however, if the percentage of pixels
is less than a predefined homogeneity threshold Th as shown in Equations (8) and (9), a smoothing
operation can be used iteratively until minimize the variance among them. The low complexity of the
proposed algorithm makes it a feasible option to be applied to copyright protection and information
delivery related to video or image visual content. According to the embedding procedure survey in
Table 1 and considering that n non-overlapping homogeneous regions can be found into an image,
these steps can be performed iteratively until they have embedded n binary watermark patterns
imperceptibly to the HVS. MTech thesis. Preview PDF 1152Kb Abstract Reversible watermarking is
a process which is used to authenticate the multimedia content. This sub-section details some of the
existing image watermarking attacks. 6.1.1. Active Attacks Active attacks occur when a hacker finds
and exploits the weakness of a watermark detection function by removing or destroying the
watermark; that is, simply by accessing the watermark embedding function, an adversary can easily
distort the watermarked image. Figure 2 illustrates the requirements of watermarking techniques. All
authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. All cost-effective
parameters can be best described as in Table 4. Here. E 1: the new embedding cost generated by an
attacker. So a definite need arises to compare these algorithms on some criteria. Watermark
embedding and extraction in the transform domain. International Journal of Environmental Research
and Public Health (IJERPH). Paper By: Neil F. Johnson and Sushil Jajodia Center for Secure
Information Systems, George Mason University, MS:4A4, Fairfax, Virginia 22030-4444 Presented
By: Mahesh Narayan Internet Security Principles CSE691 Fall 2001. Algorithms for Audio
Watermarking and Steganography. The spatial domain substitutes the LSB bits of the host image
with the bits of the watermark image. It also checks for the exact airtime of broadcasting content
through satellite television and transmission media. It is an interpretation or argument explaining the
significance of this information. This hybrid scheme fulfilled the copyright protection, tamper
detection, and content authentication objectives when evaluated in an investigation scenario.
Remember: Your thesis needs to take a stand on something and argue a certain point. The NCD is
another performance metric of imperceptibility that measures in the CIELAB color space the
similarity between the original image I k and its corresponding watermarked image I w; it is
formulated as shown in (20). Defenses must be carried out to protect active attacks, which are used,
for example, for fingerprinting, copyright protection, and copy control. 6.1.2. Passive Attacks A
passive attack happens when an attacker tries to find whether a given watermark is present or not
without concern for the removal (destruction or deletion) of the watermark. Let the pixel value of
the cover image (or host image) be 130 (10,000,010) and the binary representation of the secret
image be 11,110,000. The stego image, the receiver who obtains the stego image can extract the
secret message from it and restore the original media via the extraction and recovery image
algorithms. Reversible contrast mapping (RCM) is a simple integer transform method that applies to
pairs of pixels. This attack demodulates the same watermark image with the help of opposite
modulation techniques. This method preserves content and ensures robustness, especially against
rotation operations. Experimental results showed that their proposed algorithm recovered the
watermark data even after the least significant bits were distorted and that the algorithm assured a
good PSNR value.
In elimination attacks, the watermark image will never be detected, but the attacker tries to produce
a similar output image, where the copy attack produces a copy with no watermark. Finally, the
embedding strategy is satisfied by Equation (2) if. Based on the desired applications, several suitable
watermarking techniques have been developed to mitigate this concern. Small changes to the image
result in large unpredictable changes in the hash. Furthermore, in signal processing, NCC measures
the similarity between the reference watermark and the extracted watermark. All cost-effective
parameters can be best described as in Table 4. Here. N (usual blocks of 8 ? 8) pixel blocks, as well
as obtaining the corresponding DCT block, and calculates the inverse transform. Wu Dan
2007.10.10. Introduction (I). Multipurpose watermarking Ownership watermarks (very robust)
Captioning watermarks ( robust) Verification watermarks( fragile) Multi-user watermarking The
difficulty of multiple watermarking is the order. Techniques that meet some requirements
simultaneously. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA). Existing watermarking
algorithms are less robust to geometric attacks. In distortion attacks, some processing techniques may
be evenly applied to degrade the watermark, either over the whole watermarked image or some part
of it. Their proposed method extracts the watermark by generating dynamic stochastic resonance
(DSR) phenomena, ensuring imperceptibility and robustness against conventional attacks. Histogram
of the watermarked region. ( a ) Histogram of the watermarked region by Equation (2), ( b )
histogram of the watermarked region by Equation (3). However, an important trait is that the
watermarking system should be robust enough against attacks. The attacker does not try to modify
the watermarking resources but, rather, to obtain the information associated to it. The GPU is a
massively parallel computing device that has a high-throughput, exhibits high arithmetic intensity,
has a large market presence, and with the increasing computation power being added to it each year
through innovations, the GPU is a perfect candidate to complement the CPU in performing
computations. A brute-force search embeds secret information which misleads the watermark. The
study demonstrated the high robustness of the system against rotational attacks, JPEG compression
attacks, noising attacks, and median filtering attacks. Paper should be a substantial original Article
that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for. These blocks create the
circulant matrix, which embeds the watermark. The human visual system cannot recognize this, due
of negligible changes in the intensity of colors. All types of noise, including Gaussian noise, additive
noise, and salt-and-pepper noise, are used in noise attacks, which add a noise signal to the
watermarked image, which causes the sender of the data to become confused. This type of algorithm
is easy to implement and is simple. We also developed a novel watermark resynchronization method
that has low computational cost using scale normalization and flowline curvature. Then, a summary
of the research results of the discussed state-of-the-art methods and current trends in the field is
described in tabular format. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( ). Common image processing
attacks used for the experiment. According to Equations (21) and (22), the values of NC and BER
nearest to 1 and 0, respectively, represent a strong similarity and robustness against common
geometric and imagen processing attacks. Disney Plus. Available online: (accessed on 11 July 2021).
With the advent of computers, the usage of multimedia technology is increasing daily. The existing
block-based SVD is not robust against geometric distortions, rotation, and image flipping. Digital-to-
analog conversion, compression, file format changes, re-encryption, and decryption can also be
survived through digital image watermarking techniques. Therefore, these methods provide better
robustness against geometric attacks (e.g., translation, rotation, scaling, and cropping), which makes
DFT domain-based techniques a popular area of research. The human visual system cannot recognize
this, due of negligible changes in the intensity of colors. Basic least significant bit (LSB) technique
example. For copyright protection, the author’s logo was inserted into the host image as a robust
watermark. Wu Dan 2008.9.10. Introduction. Difference expansion Histogram bin shifting. When
more watermark data is inserted into the host image, more distortion is visible. These techniques are
much less robust against different types of attacks, compared to frequency-domain algorithms.
These drawbacks have drawn focus to the research of transform-domain watermarking techniques
which hide data in the transform space of a signal, rather than time, in a more effective way. This
cost includes two main issues—the total time required for embedding and extracting the watermark,
and the total number of embedders and detectors involved in the watermarking technique. Some
standard design requirements for evaluating the performance of watermarking systems are listed in
the following subsections. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK). Table 8
shows the visual and numerical robustness results obtained from the images watermarked by the
three mentioned watermarks. On the other hand, robustness may be decreased by increasing the
payload capacity. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP). The secret key
includes a private key, a detection key, and a public key. Section 1 The Nature of Chemical
Equilibrium. Chapter 18. Reversible Reactions, continued. Each original copy contains different
watermarking techniques. A brute-force search embeds secret information which misleads the
watermark. Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals. We
review various approaches regarding spatial domain techniques that have attracted the attention of
researchers due to their optimal balance among imperceptibility, robustness, and capacity, which are
the most important requirements of any watermarking technique. Robustness comparison against
image processing attacks. As example, Table 7 shows the QR watermarked image after being
attacked by the common image processing attacks listed in Table 3. Therefore, a good trade-off
between these three requirements must be maintained. Image quality degradation is generally
measured by the performance metric PSNR, as shown in Equation (17). Then, the embedded
watermark is encoded by modifying the relationships between neighboring blocks. Then, using an
optical image encoding method, the encoder embeds a watermark image into the high entropy value
of the host image by using a secret key. The algorithm analyzes the complexity of the images
concerning robustness and imperceptibility. After shifting right by four bits, the secret image value is
15 (00,001,111).
Step 6 Finally, once the watermark pattern W is embedded, the watermarked region is reconstructed,
and the watermarked image Iw is obtained. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't
work as expected without javascript enabled. This method increases the capacity of the host image
and splits the watermark into two parts, which doubles the protection. The least significant bits carry
less relevant information and, thus, the quality of the host image is not affected. Due to many
researches in this field, it has become very difficult to judge an algorithm for a specific application.
Summary of state-of-the-art watermarking techniques (continued). Additionally, a small object can
be inserted several times. The robustness and invisibility of this watermarking system have been
guaranteed by evaluating the PSNR, normalized cross correlation (NCC), and mean-structural
similarity-index-measure (MSSIM) performance. 5.3. Hybrid Domain Watermarking Algorithms and
Current Trends in Watermarking Hybrid domain watermarking algorithms are usually considered as
a combination of spatial- and transform-domain algorithms. These algorithms ensure both robustness
and enhanced data embedding properties. Information hidden as digital watermarks in multimedia
enables protection mechanism in decrypted contents. Watermarking is mainly involved with key and
embedding algorithms, which are also important parameters for an attack. Journal of
Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM). This method is the generalization of
the eigendecomposition of a symmetric matrix with non-negative eigenvalues to any m. Some ETDs
in this collection are restricted to use by the UNT community. It is not very easy to eliminate a
watermark by displaying or converting the watermarked data into other file formats. All articles
published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No
special. These applications include medical imaging, telehealth, and telemedicine, among others.
Since, there would be need that the data may be image, text, video and so on transferred via internet
to be more secure and helps to hide something within the data. It presents the writer’s ATTITUDE,
OPINION, IDEA, OR POINT about that topic. The contributions of this research are as follows: We
identify the limitations of existing watermarking techniques; We present the current trends of image
watermarking techniques; We investigate the techniques that meet some of the requirements of image
watermarking techniques perfectly; We point out the challenges that must be addressed by future
researchers. Speakers: Hong-Hang Chang. Date: 12. 21. 2009. Outline. Introduction. QR
watermarked image after image processing attacks. Map more frequently occurring symbols to
shorter codewords abracadabra. However, both algorithms have a strong similarity in their
embedding strategies, which can be analyzed through the histogram of their corresponding
watermarked regions. Watermark embedding and extraction in a Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)
domain. BEZA or Bangladesh Economic Zone Authority recruitment exam question solution. Table 3
includes techniques in use, image type, image size in pixels, factors, advantages, limitations, and
associated applications. In broadcast monitoring, the broadcast monitoring service provides the
watermark data to the studio. These attacks are essential, and the category includes blind watermark
removal, collusion attacks, remodulation, interference attacks, noise attacks, denoising, quantization,
and lossy compression, among others. Some works are not in either database and no count is
displayed. Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high
impact in the field. A Feature.
Introduction. Steganography is a branch of information hiding, aiming to achieve perfectly secret
communication. The feasibility and robustness of the proposed method were demonstrated. Step2:
For each pair Case 1: If the LSB of is “1” - extract the LSB of - set the LSBs of to “0” - transform
the inverse RCM Case 2: If the LSB of is “0” and belongs to - extract the LSB of - set the LSBs of
to “1” - transform the inverse RCM 4. Digital image watermarking is a technique in which watermark
data is embedded into a multimedia product and, later, is extracted from or detected in the
watermarked product. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected
without javascript enabled. In other words, the capacity determines the limitations of the
watermarking information while satisfying watermarking robustness and imperceptibility. In
statistics, the MSE calculates the average squared intensity differences between the reference
watermark and the extracted watermark. This algorithm uses a secret key to enhance security. The
performance of a watermarking technique is estimated in terms of robustness, imperceptibility,
capacity, and detachment detection. In a forgery attack, an invalid watermark image can be falsely
authenticated by the detector for performing unauthorized embedding by an adversary. Feature
papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A
Feature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). This method
is suitable for large areas of random texture, but not for text images. The watermark data was inserted
into the original 3D mesh using a quantization index modulation (QIM) technique and secret keys,
and watermark extraction was done in a reverse manner. These benchmark tools are commonly used
to assess the performance of watermarking systems. 7. Conclusions and Future Directions At present,
information can be duplicated easily due to the interactive and digital communication of multimedia
data. There exist several general approaches to achieving high robustness, such as redundant
embedding, spread spectrum, and embedding watermarks, among others. Moreover, to improve
robustness along with security, researchers should focus on developing new, advanced techniques.
The watermark image can be chosen by selecting the nearest pixel value to the original, if there exists
a difference between the original and the embedded one. Table 8 shows the visual and numerical
robustness results obtained from the images watermarked by the three mentioned watermarks. In the
algorithm, the appropriate embedding region is selected as the largest homogeneous region with
smallest variance R k and size M. This algorithm ensures the system’s robustness against attacks
such as lossy compression and Gaussian noise. The watermark was embedded into the host image in
the lifting-based DWT domain. Therefore, security is a significant concern in digital image
watermarking techniques. Reversible Watermarking is an important category of watermarking
schemes, It not only can make stronger the ownership of the original media but also can completely
recover the original media from the watermarked media. Finally, the process applies the IDWT to get
the watermark image. Capacity Tamper detection and integrity of medical images. Xiaolin Wu
Polytechnic University Brooklyn, NY. Part 2. Entropy coding. Variable length codes (VLC). This
type of lossless recovery is compulsory in sensitive imaging like medical and military images, because
these kinds of imagery do not allow any losses. All cost-effective parameters can be best described
as in Table 4. Here. JPEG-7 and JPEG-LS Prediction CCAP Ordering Max Cut Partitioning Metrics
Results Conclusion.
Digital image watermarking is simply the digital watermarking of an image, which provides an
alternative solution for ensuring tamper-resistance, the ownership of intellectual property, and
reinforcing the security of multimedia documents. This algorithm addresses and improves the
drawbacks presented by the UVW algorithms; however, its applicability is restricted to professional
capture devices with high storage memory and histogram modulation functions, and the exhibited
watermark is shown to the HVS in color, which limits its reading and the information decoding by
applications with the ability to read QR codes in color. This includes the effective length of the key,
which measures the security of the watermarking algorithm. The proposed scheme is efficient against
various attacks, in terms of robustness and security. The NCD is another performance metric of
imperceptibility that measures in the CIELAB color space the similarity between the original image I
k and its corresponding watermarked image I w; it is formulated as shown in (20). R: the cost to
remove the watermark by an attacker from the host image without using the key used in the
watermark embedding algorithm. Imperceptibility can be achieved by embedding a watermark in the
high-frequency components; however, this task produces weaker robustness, as robustness occurs in
the low-frequency components. However, an important trait is that the watermarking system should
be robust enough against attacks. This method exhibited strong robustness against noise, geometric,
and compression attacks. This attack demodulates the same watermark image with the help of
opposite modulation techniques. The ranking, in terms of robustness and imperceptibility, can be
written as. Several researchers have studied modifications of the LSB technique, which are
commonly related to the spatial domain. The watermark data was inserted into the original 3D mesh
using a quantization index modulation (QIM) technique and secret keys, and watermark extraction
was done in a reverse manner. Juarez-Sandoval, Oswaldo Ulises, Francisco Javier Garcia-Ugalde,
Manuel Cedillo-Hernandez, Jazmin Ramirez-Hernandez, and Leobardo Hernandez-Gonzalez. He
didn’t get to see me until I was a little over one year old. M1 and M2 ensure that the embedded bits
are less disrupting to the human visual system, where M1 is the embedding mask and M2 is the
compensation mask. Their proposed method was shown to be robust against compression attacks. To
detect the watermark data, this method uses the location-shift scheme and the scale-shift scheme.
Binary watermark patterns: ( a ) Owner logotype FI, ( b ) QR code level L, and ( c ) Owner logotype
UNAM. One watermark bit was preserved by using an error-correcting code (ECC). Wu Dan
2008.9.10. Introduction. Difference expansion Histogram bin shifting. Related applications of digital
image watermarking. Performance metrics, such as peak-signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural
similarity index (SSIM), mean squared error (MSE), and normalized cross-correlation (NCC), are
also briefly described. This technique can extract the watermark efficiently, even after tampering.
However, these techniques perform well only if the image is not exposed to any noise or human
modification. The study demonstrated the high robustness of the system against rotational attacks,
JPEG compression attacks, noising attacks, and median filtering attacks. A three-level DWT was
applied to the host image for embedding the watermark, and a back-propagation neural network
(BPNN) algorithm was applied to the extracted watermark image to minimize the distortion between
the host image and the watermarked image. N (usual blocks of 8 ? 8) pixel blocks, as well as
obtaining the corresponding DCT block, and calculates the inverse transform. Visual quality
degradation and imperceptibility of non-attacked watermarked images. The proposed method was
shown to provide better robustness against Gaussian noise, motion blur, salt-and-pepper noise,
median filtering attacks, and JPEG compression attacks, among others, as compared to existing
methods, where performance was evaluated using the normalized correlation (NC) and PSNR
measures.