CLOUDCOMPUTI

NG–I
I

UNI
T–I–MANAGI
NG&SECURI
NGTHECLOUD

Cl
oudManagement

Itisther esponsibil
it
yofcloud provi
derto manager esourcesand their
perfor
mance.Managementofr esourcesincl
udesseveralaspectsofcloud
comput ingsuchasl oadbal
anci
ng,perfor
mance,st
orage,backups,capacit
y,
deployment ,etc.Themanagementisessent i
alt
oaccessf ul
lfunct
ional
it
yof
resourcesint hecloud.

Cl
oudManagementTasks
Thecl
oudprovi
derper
for
msanumberoft askstoensur
eef
fi
cientuseof
cl
oudr
esour
ces.Her
e,wewil
ldi
scusssomeofthem:

Audi
tSy
stem Backups
I
tisr
equi
redt
oaudi
tthebackupst
imel
ytoensur
erest
ori
ngofr
andoml
y
sel
ect
edf
il
esofdi
ff
erentuser
s.Backupscanbeper
for
medi
nfol
l
owi
ngway
s:
 Backi
ngupfi
l
esbythecompany
,fr
om on-
sit
ecomput
erst
othedi
sks
thatr
esi
dewi
thi
nthecl
oud.
 Backi
ngupf
il
esbyt
hecl
oudpr
ovi
der
.
I
tisnecessarytoknow ifcloudproviderhasencr
yptedthedata,whohas
accesst
ot hatdataandift
hebackupi stakenatdi
ff
erentl
ocat
ionsthent
he
usermustknowt hedet
ail
softhoselocati
ons.

Dat
aFl
owoft
heSy
stem
Themanager sar eresponsibletodevelopadi agr
am descr
ibi
ngadet ai
l
ed
processfl
ow.Thispr ocessflow descr
ibesthemov ementofdatabel
ongi
ng
toanorganizat
ionthroughoutthecloudsolut
ion.

VendorLock-
InAwar
enessandSol
uti
ons
Themanagersmustknowt heprocedur
etoexi
tfr
om serv
icesofaparti
cular
cl
oud prov
ider
.The procedures mustbe defi
ned to enabl
et he cl
oud
managerstoexpor
tdataofanor gani
zat
ionf
rom t
heirsystem t
oanot her
cl
oudprovi
der.

Knowi
ngPr
ovi
der
’sSecur
it
yPr
ocedur
es
The managers shoul
d know t
he secur
it
ypl
ans oft
he pr
ovi
derf
ort
he
fol
l
owingserv
ices:

 Mul
ti
tenantuse

 E-
commer
cepr
ocessi
ng

 Empl
oyeescr
eeni
ng

 Encr
ypt
ionpol
i
cy

Moni
tor
ingCapaci
tyPl
anni
ngandScal
i
ngCapabi
l
iti
es
Themanagersmustknow t
hecapaci
typlanni
nginor dertoensurewhet
her
the cl
oud pr
ovideri
s meet
ing t
he f
uture capaci
tyr equi
rementforhis
busi
nessornot.
Themanager smustmanaget hescal
ing capabi
l
iti
esin or
dert
o ensur
e
ser
vicescanbescal
edupordownaspertheuserneed.
Moni
torAudi
tLogUse
I
nordert
oident
if
yer
ror
sint
hesy
stem,manager
smustaudi
tthel
ogsona
r
egul
arbasi
s.

Sol
uti
onTest
ingandVal
i
dat
ion
Whent hecloudproviderof
fer
sasol ut
ion,i
tisessenti
alt
otesti
tinorderto
ensur
et hati
tgivesthecorr
ectresul
tanditi
serror-
fr
ee.Thi
sisnecessar
yfor
asyst
em t oberobustandreli
able.

Severalprovi
dershavepr oductsdesi
gnedf orcl
oudcomput i
ngmanagement
(VMwar e,OpenQRM, CloudKick,andManagedMet hods)
,al
ongwit
ht hebig
play
erslikeBMC, HP, I
BM TivoliandCA.Eachusesav ar
iet
yofmethodsto
warnofi mpendingproblemsorsendupt heredflagwhenasuddenpr obl
em
occurs.Eachalsotracksperformancetrends.

Whil
etheyallhavefeat
uresthatdiff
erenti
atethem fr
om eachot her
,they’
re
al
sofocusedononekeyconcept :prov
idi
nginformationaboutcloud
computingsystems.I
fyourneedsr unint
opr ovi
sioni
ng,thechoicesbecome
moredisti
nctthanchoosi
ng“ agentvs.agentl
ess”or“SNMPv s.WBEM. ”

Themai ncl
oudi
nfr
ast
ruct
uremanagementpr
oduct
sof
fersi
mil
arcor
e
feat
ures:

 Mostsupportdif
ferentcloudtypes(oft
enref
er redtoashy bri
dclouds)
.
 Mostsupporttheon- t
he-fl
ycreat
ionandprovisioni
ngofnewobj ect
s
andthedestr
ucti
onofunnecessar yobj
ect
s,l
ikeser vers,
storage,and/
or
apps.
 Mostprovi
detheusual sui
teofreport
sonstat us(upti
me, r
esponse
ti
me,quotause,etc.)andhaveadashboardt hatcanbedr i
ll
edinto.

Wheni tcomest omeet i

ngt hosethreecrit
eri
a, t
hereareafewvendorsthat
offerpervasiveapproachesi nhandli
ngpr ovi
sioningandmanagingmetricsi
n
hybridenvironments:RightScale,Kaavo,Zeus,ScalrandMorph.Thereare
alsooptionsof f
eredbycl oudv endorsthemselvesthatmeetthesecondand
thir
dcrit
er i
a,suchasCl oudWat chfrom AmazonWebSer vi
ces.

Thelar
gecompaniesknownf
ort
heirt
radi
ti
onal
datacent
ermonit
ori
ng
appl
i
cationshav
ebeenslowt
ohi
tthecloudmarket
,andwhatpr
oductst
hey
dohavearer
ehashesofexisti
ngappli
cati
onsthatdoli
tt
lei
nthewayof
prov
idi
ngmorethanreport
ingandaler
tingtool
s.CAisonanacqui
sit
ionspr
ee
tofi
xthi
sandjustacqui
red3Tera,
acloudpr ov
isi
oni
ngplay
er.

Cl
oudComput
ingSt
andar
ds

Emer
gingSt
andar
ds

Cloudst andardshaveeveol
vedbutar edif
fer
entfrom U.S.andEuropean
standardsor gani
zati
onsandincludest heOpenDat aCenterAll
iance,
the
Distri
butedManagementTaskFor ce( DMTF),standardsconsorti
um OMG,
storageandnet worki
ngstandardsgr oupSNIA,andt heEuropean
tel
ecommuni cati
onsandnetworkst andardsgroup,ETSI.

Alloftheorgani
zati
onsaredoingthei
rownworkwithenduser
sandv
endor
s
toestabli
shcloudstandar
ds,whichar
ethendi
scussedamongthe
organi
zations.

Cl
oudManagementSt
andar
dsbyDMTF

DMTFi
swor
kingt
oAddr
essManagementI
nter
oper
abi
l
ityf
orCl
oudSy
stems

Technologi
esli
kecloudcomput
ingandvi
rtual
izat
ionarerapi
dlybei
ng
adoptedbyenter
priseI
Tmanagerstobet
terdeli
verserv
icestothei
r
cust
omer s,l
owerITcostsandi
mproveoperat
ionalef
fi
cienci
es.

DMTF’ sCl oudManagementI nit

iat
iveisfocusedondev elopinginteroper
able
cl
oudi nfrastruct
uremanagementst andardsandpr omotingadopt ionofthose
standardsi ntheindust
ry.TheworkofDMTFwor ki
nggroupspr omot edbythe
CloudManagementI ni
ti
ati
veisfocusedonachi evi
nginteroperablecloud
i
nf r
astructuremanagementbet weencloudser v
iceprovidersandt heir
consumer sanddev el
opers.
CloudWor kingGroups

DMTF’sCl
oudManagementI ni
ti
ativei
spromot i
ngt
hewor koftheCloud
ManagementWorkGroup,theCloudAudit
ingDataFeder
ationWorki
ngGr oup,
theSy
stem Vi
rt
ual
izat
ion,
Parti
ti
oning,Cl
uster
ingWorki
ngGr oupandthe
 Soft
war eEnt
itl
ementWor ki
ngGr oup.Clickontheli
nksbelowt oseean
overv
iewofeachwor kgroup’sacti
vit
ies, workgr
oupcharter
,specif
icat
ions,
work-i
n-pr
ogressspeci
fi
cati
onsandot hertechni
caldocuments.

 CloudManagementWor ki
ngGroup
 CloudAudit
ingDataFeder
ati
onWor ki
ngGroup
 Softwar
eEnt i
tl
ementWorki
ngGroup
 System Vi
rt
uali
zat
ion,
Parti
ti
oni
ng,andCl
uster
ingWor
kingGr
oup
basedont henumberofcl oudcomputingstandar
dsorganizat
ionswor
kingont
heprobl
em,
cl
earlyint
erestisr
unningatanall
-t
imehi gh.Bel
owisalistofj
ustsomeofthebodi
es
acti
velyworkingoncreati
ngcloudstandards.

 Di
str
ibut
edManagementTaskFor
ce(
DMTF)–Pr
obabl
ythemostact
iveor
gani
zat
ioni
n
dev elopingcl oudst andar ds.TheDMTFi sbackedbyal aundr yl i
stofbi gnamev endor s.The
groupwi nst hegol dst arf orr ati
fyingt hef irst,andsof aronl y ,cloud-or i
ent edst andar d.The
OpenVi r
t ual i
zat ionFor mat( OVF) ,appr ov edi nSept ember2010af tert hr eey ear sofwor k,
makesmi gr at i
onbet weensomepl atformseasi er,buti tdoesnotpr ov i
deal lthet ools
neededf orf ul ltranspar entcl oudi nteroper abi l
it
y .
 Nat ionalI nst i
tut eofSt andar dsandTechnol ogy( NI ST)–Thi sUSgov er nmentagencyi s
responsi blef orf osteringAmer i
cani nnov at i
onandi ndust rial compet iti
v enessbyadv ancing
measur ementsci ence, st andar ds,andt echnol ogy .I tpubl ishedoneoft hef irstcl oud
referencear chi tecturesbacki nNov ember2010, followedbyadr af tcloudr oadmapi nNov
2011.Whi let heNI STst andar dhasadeci dedl yoper ational bias, i
tisast epi nt her ight
direct i
on.
 OpenCl oudConsor tium ( OCC)–Ci scoandYahooar emaj orcont ribut or stot hisChi cago-
basedgr oupt hati smanagi ngashar edr esear chcl oudpr imar il
yusedf ort est ingadv anced
cloudnet wor kar chitectur es.I thassev eral wor kinggr oupsf ocusedondev elopi ngcl oud
dat a,net wor kinganddi sast err ecov eryst andar ds, benchmar ks, andr efer ence
i
mpl ement ations.
 OpenGr idFor um ( OGF)–Thi sinternat i
onal grouphascar vedoutani chei nt heappl ied
distributed( gr id)comput i
nganddi stri
but edsof twar ecomponent soft hecl ouduni v erse.It
hasl aunchedt heOpenCl oudComput ingI nterfaceWor kingGr oupt odel iveranopenAPIt o
suppor tint eroper abil
ityacr osscl oudsof twar ei nfrast ructur es.Member si nclude: Fuj i
tsu, CA,
Net App, Gr idConsor tium Japan, GridFor um Kor ea, andmanyot heri nter nat ional
organi zat ions.
 Stor ageNet wor kingI ndust ryAssoci ation( SNI A)-BackedbyEMC, IBM, andot her
heav y weight si nt hest or agei ndust ry,thisgr ouphasl ongpl ay edasi gni ficantr olein
dev elopingdat ast oragest andar ds, includingt hewi delyadopt edI nfor mat ionLi fecy cle
Management( ILM)i ni t
iative.ItsCl oudSt or ageI nitiative( CSI )iscreat ingmet at aggi ng
standar dst oenabl ebet teruseofcl oudst orage.
 CloudSecur ityAl l
iance( CSA)–TheCSAhasbeenpubl i
shi nggui delinesf orsecur ecl oud
comput i
ng.Whi lethesear enotof fi
ciallyst andar ds, theyar emuchneededf ort hewi der
adopt i
onofcl oudcomput i
ngi ntheent erpr i
se.

Secur
it
yincloudcomput
ingi
samaj orconcer
n.Dataincl
oudshoul
dbe
st
oredinencrypt
edf
orm.Tor
est
ri
ctcli
entfr
om accessi
ngt
heshar
eddat
a
di
rect
ly,
proxyandbr
oker
ageser
vicesshoul
dbeempl
oyed.

Secur
it
yPl
anni
ng
Bef
oredepl
oyi
ngapar
ti
cul
arresourcet
ocl
oud,oneshoul
dneedt
oanal
yze
sev
eral
aspect
soft
her
esourcesuchas:
 Sel
ectresour
ce thatneeds t
o mov
etot
he cl
oud and anal
yzei
ts
sensi
ti
vi
tytori
sk.
 Consi
dercloudservi
cemodel
ssuchasIaaS,PaaS,andSaaS.These
modelsrequirecust
omert
oberesponsi
bleforsecur
it
yatdi f
fer
ent
lev
elsofserv
ice.
 Consi
der the cl
oud ty
pe t
o be used such aspubl
ic, pr
ivat
e,
communityorhybr
id.
 Underst
andthecloudservi
ceprovi
der
'ssy
stem aboutdat
ast
orageand
it
stransferi
ntoandoutofthecl
oud.
Theri
skinclouddepl
oymentmai
nlydependsupont
heser
vicemodel
sand
cl
oudtypes.

Under
standi
ngSecur
it
yofCl
oud
Secur
it
yBoundar
ies
Apar t
icularser
vicemodeldefi
nestheboundarybetweent heresponsibi
li
ti
es
ofserviceprovi
derandcustomer.Cl
oudSecur i
tyAll
iance(CSA)stackmodel
defi
nest heboundari
esbetweeneachservi
cemodel andshowshowdi ffer
ent
funct
ionalunitsrel
atet
oeachot her.Thefol
lowingdiagram showst heCSA
stackmodel :
KeyPoi
ntst
oCSAModel
 I
aaSisthemostbasiclevelofser
vicewi
thPaaSandSaaSnextt
wo
abov
elevel
sofser
vices.
 Movingupwards,eachoftheserv
icei
nher
it
scapabi
l
iti
esandsecur
it
y
concernsoft
hemodel beneat
h.
 I
aaSpr ov
idestheinf
rast
ruct
ure,PaaSprovi
desplatf
orm dev
elopment
env
ironment,andSaaSprovi
desoperat
ingenvi
ronment.
 I
aaS hast
hel eastl
evelofi
ntegr
atedf
unct
ional
i
tiesandi
ntegr
ated
secur
it
ywhi
leSaaShasthemost.
 Thismodeldescr
ibesthesecuri
tyboundar
iesatwhichcloudservice
provi
der
'sr
esponsibi
l
iti
esendandthecust
omer'
sresponsi
bil
it
iesbegin.
 Anysecuri
tymechani
sm bel
owthesecuri
tyboundar
ymustbebui
l
tint
o
thesyst
em andshoul
dbemai nt
ainedbyt
hecustomer.
Al
thougheachser
vicemodelhassecur
it
ymechanism,t
hesecuri
tyneeds
al
sodependuponwheret
heseserv
icesar
elocat
ed,i
npri
vat
e,publ
i
c,hybr
id
orcommuni
tycl
oud.

Under
standi
ngDat
aSecur
it
y
Sinceallt
hedataistransf
err
edusi
ngI nter
net
,datasecuri
tyisofmaj
or
concer
ninthecl
oud.Herear
ekeymechanismsforpr
otect
ingdat
a.

 AccessCont
rol

 Audi
ti
ng

 Aut
hent
icat
ion

 Aut
hor
izat
ion
Al
loftheser
vicemodelsshoul
dincor
por
atesecur
it
ymechani
sm oper
ati
ngi
n
al
labove-
mentionedar
eas.

I
sol
atedAccesst
oDat
a
Si
ncedatast
oredi
ncloudcanbeaccessedfrom anywhere,wemusthav
ea
mechani
sm t
oisol
atedat
aandpr
otecti
tfrom cl
i
ent’sdi
rectaccess.
Br
okeredCl
oudStorageAccessi
sanapproachfori
sol
ati
ngst
oragei
nthe
cl
oud.I
nthi
sappr
oach,t
woservi
cesar
ecr
eated:
 Abr
okerwi
thf
ull
accesst
ost
oragebutnoaccesst
ocl
i
ent
.
 Apr
oxywi
thnoaccesst
ost
oragebutaccesst
obot
hcl
i
entandbr
oker
.

Wor
kingOfBr
oker
edCl
oudSt
orageAccessSy
stem
Whent
hecl
i
enti
ssuesr
equestt
oaccessdat
a:
 Thecl
i
entdat
arequestgoest
otheex
ter
nal
ser
vicei
nter
faceofpr
oxy
.
 Thepr
oxyf
orwar
dst
her
equestt
othebr
oker
.
 Thebr
okerr
equest
sthedat
afr
om cl
oudst
oragesy
stem.
 Thecl
oudst
oragesy
stem r
etur
nst
hedat
atot
hebr
oker
.
 Thebr
okerr
etur
nst
hedat
atopr
oxy
.
 Fi
nal
l
ythepr
oxysendst
hedat
atot
hecl
i
ent
.
Al
loft
heabov
est
epsar
eshowni
nthef
oll
owi
ngdi
agr
am:
ESTABLI
SHI
NGI
DENTI
TYANDPRESENCEI
NCLOUDCOMPUTI
NG:

Cloud comput ing i

st he deliv ery ofon- demand comput i
ng ser vices — f r
om t he
applicati
onst il
lstor
ageandpr ocessingpoweraswel l—gener al
lyov ert heinternetand
onapay -
as-you-gobasis.Thear chitectur
eofcl oudcomput ingconsi stsofdi f
fer
ent
kindsofconf igurabl
edistr
ibutedsy stemswi thawi dev arietyofconnect ivi
tyandusage.
Weusecooki estohelpprov i
deandenhanceourser viceandt ail
orcont entandads.I fa
userofacl oud-basedapplicationdoesn' tmanaget heirownuser nameandpasswor ds
carefull
y,theymaybeguessedand/ orfound.I dent it
ypr ov i
sioningchal l
engesThe
biggestchal lenge forcloud ser vi
ces i si dent
it
ypr ov i
sioning.The changi ng — or
disappearing— net workper i
met ermeansi denti
tyandaccessmanagement( IAM)has
becomev eryimpor t
antforcont r ol
li
ngaccesst odat a.I ncloudcomput ing,entiti
esmay
have…a)Thaty ouestabli
shani dent i
tyb)Thatt hei dentit
ybeaut hent i
catedc)That
theaut henti
cationbeportable

Whati sI dent i
tyManagementi n Cl oud Comput ing.Est
abli
shing successfulcloud
securit
y pr ocesses i s aboutunder standi ng t
he common t hreat
s experienced by
businessesoper atinginthecloud.Anaut hori
zedusercanl
ogi nt
ot heirworkaccounts
onanydev ice,butt heymustest ablisht heiri
denti
ty… Ifauserofacl oud-based
appli
cationdoesn' tmanaget heirownuser nameandpasswordscar efull
y,t
heymaybe
guessedand/ orf ound.Identi
ty,r
athert hant heuseofaspecif
icdev i
ceorpresencei na
specifi
cl ocation,isnowt hecrucialpoi ntfor…Thet erm‘i
dentit
ymanagement ’refer
s
toaninformati
onsy st
em,whi chcanei therbeusedf orenterpr
iseorcr oss-network
i
denti
tymanagement .Cloudsecurit
y—alsorefer
redtoascloudcomput i
ngsecur i
ty—is
desi
gnedt oprotectcloudenv i
ronmentsf r
om unauthori
zeduse/ access,distri
buted
deni
alofserv
ice(DDOS)at t
acks,hacker
s,malware,andotherri
sks.Ident
it
ytraits.

Whati
sSt
orageAr
eaNet
wor
kincl
oudcomput
ing?
Astorageareanetwor
k(SAN)i sadedicated,
independenthigh-speed
net
wor kthati
nter
connectsanddeliv
erssharedpoolsofst orage
devi
cestomul t
ipl
eserver
s.Eachservercanaccessshar edstorage
asi
fitwer eadri
vedir
ectl
yattachedtotheserver
.

SANis an abbr
eviat
ion oft heStorage Ar
ea Net
work.Storage Area Net
workisa
dedi
cated,
speci
ali
zed,andhigh-speednetworkwhi
chprov
idesblock-
lev
eldatast
orage.
I
tdeli
verst
hesharedpool ofstor
agedev i
cestomoret
hanoneser ver
.

Themainai
m ofSANistotr
ansf
erthedat
abetweentheserv
erandst
oragedev
ice.I
t
al
soal
l
owsfortr
ansf
err
ingt
hedatabet
weenthest
oragesy
stems.

StorageAreanet
worksaremainl
yusedforaccessi
ngst
oragedev
icessuchast
ape
l
ibrari
esanddi
sk-
baseddevi
cesfr
om t
heser
ver
s.

Iti
sadedi catednetwor
kwhichi
snotaccessibl
ethroughtheLAN.I
tconsist
sofhosts,
swit
ches,andst or
agedevi
ceswhi
char
einterconnectedusi
ngthet
opol
ogies,pr
otocol
s,
andtechnologies.

Pr
otocol
sofSAN
Fol
l
owi
ng ar
ethemostcommonpr
otocol
sofSAN (
Stor
ageAr
ea
Net
wor
k):

o FCP(
Fibr
eChannel
Prot
ocol
)
o i
SCSI
o FCoE
o NVMe

FCP(
Fibr
eChannel
Prot
ocol
)
I
tist
hemostcommonlyusedpr
otocoloft
heStorageAreaNet
wor
k.I
t
i
samappi
ngofSCSIcommandov ertheFi
breChannel(
FC)net
wor
k.

I
SCSI
I
tst ands forInt
er netSCSIorI nt
ernetSmal
lComput erSystem
I
nterf
ace.Itisthesecond- l
argestblockorSAN pr
otocol
.Itput
st he
SCSIcommandsi nsideanet hernetfr
ameandthent r
anspor
tsthem
overanInt
ernetpr
ot ocol
(IP)
et
her
net
.

FCoE
FCoEstandsfor"Fi
breChannelOverInt
ernet"
.Itisapr ot
ocolwhi
chis
si
milartothei SCSI
.Itputst heFibrechanneli nsidetheether
net
dat
agram andthentr
ansport
sov eranIPEthernetnetwork.

NVMe
NVMest
andsforNon-
Volat
il
eMemor yExpr
ess.I
tisalsoaprot
ocolof
SAN,
whi
chaccessthefl
ashstor
agebythePCIExpressbus.

Whati
sCl
ouddi
sast
err
ecov
ery
?
Cloud-based backup and r etr
ievalcapabili
ti
eshel py out o back-up and reestabli
sh
business-cri
ticaldir
ectori
esi ftheyar ebreached.Thankst oitshighadapt abil
it
y,cloud
technologies allow effi
cientdi sasterrecovery,irr
especti
ve oft he task'
s nature or
feroci
ty.Dat ai s kepti nav i
rt
ualst or
age env ir
onmentdesi gned fori ncreased
accessibil
ity
.Thepr ogram isaccessi bleonav ai
labi
li
ty,enabl
ingcompani esofv ari
ous
sizestocust omi zeDisast
erRecov er
y( DR)soluti
onstot hei
rexist
ingrequir
ement s.

Clouddi sasterrecovery(CDR)i ssimplet oconfi

gureandmai ntai
n,asopposedt o
conv ent
ionalalternati
ves.Compani es no longeroughtt o wasteal otof t ime
transmitti
ngdatabackupsf rom thei
rin-
housedatabasesorhar
ddrivetor
est oreaf
tera
tragedy.Cl oud optimizes these pr
ocedures,decisi
ons cor
rect
ly,and informati
on
retri
eval
.

CloudDi
sasterRecovery(
CDR)i
sbasedonasustai
nabl
eprogram t
hatpr ovi
desy
ou
recov
ersafetyfunct
ionsful
l
yfr
om a cat
ast
ropheand of
fer
sr emote accesstoa
comput
erdev
icei
napr
otect
edv
irt
ual
wor
ld.

When i tcomest o cont entDRs,mai nt

aini
ng a supplement ar
ydat a cent ercan be
expensiveandt i
met aking.CDR ( Clouddi sast
err ecovery)hasal teredi talli
nt he
conv enti
onalDR (Disast errecover
y )byr emovi
ngt her equirementf oracent r
ali
zed
system anddr ast
icall
yr educinglei
suret ime.Inf
ormat i
ont echnology(IT)departments
cannow uset hecl oud'sbenef i
tstot wistandrefusei nstantl
y.Thisl eadst ofast
er
recov er
yperi
odsataf ract i
onofthepr ice.