Questions 1 - 4 refer to the image below.

The 1492 landing of Christopher Columbus in the West Indies, engraving circa
1592 by Theodore de Bry, included in The History of America, published in
Frankfurt, 1602

Gianni Dagli Orti / The Art Archive at Art Resource, NY

1. (2016-MCQ-01)
By the time the engraving was produced, the event portrayed had resulted in which of
the following?
A. The large-scale migration of Native American peoples to Europe
B. The transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between Europe and the Americas
C. The establishment of colonies in the Americas by all major European powers
D. The creation of an extensive plantation system in the West Indies that relied on
Native American coerced labor
2. (2016-MCQ-02)
The image could best be used to illustrate which of the following general aspects of
the initial encounters between Europeans and Native Americans?
A. European explorers were often outnumbered by Native Americans.
B. Advances in military and maritime technology usually gave Europeans an
advantage over Native Americans.
C. Lack of knowledge of Native American languages hindered the Europeans’ ability
to understand Native American cultures.
D. The arrival of Europeans often threatened existing hierarchies in Native American
societies.

3. (2016-MCQ-03)
The image provides the most reliable information about which of the following?
A. European attitudes toward non-European peoples
B. Stylistic features of Native American art and artifacts
C. The exact geographic location of Columbus’ first landing in America
D. The willingness of Native Americans to welcome the arrival of Europeans
4. (2016-MCQ-04)
The image provides the clearest evidence for which of the following features of
European expansion in the early modern period?
A. The spread of Christianity as a justification for the subjugation of indigenous
peoples
B. The reliance of European colonists on indigenous peoples as sources of
information about new territories
C. The rapid adoption of some European technologies by indigenous peoples
D. The creation of hybrid cultures that incorporated both European and indigenous
elements
Questions 5 - 8 refer to the image below.
Giorgio Vasari, The Massacre of the Huguenots, painting commissioned by Pope
Gregory XIII for the papal residence in the Vatican, 1574

Alinari / Art Resource, NY

Vasari’s painting depicts an episode of government-sanctioned mob violence against Protestants
in France, sometimes called the Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572)
5. (2017-MCQ-01)
Incidents such as the one depicted in Vasari’s painting contributed most directly to
which of the following?
A. The exacerbation of conflicts between the Valois monarchy and various noble
factions
B. The establishment of royal absolutism under Louis XIII and Louis XIV
C. The entry of France in the Thirty Years’ War on the side of the Protestants
D. The intensification of the grievances of the Third Estate against the nobility and the
clergy

6. (2017-MCQ-02)
Which of the following was most directly intended to resolve the conflict illustrated in
Vasari’s painting?
A. The Peace of Augsburg
B. The Edict of Nantes
C. The Pragmatic Sanction
D. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy

7. (2017-MCQ-03)
Based on the imagery and intended audience of Vasari’s painting, the artist’s most
likely purpose was to portray the events in the painting as
A. a terrible misunderstanding
B. a horrific abuse of royal power
C. an example of divine retribution
D. a cautionary tale against the dangers of mob violence
8. (2017-MCQ-04)
Vasari’s interpretation of the events depicted in the painting would most likely have
been shared by which of the following groups in the sixteenth century?
A. High clergy in the Church of England
B. The rebels in the German Peasants’ War
C. The delegates at the Council of Trent
D. Christian humanists such as Erasmus of Rotterdam

Questions 9 - 11 refer to the maps below

9. (2016-MCQ-15)
Which of the following factors contributed most to the process shown on the maps?
A. The failure of Poland to industrialize as rapidly as its neighbors
B. The ability of the Polish nobility to limit the growth of royal power
C. The early adoption of French Revolutionary ideals by the Polish middle class
D. The reimposition of serfdom on the Polish peasantry
10. (2016-MCQ-16)
The events shown on the maps best illustrate which of the following principles of
international diplomacy in early modern Europe?
A. Respect for state sovereignty
B. Maintenance of the balance of power
C. Rulers’ ability to determine their states’ official religion
D. Dynastic marriage to establish political alliances

11. (2016-MCQ-17)
In the nineteenth century, the events depicted on the maps came to be seen as a
problem primarily due to the emergence of
A. nationalism
B. socialism
C. conservatism
D. imperialism

Questions 12 - 15 are based on the following graph that shows estimated average
seed yields* for wheat and barley in various regions of Europe.
 Source: Norman J. G. Pounds, A Historical Geography of Europe,
Volume II: 1500–1840, Cambridge University Press, 1979, p. 182.
*Seed yield (or crop yield) is a ratio of the number of seeds of grain harvested for each seed sown.

12. (2013 Sample-MCQ-1.1)

The patterns shown on the graph above contributed most directly to which of the
following?
A. The increasing number of Europeans emigrating to the Americas
B. The early industrialization of Britain and the Low Countries
C. The large size of France’s population
D. The increasing importance of eastern Europe as a grain exporter
13. (2013 Sample-MCQ-1.2)
In the late 1700s and early 1800s, liberal political economists in western Europe used
information similar to the data shown in the graph to argue that
A. governments should require landholders to make agricultural improvements
B. the export of food crops and other agricultural products should be restricted
C. agricultural work had moral and physical benefits that were superior to those of
industrial labor
D. abolition of common agricultural land holdings would result in greater agricultural
productivity

14. (2013 Sample-MCQ-1.3)

Apart from the changes in seed yield shown on the graph above, which of the
following most affected Europe’s ability to feed itself in the period 1600–1800?
A. The creation of large cash-crop plantations in the Americas
B. The cultivation of New World crops in Europe
C. The widespread mechanization of agriculture
D. The decreasing tendency of armies to target civilian populations during wartime

15. (2013 Sample-MCQ-1.4)

Based on the information in the graph, which of the following regions was most likely
to avoid the Malthusian trap concerning food supply and population?
A. Great Britain and the Low Countries
B. France, Spain, and Italy
C. Central Europe and Scandinavia
D. Eastern Europe