SCIENCE – is both a body of knowledge and a process.

I. Branches of Science:
A. Physical Sciences
1. Physics – study of matter and energy and the interactions between them
2. Chemistry – deals with the composition , properties , reactions, and structure of
matter.
3. Astronomy - study of the universe beyond the earth’s atmosphere.
4. Geology – science of the origin, history and structure of the earth, and the physical,
chemical, and biological challenges that it has experienced or is experiencing.
5. Oceanography – the exploration and study of the ocean.
6. Paleontology – the science of the forms of life that existed in prehistoric or geologic
periods.
7. Meteorology – science that deals with the atmosphere and its phenomena, such as
weather and climate.

B. Life Sciences ( Biology )

1. Botany – study of plants
2. Zoology – study of animals and animal life.
3. Genetics – study of heredity

II. Scientific Processes:

1. OBSERVING – a basic process that involves the use of the five senses.

a. Qualitative observation – an observation that describes using only words . Ex: small dog
b. Quantitative observation – uses numbers to describe objects. Ex: mass of 30kg.

2. COMPARING – is the process of discovering the similarities and differences in the

properties of objects and events.

3. CLASSIFYING – process of grouping or sorting objects according to their observable

characteristics or properties.

4. MEASURING – the process of expressing a quantity using a standard called unit.

Used to find out exactly the length, height, volume or area of things.

5. PREDICTING – a process of making a forecast based on observed events.

Interpolation – prediction between observed data.
Extrapolation – prediction made beyond observed data or events.

6. INFERRING – a tentative explanation that is based on observation.

- A process of giving logical meaning to an observation.

III. Scientific Method – A way to organize your thoughts about questions that you might
think of as scientific.

Steps in Scientific method:

1. Observe. Statement of the Problem.

2. Formulation of the Hypothesis.
3. Testing of the Hypothesis and Gathering of Data
4. Analyzing and Presenting Data
5. Creating Conclusion
6. Reporting of Findings.

Hypothesis – is a tentative answer or explanation of something that needs to be proven

through scientific investigation.

Variables - are factors that can change in an experiment.

Kinds of variables :

1. Controlled Variable – the factors that were kept the same or constant.
2. Dependent or Responding variable – is the result based from manipulated variables.
3. Independent or manipulated variables – a factor that is changed or varied in the experiment.
SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDES

1. Careful judgment – he bases his judgment on facts and reliable information.

2. Creativity – he/she is sensitive to problems and can generate original ideas.
3. Critical mindedness- He/she prefers accuracy of facts and reliability of sources.
4. Curiosity – He/she wants to know the why and how of things.
5. Humility – are humble and do not boast about his/her achievements.
6. Intellectual honesty – give reports truthfully acknowledges sources of information.
7. Objectivity – records actual observations and data accurately.
8. Patience – repeating an experiment that has failed.
9. Resourcefulness- thinks of possible solutions to problems and alternative.
10. Rationality – he/she only accepts facts and statements that are supported by
proofs.

LABORATORY TOOLS
1. THERMOMETER - A tool that measures temperature.
2. MORTAR & PESTLE - This is used when grinding solid substance into pieces.
3. TONGS -Used to grasp hot materials in the laboratory.
4. BEAM BALANCE - A tool used to measure the weight of an object.
5. TEST TUBE - A small cylindrical tube used for heating small amount of liquids.
6. TEST TUBE RACK - A wooden device that holds the test tubes when not in use.
7. FUNNEL - It is used to transfer liquids to a small mouth container.
8. BEAKER - It is similar to a drinking glass and used to heat mixture.
9. GRADUATED CYLINDER - Used to measure exact volumes of liquids.
10. MAGNIFYING GLASS - A tool used to see small objects to appear bigger.
11. ALCOHOL LAMP – It is used for heating.
12. WIRE GAUZE - It is used to distribute heat evenly.
13. STIRRING ROD – It is used for stirring liquids.
14. EVAPORATING DISH – a porcelain or glass dish used to heat and
evaporate liquids into residue.

15. TRIPOD – a three-legged stand used to support the wire gauze and container
of the liquid to be heated.
16. TEST TUBE HOLDER - it is used for holding test tubes.
17. TEST TUBE BRUSH – it is used for cleaning test tubes.

LABORATORY SAFETY RULES:

1. Obtain your teacher’s permission before performing any activities.
2. Read the labels on reagent bottles twice.
3. Check articles made of glass for cracks before using them.
4. Always wear protective glasses when handling hot or caustic materials.
5. Point test tubes or any containers that may expel gas or liquid away from persons.
6. Wear gloves when handling animals.