TYPES OF STOMATA

On the basis of orientation of subsidiary cells around the guard cells, Metcalfe and
Chalk classified stomata into following types
 Anomocytic: The guard cells are surrounded by a limited number of
unspecified subsidiary cells which appear similar to other epidermal cells, e.g.,
in Solanaceae and Cruciferae families.
 Anisocytic cells: The guard cells are surrounded by three subsidiary cells, two
of which are large and one is very small, e.g., in Solanaceae and Cruciferae
family.
 Paracytic: The guard cells are surrounded by only two subsidiary cells lying
parallel to the guard cells, e.g., Magnoliaceae family.
 Diacytic cells: The guard cells are surrounded by only two subsidiary cells
lying at right angles to the longitudinal axis if the guard cells, e.g., Acanthaceae
and Labiatae cells.
 Actinocytic: The guard cells are surrounded by 4 or more subsidiary cells and
which are elongated radially to stomata.

DISTRIBUTION OF STOMATA

The stomata differ in their distribution on the two surfaces of the leaf. The leaved
are classified into following types on the basis of stomatal distribution on them:
 Epistomatic (Water Lily type): Stomata are present only on the upper
epidermis of leaves. These are found in water Lily, Nymphaea and many other
floating hydrophytes.
 Hypostomatic (Apple or Mulberry type): Stomata are present on only the
lower surface of leaves, e.g., apple, mulberry, peach and walnut.
 Amphistomatic: stomata are present on both the surfaces of leaves. It can be
further divided into two types:
i. Anisostomatic (potato type): The number of stomata is more on the lower
surface and less on the upper surface. In other words, the lower surface is
multistomatic and the upper surface is paustomatic. Such leaves are called as
dorsiventral leaves. E.g., potato, tomato, bean, pea, and cabbage.
 ii. Isostomatic (oat type): The stomata aareequally distributed on both the
surfaces of leaves. These leaves are also called as isobilateral leaves. These
are found in monocots, e.g., oat, maize, grasses, etc.
DAILY PERIODICITY OF STOMATAL MOVEMENT
Loftfield classified the stomata into four typed, depending upon the opening and
closing pattern.
 Alfalfa type (Leucerne type): The stomata remain open throughout the day but
close during night, e.g., Pea, bean, mustard, cucumber, sunflower, radish,
turnip, apple, grape.
 Potato type: The stomata close only for a few hours in the evening, otherwise
they remain open throughout the day and night, e.g., Cucurbita, Allium,
Cabbage, Tulip, Banana, etc.
 Barley type: These stomata open only for a few hours in the daytime,
otherwise they remain closed throughout the day, e.g., cereals.
 Equisetum type: The stomata remain always open throughout the day and
night, e.g., Amphibious plants or emergent hydrophytes.
 IMPORTANT POINTS
 Stephen Hales is known as father of plant physiology. Coined the term root
pressure.
 The osmotic pressure of a solution can be measured with the help of a apparatus
called osmometer.
 Cryoscopic osmometer measures osmotic potential of solution by measuring its
freezing point.
 Tensiometer is the instrument for measuring soil water potential.
 Humus and clay are two colloidal complexes of soil.
 Manometer (Gk. Manos-thin, metron-measure): An instrument for measuring
pressure of tension (such as root pressure) in gases and liquids.
 The principal pathway by which water is translocated in angiosperms is xylem
and vessels
 Cohesive strength of 47-207 atm in xylem sap is sufficient to meet the stress of
transpirational pull so that the water column doesn’t break.
 Osmotic pressure is maximum at noon. At this time water contents in the cell
are minimum.
 Osmotic pressure is highest in halophytes.
 Psychometer is used for measuring relative humidity as well as transpiration.
 Hydrometer is used for measuring the density or specific gravity of the liquid.
 Barometer is used for measuring atmospheric pressure.
 Barograph represents the reading of barometer.
 Porometer is used for measuring the rate of transpiration.
 Potometer works on the principle of Amount of water absorbed equals the
amount transpired.
 Maximum opening of stomata occurs at about 10:00 am to 3:00 pm (at 12 noon
partial closure of stomata occurs).
 Transpiration on hills: High due to lower atmospheric pressure but low due to
lesser hours of light and lower temperature. Transpiration is therefore, near
normal but the plants show xeromorphy due to lesser availability of water.
 In Saxifraga, the rate of guttation, is Hugh during flowering.
 Cobalt chloride paper method was used first by Stahl (1894). It is used to
compare rate of transpiration on two surfaces of leaf. Cobalt chloride is blue in
anhydrous state. In contact with water vapors it turns pink.

EXTRA QUESTIONS
Some leaves are removed from the stem cuttings planted for vegetative
propagation. This is done
i. To increase water uptake
ii. Because it helps in rooting of cuttings
iii. To reduce water loss
iv. Because the cutting need less food
Exchange of substances between individual cells and their environments takes
place by
i. Osmosis
ii. Diffusion
iii. Active transport
iv. All of these
Lenticels and hydathodes are small pores with following common attributes
i. Their opening and closing aren’t regulated
ii. They allow exchange of gases
iii. They always remain closed
iv. They are found on the same organ of plants
In trees, death of protoplast is essential for a vital function such as
i. Stomatal movements
ii. Both water and food transport
iii. Water transport
iv. Food transport
Root cap has no function in water absorption because
i. It’s vascular system isn’t directly connected
ii. It’s cells are loosely packed
iii. It has cells without chloroplast
iv. It has no root hairs
Water infiltration will be the slowest in
i. Black cotton soil
ii. Sandy soil
iii. Red soil
iv. Loamy soil
Meaningful girdling experiments cannot be done on sugarcane because
i. Phloem is present inside the xylem
ii. It cannot tolerate injury
iii. Vascular bundles are scattered
iv. Plants are very delicate
The relationship πV = nRT isn’t obeyed by extremely dilute solutions.
That the cell membrane is selectively Permeable can be easily deduced by
i. Entry of water from root hair
ii. Entry of mineral salts from root hair
iii. Both together
iv. The rise of sap
The cell wall is permeable and not a semipermeable structure can be best
deduced from the passage of water and mineral salts from
i. Soil into periplasmic space of root hairs
ii. Root hairs to cortical cells
iii. Cortical cells to pericycle
iv. Pericycle to trachea
What happens when formation preserved Spirogyra filament is placed in a
hypertonic sugar solution?
i. Gains turgidity
ii. Loses turgidity
iii. Becomes plasmolyzed
iv. Nothing happens
An RBC and a plant cell with thick cell wall are placed in distilled water. The
solute concentration is the same in both the cells. What changes would be
observed in them? The RBC would increase in size and burst while the plant cell
will remain about the same size.
Assume that an actively respiring cell has 3x number of K+ in its cytoplasm
and 2x number of K+ outside. After sometime, X number of K+ entered into
the cell. What is the process by which K+ transport has taken place?
Secondary active transport
A professor kept some moist seeds in an airtight jar and started lecturing. At
the end of the experiment an explosion occurred in the jar. What did the
professor want to explain? Imbibition
In seed germination the first phenomenon take place is imbibition.
Which of the following experiment is called physiological demonstration of
osmosis?
i. Thistle funnel-whose mouth is tied with egg membrane
ii. Thistle funnel-whose mouth is tied with parchment paper
iii. Potometer
iv. Bell jar experiment
Which of the following has more imbibition power?
i. Cellulose
ii. Hemicellulose
iii. Fat
iv. Protein
Proteins are the strongest imbibants of water, starch less strong, cellulose being the
weakest. That’s why proteinaceous pea seeds swell more than the starchy wheat
seeds.
The process by which large molecules move out of the cell is called reverse
phagocytosis.
In the process of osmosis, volume of solvent
i. Increases
ii. Decreases
iii. Remains same
iv. Volume is not related in osmosis
v. Endosmosis
What is the sequence of events during wilting of a plant? Exososis, plasmolysis,
wilting.
In rainy season, the doors get wet die to imbibition.
The plant undergoes wilting when
1. Xylem is blocked
2. Cambium is blocked
3. Phloem is blocked
4. Some roots are reduced in number
The plants face wilting due to use of excessive fertilizers because of exosomsis.
How water rises from the rhizoids of Riccia to its assimilatory filaments? It is
through osmosis.
Which of the following seeds will show more imbibition pressure?
1. Til seed
2. Gram seed
3. Wheat seed
4. Rice seed
Incipient plasmolysis is
1. Last stage of plasmolysis
2. Mid stage of plasmolysis
3. Zero hour for inception of plasmolysis
4. Initial stages of plasmolysis
0.1M solution of a solute has a water potential of -2.3 bars.
1M solution of a solute at normal temperature and pressure has water potential-23
bars hence 0.1M solution will have water potential -2.3 bars.
Cell A has osmotic potential of -18 bars and pressure potential of 8 bats
whereas, cell B has osmotic potential of -14 bars and pressure potential 2 bars.
The direction of flow of water will be from cell A to cell B.
Two cells A and B are contiguous. Cell A has osmotic pressure 10 atm, turgor
pressure- 7 atm, and DPD- 3 atm. Cell B has osmotic pressure 8 atm, turgor
pressure-3 atm, and DPD- 5 atm. The result will be movement of water from
cell A to B.
If water enters in a cell, the pressure exerted by its swollen protoplast is turgor
pressure.
Addition of a solute to pure water causes negative water potential.
The ratio of osmotic pressure exerted by 1 M sucrose and 1 M NaCl solution
will be 0.5.
Which of the following statements are wrong?
i. Water potential is the chemical potential of water
ii. Solute potential is always zero
iii. Pressure potential is zero in flaccid cell
iv. Water potential equals solute potential in a fully turgid cell
v. Pressure potential is negative in a plasmolysed cell
What will be the effect of accumulation of K+ ions in guard cells?
i. Water potential increase
ii. Water potential decrease
iii. Loss of turgidity
iv. Exosmosis
Water is necessary for
i. Content of protoplasm
ii. Solvent
iii. Reagent
iv. All above
Water potential measured in bar or in
i. Lb/in²
ii. mm of Hg
iii. Atm
iv. All of the above
Physical force theory explains
i. Non living cells aren’t essential for ascent of sap
ii. Living cells aren’t essential for ascent of sap
iii. Ascent of sap may occur in both living and non-living cells
Which of the following would be in insignificant amount in xylem sap?
i. Sugar
ii. Nitrates
iii. Phosphates
 iv. Water
Bordered pits relating with water uptake located in tracheary elements.
Most of the water flow in the root takes place via the apoplast because cortical
cells are loosely arranged.
The movement of water from one cell of the cortex to the adjacent one in root
is due to water potential gradient.
Passage cells are thin-walled cells found in endodermis of roots facilitating rapid
transport of water from cortex to pericycle.
When the concentration of the soil solutes is Low, the absorption of water is
increased.
During absorption of water by roots, the water potential of cell sap is lower
than that of pure water and soil solution.
The direction of water in the leaflets of Cycas from midrib is lateral.
The principal pathway by which water is translocated in angiosperms is
i. Xylem and phloem together
ii. Sieve tubes and members of phloem
iii. Sieve cells of phloem
iv. Xylem vessel system
The ability to rise in the thin tubes and the ability to resist a pulling force are
respectively referred to as capillarity and tensile strength.
When water enters in roots due to diffusion, it is termed as passive absorption.
The continuous excretion of watery substances from stump of a well-watered
pot plant after cutting off the shoot slightly above the base is due to root
pressure.
According to Sachs theory, the ascent of sap takes place in xylem ducts with the
help of imbibition.
The force of tension cohesion exceeds root pressure on a sunny day.
At night day hours, the xylem sap is in the state of tension.
When a potted plant is flooded with water, then magnitude of root pressure
decreases.
Many transplanted seedlings may not survive because most of the root hairs are
lost during transplantation.
Position and frequency of stomata can be determined by cobalt chloride paper
method.
Maximum transpiration occurs in
i. Mesophytic plants
ii. Hydrophytic plants
iii. Xerophytic plants
iv. Algal cells
Small (tiny) particles are placed in the pore of stomata what will be
happening?
i. It will fall on the ground
ii. It will stick to lower epidermis
iii. It will be accommodated to mesophyll cell
iv. It will be accommodated in vascular tissues
Stomata of CAM plants open during the night and close during the day.
Transpiration ratio is the ratio of moles of water transpired/ moles of CO2
fixed. This ratio is the measure of effectiveness of stomata is maximizing
photosynthesis while minimizing water loss.
Scotoactive stomata are character of which plants?
i. Heliophytes
ii. Xerophytes
iii. CAM plants
iv. All of these
Amophila is able to show rolling of leaf during the mid of the day.
A small mesophytic twig with green leaves is dipped into water in a big beaker
under sunlight. It demonstrates transpiration
C4 plants economises transpiration loss of water.
In barley type of plants, the stomata open for few hours during the day.
In Vallisneria, stomata are not present.
In most of the thin leaf mesophytes, the leaf stomata open during day and
close at night. It comes under alfalfa type.
Grafted flower is contained in saline water because
i. Suitable nutrient available to flowers
ii. Flowers become fresh in longer duration due to the less transpiration
iii. Flower become fresh in long duration due to the regulated osmotic
pressure of flower cell
iv. Flower is protected by microbes
Sunken stomata are found in leaves of
i. Trifolium
ii. Lemna
iii. Nerium
iv. Lilium
Stomata in angiosperms doesn’t open during
i. Noon
ii. Twilight
iii. 11 o’ clock
iv. At midnight
Sunken stomata are adaptations of which category of plants?
i. Xerophytes
ii. Gametophytes
iii. Mesophytes
iv. Hydrophytes
Transpiration is minimized by the deposition of
i. Cellulose
ii. Pectin
iii. Cutin
iv. Mucilage
Increase in temperature and velocity of wind cause an increase in
transpiration initially but later it slows down, because
i. Of closure of stomata
 ii. Water isn’t made available
iii. The air around plant becomes humid
iv. Of mechanical disturbances
The rate of transpiration directly depends upon
i. Temperature
ii. Negative turgor pressure
iii. Diffusion pressure deficit
iv. Vapour pressure gradient
Which would do maximum harm to a tree?
i. Loss of half of its branches
ii. Loss of all of its leaves
iii. Loss of all its bark
iv. Loss of half of its leaves
Transpiration can be influenced by interfering with
i. Air Temperature
ii. Epidermis of leaf
iii. Guard cells
iv. Osmotic pressure
Increase in CO2 concentration around the leaf results in
i. Rapid opening of stomata
ii. Partial closing of stomata
iii. Complete closure of stomata
iv. There will be no effect on stomatal opening
Which one of the following isn’t an Antitranspirant?
1. PMA
2. BAP
3. Silicon oil
4. Low viscosity
Cobalt chloride method was first used by Stahl (1894).
Stomata on the surface of leaf open by
i. Decreasing solute concentration in guard cells
 ii. Increasing solute concentration in guard cells
iii. Weakening of cell walls of guard cells to allow them to stretch
iv. Increasing water potential in guard cells
Conversion of starch into organic acid is essential for stomata opening.
Stomata open during day time because the guard cells
i. Photosynthesis and produce osmotically active sugars or organic acids
ii. Are thin walled
iii. Are bean shaped
iv. Have to help in gaseous exchange
According to Stewards starch hydrolysis theory, which one of the following is
the principal reason for opening of stomata during daytime?
i. Influx of K+ ions into the guard cells under the influence of ABA
hormone
ii. Conversion of sugar into starch in guard cells
iii. Efflux of K+ ions from guard cells under the influence of ABA
hormone
iv. Photosynthetic utilization of CO2 in guard cells
Which of the following theories aren’t related with opening of stomata?
i. Sachs
ii. K+ transport
iii. Korper-Kappa theory
iv. Levitt theory
Na+/K+ pump in a cell is an example of active transport.
Stomatal openings and closing is due to the permeability of the guard cell.
This fact was revealed by Linsbauer.
Levitt explanation for stomatal action is due to starch is converted into organic
acids.
The primary osmolite which causes an opening and closing of stomata is K-
malate.
Which of the following theory gives the latest explanation for the closure of
stomata?
 i. ABA theory
ii. Munch theory
iii. Starch glucose theory
iv. Active K+ transport theory
Glycolate induces opening of stomata in low CO2 concentration.
In plants, opening of stomata is regulated by
i. Red light
ii. Blue light
iii. Far red light
iv. UV light
Guttation is caused due to
i. Imbibition
ii. Osmosis
iii. Positive root pressure
iv. Transpiration
Guttation usually occurs when the plant is put
i. In more saturated atmosphere
ii. In more humid soil
iii. In dry conditions
iv. In deserts
Which of the following isn’t a controlled process?
i. Transpiration
ii. Guttation
iii. Both
iv. None
For active hydathodes, the water comes out by
i. Osmotic pressure
ii. Secreted by force developed within cell membranes
iii. By root pressure
iv. None of the above
Which of the following isn’t related to guttation?
 i. Water is given out in the form of droplets
ii. Water given out is impure
iii. Water is given out early in the morning
iv. Guttation is of universal occurrence
Water is lost in a liquid state in some plants through hydathodes. These
hydathodes
i. Remind closed at night
ii. Remain closed during the day
iii. Remain always open
iv. Don’t show any specificity in opening and closing
Hyathodes are also called water stomata.
Which of the following is responsible for passive gutation?
i. Tension cohesion of water molecules
ii. Activity of epithem tissue
iii. Osmotic activity of root hairs
iv. Secretion of fluid by mesophyll cells
Ultrafiltration theory of permeability of cell membrane was put forth by
Ruhland.
Pressure bomb technique was used by Scholander et al.
Who proposed the retention pressure theory for the permeability of the
membrane? Traube
Who explained the scotoactive opening of stomata? Nishida
Enzyme phosphorylase is first of all discovered in guard cells by Yin and Tung.
The scientist who proposed that production of glycolic acid in guard cells is an
important factor in stomatal opening is Zelitch.
Guttation word is given by Burgerstein.
Who studied the effect of light of translocation? Hart.
There is no translocation at low temperature has been invented by Swanson
and Whitne.
Potometer works on the principle of
 i. Amount of water absorbed equals the amount transpired
ii. Osmotic pressure
iii. Root pressure
iv. Potential difference between tip of the tube and that of the plant
Osmoscope is used for
i. Measuring OP
ii. Measuring TP
iii. Measuring psi
iv. Demonstration of osmosis
Potometer and clinostat are used to study Transpiration and geotropism.
Darwin’s potometer determine opening of stomata.
The best vital force theory was proposed by
i. Godlewsky
ii. Strasburger
iii. Dixon
iv. Esau
The shoot pressure is measured by pressure bomb technique.
In which form the food is translocated from endosperm to plumule of a fatty
seed like Castor? Sucrose
Phloem sap is mainly made up of oligosaccharides and hormones.
The food stored in the ripening fruit is derived from
i. Roots
ii. Farthest leaves
iii. Nearest leaves
iv. Aerial stem
In cell transport the difference between permeable transport and bulk
transport relates to
i. Structure of molecules allowed to pass through
ii. Solvent system as well as structure of molecules are applicable
iii. Solvent system is applicable
iv. Molecular weight of atoms allowed to pass through
During transport of sugar or amino acids through cell membrane, Na+ ions
move against the direction of concentration gradient.
By protoplasmic streaming theory, how sugar is translocated from one sieve
tube to other? Diffusion
Supply ends in transport of solute
Active transport of solute in plants refers to flow of solutes against
concentration gradient and therefore requires input of energy. This energy is
derived
i. Always from hydrolysis of ATP
ii. Not only ATP hydrolysis but also from the collapse of a proton motive
force
iii. Partly form the input from ATP hydrolysis and partly from the collapse
of a proton motive force
iv. From the different sourced depending on the solutes
Starch is insoluble in water yet it is accumulated in large quantities in potato
because
i. It is synthesized in potato tuber itself
ii. It is translocated from the leaves to the potato tuber in the form of sugar
iii. Soil microorganisms deposit starch in tuber
iv. It is useful consumption
The translocation of organic solvents in size tubes members is supported by P-
proteins.
Vein loading is the active transport of sugars from mesophyll cells to sieve
tubes.
Who proposed blood like translocation of solutes? Munch
Which one of the following elements is necessary for the translocation of
sugars in plants?
i. Iron
ii. Molybdenum
iii. Manganese
iv. Boron
Which of the following is the main point in the disfavor of Munch theory?
i. Translocation is a pure physiological process
ii. Translocation is a pure physical process
iii. Explanation of sugar transport isn’t given
iv. None of these
Purple cabbage don’t lose their color in cold water but do so in boiling water
because
i. Plasma membrane get inactivated in boiling water
ii. Hot water can enter the cells readily
iii. The pigment isn’t soluble in cold water
iv. The cell wall is killed in boiling water
Primary and secondary active transport both
i. Generate ATP
ii. Use ATP directly
iii. Can move solutes against their concentration gradient
iv. Include the passive movement of glucose molecule
When a plant cell is places in the solution which is hypotonic to the cell sap,
which of the following conditions will not apply?
i. The water potential of cell sap will rise
ii. The suction pressure of cell sap will rise
iii. The cell will become turgid
iv. The wall pressure of the cell wall will fail
Which of the following isn’t correct in mass flow hypothesis?
i. As hydrostatic pressure in the phloem sieve tube increases pressure flow
stops and sap is accumulated in phloem
ii. The sugar is moved bidirectionally
iii. The sugar which is transported is sucrose
iv. Loading of the phloem sets up a potential radiant that facilitates the
mass movement in the phloem
The speed of water absorption will be greater if the difference between osmotic
pressure of soil water and that of xylem vessels is always more.
Where does cohesion transpirational theory works?
 i. Active absorption
ii. Inactive absorption
iii. Active and inactive absorption
iv. None of these
A sufficient atmospheric pressure required to push the water upto the top of
tall plants must be 20 atm.
A thin film of water, held by the soil particles under the influence of internal
attractive force is called which of the following water?
i. Capillary
ii. Combined
iii. Hygroscopic
iv. Gravitational
In which of the following rate of transpiration is high?
i. CAM plants
ii. C3 plants
iii. C3 and C4 plants
iv. C4 plants
Turgidity in guard cells is controlled by potassium, chloride and malic acid.
Root pressure is maximum when transouartion is low and absorption is high.
In water longest soil, plants don’t grow properly because
i. The soil is physiologically dry
ii. The soil is physiologically wet
iii. Due to excessive water
iv. Due to shortage of water
In which of the following plants would metabolism be hindered if the leaves
are coated with wax on their upper surface?
i. Hydrilla
ii. Lotus
iii. Pistia
iv. Vallisneria
An osmometer filled with 0.5M solution of NaCl in water. In which of the
following solutions it must be immersed in order to make it shrink?
i. 0.5 M solution
ii. 0.05 M solution
iii. Distilled water
iv. 0.75 M solution
A cell when dipped in 0.5 M sucrose solution has no effect but when the same
cell will be dipped in 0.5 M NaCl solution the cell will decrease in size.
O.5 M sucrose solution develops a pressure of 15 bars in an osmometer.
Which of the following statement is wrong for such a solution?
i. That it’s osmotic pressure is -15 bars
ii. That it’s water potential is -15 bars
iii. That it’s pressure potential is -15 bars
Imbibition process involves
i. Both diffusion and capillary action
ii. Only diffusion
iii. Only capillarity
iv. None of the above
Which of the following is done during ringing experiment?
i. Bark is removed
ii. Pith is removed
iii. Xylem is removed
iv. All of these
Which is the most important precaution to be observed in finding out the rate
of transpiration through Ganong’s potometer?
i. A broad leaf plant need to be selected
ii. The experimental shoot should be obliquely cut
iii. The shoot should be cut under water
iv. Apparatus to be filled with water
In the resting state of neutral membrane, diffusion due to concentration
gradients, if allowed, would drive Na+ into the cell.
In which part of the plant water is stored? Leaves
Which one/ones is/are correct?
i. Smaller substances diffuse faster
ii. Hydrophilic substances cannot pass through the cell membrane due to
lipid present in the cell membrane
iii. Diffusion is rapid over short distance but extremely slow over long
distance
iv. All

Which one(s) is/ are correct about porins?

1. They are proteins
2. They form huge pores in the outer membrane of plastids, mitochondria
and some bacteria
3. They allow molecules up to the size of small proteins to pass through
i. All are correct
ii. All are incorrect
iii. I and Ill are correct
iv. I and II are correct
You place cells in a solution of glucose and measure the rate at which glucose
enters the cells. As you increase the concentration of glucose solution, the rate
at which glucose enters the cells increases. However, when the glucose
concentration of the solution is increased above 1 OM, the rate at which
glucose enters no longer increases. Which of the following is the most likely
mechanism for glucose transport in the cells?
i. Facilitated diffusion via a carrier protein
ii. Active transport
iii. Facilitated diffusion without carrier protein
iv. Symport

Which of the following is correct about facilitated and Active transport?

i. Both need energy
ii. Both need no ATP
iii. Both use carbohydrates to move the molecules across the membrane
iv. Both need carrier proteins which are sensitive to inhibitors that react with
protein side chains
Water channel consists of how many types of aquaporins
 i. 1
ii. 84
iii. 8
iv. 9
You are monitoring the diffusion of a colored molecule across a membrane.
Which of the following will result in the fastest rate of diffusion? ·
i. An internal concentration of 5% and an external concentration of 60%
ii. An internal concentration of 35% and an external conc. of 40%
iii. An internal concentration of 60% and an external concentration of 5%
iv. (i) and (iii) are correct
The rate of facilitated diffusion of a molecule does not continue to increase as
concentration difference of molecules across the membrane increases. Why?
i. Facilitated diffusion needs the use of ATP
ii. The transport protein must be of the channel type
iii. As the concentration difference increases molecules interfere with one
another
iv. The transport must be of carrier type
You are studying transport of a certain type of molecules into cell. You find
that transport slows down when the cells are poisoned with a chemical that
inhibits energy production. Under normal circumstances the molecule you are
studying is probably transported by -
i. Simple diffusion
ii. Osmosis
iii. Active transport
iv. Facilitated diffusion
A watermelon has how much water?
i. More than 92%
ii. About 10 to 15%
iii. 100%
iv. 5 litres
When different types of molecules in a fluid move together in response to a
pressure gradient, this is called-
 i. Joined response
ii. Bulk flow
iii. Facilitated diffusion
iv. Pressured movement
Plant absorbent consists of -
i. Hydrophobic colloid
ii. Hydrophilic colloids
iii. Cellulose and pectin
iv. lignin like chemical
Pre-requisite for imbibition is/are -
i. Water potential gradient between the absorbent and the liquid b_ut not
the affinity between absorbent and liquid
ii. Affinity between absorbent and liquid but not water potential gradient
between surface of absorbent and liquid.
iii. Water potential gradient between the surface of absorbent and liquid as well
as affinity between absorbent and liquid.
iv. Wooden frame
Endodermal cells differ from other cells in root. They-
i. Lack symplast region
ii. Have a high rate of water transport
iii. Are completely surrounded by a waxy layer
iv. Prevent water and ions from moving between them
Water will move from the root hairs through cortex if the water potentials are
i. Root hairs= O; Cortex= O; Xylem= 0
ii. Root hairs= O; Cortex= -1 ; Xylem= -2
iii. Root hairs= -2; Cortex= -1 ; Xylem= 0
iv. Root hairs= O; Cortex= +1 ; Xylem = +2
The primary function of casparian strips is to -
i. force water and minerals through the membranes of endodermal cells
ii. prevent entry into the stele solely through the apoplast
iii. provide regulation for water and minerals movement in the plants
iv. All
The primary difference between the apoplast and the symplast is that the -
i. apoplast is non-living spaces and cell walls
ii. apoplast relies on active transport
iii. symplast is nonliving spaces and cell wall
iv. apoplast prevents passive diffusion

A botanist discovered a mutant plant that was unable to produce materials

that form Casparian strip. This plant would be
i. Unable to transport water or solutes to the leaves
ii. Unable to use its sugar as a sugar sink
iii. Able to exert greater root pressure than the normal plant
iv. Unable to control amounts of water arid solutes it absorbs
Guttation is most commonly observed under condition of
i. High atmospheric humidity and plentiful soil water·
ii. Low atmospheric humidity and little soil water
iii. High atmospheric humidity but little soil water
iv. Low atmospheric humidity but plentiful soil water
Guttation results from -
i. A high-water potential of the leaves than of roots
ii. Root pressure causing water to flow up through xylem faster than it can be
lost by transpiration.
iii. The pressure flow of sap through phloem
iv. A water vapour breaks in the column of xylem sap.
Water potential measure the tendency of water to -
i. Evaporate
ii. Move from one place to another
iii. Condense
iv. Adhere
The lowest water potentials in the xylem are in the -
i. root hairs
ii. tracheids of the stem
iii. Vascular cylinders of root
iv. leaves
Which of the following statement is correct concerning the flow of sap in
xylem of trees?
i. In the morning sap begins to flow first in the twigs and later in the trunk
ii. Flow is driven by high cone. of sugar in the vessel elements
iii. Flow from the roots to the twigs would be accelerated if the leaves are
removed
iv. Rapid flow of water puts the xylem under a pressure much greater than
atmospheric pressure
What is the minimum number of cell membranes that a water molecule must
move through in getting from soil into a xylem vessel -
i. 0
ii. 1
iii. 2
iv. 6
A student is performing a chemical analysis of xylem sap. This student should
not expect to find much of-
i. Nitrogen
ii. Sugar
iii. P
iv. Water
Which of the following plant factor affects transpiration-
i. Number and distribution of stomata, number of stomata open,
temperature
ii. Temperature, light, humidity, wind speed
iii. Canopy structure, water status of plant, number and distribution of stomata
and number of stomata open (%)
iv. Canopy structure, number and distribution of stomata and humidity of
air
In root there is one-way active transport of ions because of presence of-
Endodermis
Unloading of mineral ions occurs at the fine vein endings through-
i. Diffusion only
 ii. Active transport only
iii. Diffusion and active transport
iv. Facilitated diffusion and active transport
An analysis of the xylem exudates indicates that -
I. Some of the inorganic nitrogen travel in the organic form as amino acids
and related organic compounds, much of it is carried as inorganic ions.
II. Small amount of P and S are carried as organic compounds

i. Both I and II are correct

ii. Both I and II are incorrect _
iii. Only I is correct
iv. Only II is correct
At the site where sugars are to be used, how do sugars move from sieve tubes
into the tissue
i. Diffusion
ii. By active transport
iii. By osmosis
iv. Via the apoplast
What mechanism explains the movement of sucrose from source to sink -
i. evaporation of water and active transport of sucrose from sink
ii. Osmotic movement of water into the sucrose loaded sieve tube cells creating
a higher hydrostatic pressure into the source than in the sink
iii. tension created by differences in hydrostatic pressure in the source and
sink
iv. Active transport of sucrose through the sieve tube membranes driven by
proton pump
Active loading of sugar into a sieve tube is probably driven by-
i. Gravity
ii. Water flow
iii. Proton pumps
iv. Solar radiation
Companion cells specialized for transport of sugar to the sieve tube are-
i. Aquaporin
 ii. Transfer cell
iii. Guard cell
iv. Water stomata
Where are the proton pumps responsible for phloem loading located? on the
membrane of companion cell
Shila designs an experiment to test the effect of solute concentration during
osmosis. She takes four equal sized potato cubes having an identical weight
and places each cube in four separate test tubes I, II, Ill and IV, containing
1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% sucrose concentrations respectively. After one hour, she
removes the cubes from the test tubes, blots the pieces with a paper towel, and
weighs them to find the final mass of each cube. The solution in test tube Ill
was hypertonic to the cytoplasm of the potato cells. What change will be
observed in the potato cube of test tube Ill?
i. The final weight of the potato cube will be less than its initial weight.
ii. The final weight of the potato cube will be more than its initial weight.
iii. There will be equal movement of water in and out of the potato cube.
iv. There will be equal movement of sucrose in and out of the potato cube
If you could connect an active xylem vessel from a shoot to an active phloem
sieve-tube member from a leaf using a "Micropipe," which way would the
solution flow between the two?
i. The solution would flow from xylem to phloem.
ii. The solution would flow from phloem to xylem.
iii. The solution would flow back and forth from one to another.
iv. The solution would not flow between the two.
If you could override the control mechanisms that open stomata and force
them to remain closed, what would you expect to happen to the plant?
i. Sugar synthesis would likely slow down.
ii. Water transport would likely slow down.
iii. All of these could be the result of keeping stomata closed.
iv. None of these would be the result of keeping stomata closed.
If a cell with a solute potential of- 0.2 MPa and a pressure potential of 0.4
MPa is placed in a chamber filled with pure water that is pressurized with 0.5
MPa, what will happen?
 i. Water will flow out of the cell.
ii. Water will flow into the cell.
iii. The cell will be crushed
iv. The cell will explode
You place a piece of potato weighing 0.3 gram with a water potential of 1 MPa
in a beaker of Pepsi. After 10 minutes, you remove the potato piece, and it
now weighs 0.25 gram. You conclude that
i. Pepsi Cola has a water potential greater than 1 MPa.
ii. Pepsi Cola has a water potential of 0 MPa.
iii. Pepsi Cola has a water potential less than 1 MPa.
iv. Pepsi Cola does not have turgor pressure, and so you cannot conclude
anything about its water potential.
The Casparian strip is analogous to
i. caulking to waterproof a seam in the bathtub.
ii. axle grease to lubricate a wheel.
iii. a condom to prevent fertilization.
iv. masking tape to hold things together.
Passage cells help in Transport of water towards pericycle
Which of the following would be least likely to affect osmosis in plants?
i. proton pumps in the membrane
ii. receptor proteins in the membrane
iii. a difference in solute concentrations
iv. aquaporins
In plant roots, the Casparian strip is correctly described by which of the
following?
i. It aids in the uptake of nutrients.
ii. It provides energy for the active transport of minerals into the stele
from the cortex.
iii. It ensures that all minerals are absorbed from the soil in equal amounts.
iv. It ensures that all water and dissolved substances must pass through a cell
membrane before entering the stele.
A few drops of sap were collected by cutting across a plant stem by a suitable
method. The sap was tested chemically. Which one of the following test results
indicates that it is phloem sap?
i. Low refractive index
ii. Absence of sugar
iii. Acidic
iv. Alkaline
Which of the following forms of soil-water is commonly absorbed by plants?
i. Hygroscopic water
ii. Capillary water
iii. Gravitational water
iv. Free water
Xylem translocate
i. Water only
ii. Water and mineral salts only
iii. Water, mineral salts and some organic nitrogen only
iv. Water, mineral salts, some organic nitrogen and hormones

Pine seedlings grown in sterile potting soil grow much slower than seedlings
grown in soil from the area where the seeds were collected. This is most likely
because:
i. The sterilization process kills the root hairs as they emerge from the
seedling
ii. The normal symbiotic fungi are not present in the sterilized soil
iii. Sterilization removes essential nutrients from the soil
iv. Sterilization process kill symbiotic bacteria
Transpiration is an energy consuming process. Spraying anti-transpirants in
flowering stages may prove advantageous but it is not advantageous in
vegetative stages since it will have a direct effect on:
i. photosynthesis resulting in stunted plant
ii. translocation of food through phloem.
iii. absorption and translocation of minerals
iv. synthesis and accumulation of florigen
Ans. (d)

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Ans. (c)
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Ans. (b)

Ans. (b)
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