MODERN ALGEBRA“et MODERN ALGEBRA Dr. S. Arumugam Professor and Head Department of Mathematics Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Tirunelveli A. Thangapandi Isaac Head, Department of Mathematics St. John’s College Palayamkottai 1 P Psi Mon SCITECH PUBLICATIONS (INDIA) PVT LTD. www,seitechpublications.comCopyright © 2014 Scitech Publications (India) Pvt. Lid SCITRCH PUBLICATIONS (INDIA) PVT, LED., Plot No: 52, D.No: 2/619, st Main Road, VGN Nagar, Tyyappanthangal, Chennai - 600 056, E-mail: scitech@airtelmail.in visit us at: www.seitechpublications.com Regd. Office: 7/3c, Madley Road, ‘T, Nagar, Chennai - 600 017. Branches: Hyderabad: scitech_hyd@ yahoo.co.in Kolkata: scitech.kol @ yahoo.co.in New Delhi: scitech.del@ yahoo.co.in This book or any part thereof may not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher. 978 81 8371 5416 Reprint, / June 2016 Published by V. Ramesh for Scitech Publications (India) Pvt. Ltd., Plot No: 52, D.No: 2/619, First Main Road, y GN Nagar, Iyyappanthangal, Chennai - 600 056. 4ae “$4 Modern Algebra (a+ By(x,y) = (a+ Bx (PY) = (ax + Bx, ay + Bry + 208Y) Also, a(x, 9) + B(x, ») = (ars a9) + (BH PY) 16. = (ax + priory +BY) Hence (a + B)(x, y) #a(x, y) + BOX. y): +. R x Ris nota vector space over R. Consider R x R with usual addition. Define the scalar multiplication as oe(a, b) = (0, 0). Clearly R x R is an abelian group. Also, (i) a(u+v) and au + av =0+0 = 0; 50 that a(u + v) =au +av. (ii) Similarly (a + B)u (iii) (Bu) = @B)u = 0. However I(a, b) = (0, 0)- Hence it is not a vector space. au + Bu = Note. In this example all the axioms except the axiom lu = u are satisfied. Hence the axiom lu = « cannot be derived from the ‘other axioms of the vector space. Thus the axiom lu = u is independent of the other axioms of the vector space. We say that the axiom lu = u is irredundant. Let V be the set of all ordered pairs of real numbers. Addition and multiplication are defined by (x, y) + (xi. 91) = r+a1, yy) and a(x, y) = (x, ay) where x, y,x1, yr and of are real numbers. Then V is not a vector space over R. Clearly V is an abelian group under the ion + defined above Leta, B € Rand (x, y) € V. (Now (a + A)(x, y) = (x, (a + By) = (aay + By) Also a(x, y) + BO y) = (x, ay) + (x, By) ? u+tv tee Rt and @ € R. Then R* isa space. a Proof. Clearly (R*, +) is an abel with identity 1. (verify) Now, a(u + v) = a(uv) = (uv) =a au +a. 2. RY isa vector space over R. Exercises 1. Prove that the following are vector space the stated fields under usual operations FV = latbVEte/3/a. bre QI (b) v={| . . J ven] ont V = setofall Brel toR. (d)_ V_& set of all expressio! J man