Culture of Iran

(Binding Page)

Author

Haroon Hassan Khan

Supervisor

Amina Khalid
Associate Professor

Department of Fashion Designing and Merchandising

HAJVERY UNIVERSITY

March 2023
 Culture of Iran

(Inside First page)

Author

Haroon Hassan Khan

THE RESEARCH REPORT IS AS PER REQUIREMENT FOR THE

AWARD OF BFD HONORS DEGREE IN FASHION DESIGNING

Project Supervisor

Amina Khalid

Associate Professor

External Examiner Signature:

Project Supervisor Signature:

Department of Fashion Designing and Merchandising

HAJVERY UNIVERSITY

2
 March 2023
Acknowledgment

Ina thea namea ofa Allah, a thea mosta mercifula anda beneficial, a whoa enableda mea toa completea thisa
researcha anda gavea mea thea strengtha anda opportunitya ofa carryinga outa thisa thesis.

Mya Sincerea thanksa toa oura esteemeda Principal,a fora providinga thea institutionaanda besta facilitiesa
requireda fora propera learning.a Mya gratitudea toa mya advisora anda Heada ofa Department,a fora
givinga mea hera time,a advice,a encouragementa anda theaproductivea criticisma ata everya directiona Ia
chose,a withouta whoma thisa projecta coulda havea nota beenacompleted,a anda fora alsoa providinga
accessa toa aa prodigiousa studioa anda requireda equipment'sa toa worka ona mya thesis.a Ia ama alsoa
gratefula toa alla thea staffa anda facultya membersa ofa thea Fashiona Designinga Departmenta fora
copinga witha me.

Ia cannota expressa enougha thanksa toa mya parentsa whoa provideda mea witha financiala anda morala
support.

Whoa havea beena thea drivingaforce, a a pusheda mea toa bea strongera anda bettera throughouta thisa
journeya ofa struggle, a anda hardships. a Withouta theira prayersa anda wella wishesa thisa projecta
woulda havea nota beena possible.

3
 Certificate of completion
a a

I,a herebya proclaima thata thisa submissiona isa mya owna worka towardsa thea BFDa Majora ina
Fashiona Designinga anda thata toa thea besta ofa mya awareness,a containsa noa informationa
previouslya publisheda byaneithera anothera persona nora materialsa whicha havea beena accepteda fora
thea awarda ofa anya othera degreea ofa anya othera University,a excepta wherea duea referencea hasa
beena madea ina thea text.a Alla theaworka hasa beena donea undera thea supervisor.

Studenta Name Signature Date

4
 Artist Statement
a

Mya thesisa worksa ona thea topica “Culturea ofa Iran”.a Thea culturea ofa Irana isa aa mixa ofa ancienta
pre-Islamica anda Islamica culturesa onea anda isa onea ofa thea mosta influentiala culturesa ina thea
middlea east,a centrala Asiaa anda thea wholea world.a Thea artsa ofa Irana area onea ofa thea richesta arta
heritagesa ina worlda historya anda encompassesa manya traditionala disciplinesa includinga
architecture,a painting,a literature,a music,a weaving,a pottery,a calligraphy,a metalworkinga anda
stonemasonry

5
 Abstract

Irana oncea calleda Persiaa isa onea ofa thea birthinga entitya ofa civilizationa witha itsa richa culturea anda
glory.a Irana hasa gota peoplea froma alla arounda ofa thea worlda duea toa itsa locationa anda thea culturea
developeda duea toa thisa hasa higha influencea ona worlda througha itsa art,a poetry,a sciencea anda
speciallya architecture.a Irana formera Persiaa wasa oncea supera powera ofa thea worlda soa hasa largea
heritagea associated.a Therea isa thisa marketa calleda Bazaara ofa Kashana ina thea citya ofa Kashana
anda isa therea sincea thea timea ofa Seljuks.a Thea architecturea ofa bazaara speciallya thea roofa isa
beautifullya designeda anda decorateda whicha inspireda mea fora thea silhouettesa anda thea textilea
designa ofa mya garment.a Lighta entersa thea buildinga anda thea reflectionsa froma roofa area amazing.a
Thea womena dressa ina aa waya thata theya area fullya covereda ina flareda clothesa ora abayasa witha
widea leggeda trousersa anda covereda witha shawlsa whilea havinga turbana isa customarya fora men.a
Thesea dailya attiresa reflecteda aa similaritya ina dressinga froma mya homea towna womena wearinga
flareda clothesa anda covereda witha shawls.a Thisa attirea inspireda mea toa designa silhouettesa fora mya
garments.

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 Table of Content:

Acknowledgment ........................................................................................................................3

Certificatea ofa completion ........................................................................................................4

Artista Statement ........................................................................................................................5

Abstract ......................................................................................................................................6

Chaptera One..........................................................................................................................11

Introduction ..............................................................................................................................11

Chaptera Two .........................................................................................................................12

Iran’sa Revolutionarya Culture ................................................................................................12

2.0 Monarchism,a Nationalism,a Shisma anda Sciala Justice ........................................ 12-13

2.1 Monarchista Rootsa ofa Politicala Culture ............................................................... 13-15

2.2 Qajara Dynasty ......................................................................................................... 16-18

2.3 Nationalista Rootsa ofa Iraniana Culture........................................................................18

2.4 Zoroastrianisma Monarchisma anda Shism .............................................................. 18-22

2.5 Shiaa Rootsa ofa Iraniana Politicala Culture ............................................................ 22-25

2.6 Thea Shiaa Religiousa Establishment....................................................................... 25-28

2.7 Thea Rootsa ofa Sociala Justice ............................................................................... 28-30

2.8 Conclusion………………………………………………………31

Chaptera Three ........................................................................................................................32

Thea Culturea Attiresa ofa Iran ................................................................................................32

3.0 Culturea Attirea ofa men’s .............................................................................................33

3.1 Islamica Republica ofa Iran ............................................................................................34

3.2 Differenta Culturea Attiresa ofa Iran ..............................................................................34

3.3 Qasahai………………………………………………………….35

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 3.4 Kurdsa …………………………………………………………...36

3.5 Culturea ofa Women’s……………………………………….…36-38

3.6 Hijaba Rulesa fora Women…………………………………………38

Chaptera Four ........................................................................................................................39

Inspirations ...............................................................................................................................39

4.1 Kashana Bazar………………………………………………39-41

4.2 Historya ofa Kashana Bazar………………………………….41-42

4.3 Architecturea ofa Kashana Bazar……………………………..42-43

4.4 Materiala Useda ina Kashan…………………………………43-45

4.5 Locationa ofa Kashana Bazar……………………………………45

4.6 Methodologya anda Approach……………………………….46

4.7 Researcha Limitations……………………………………….47

4.8 Textilea Inspirations………………………………………..47-48

4.9 Termeha Fabric……………………………………………..48-49

4.10 Introductiona ofa Termeh……………………………………49

4.11 Historya ofa Termeh………………………………………..49-51

4.12 Isfahana Termeh…………………………………………51

Chaptera Five .........................................................................................................................52

Corea Concepts ........................................................................................................................52

5.1 Intellects .........................................................................................................................52

5.2 Politeness ........................................................................................................................52

5.3 Achievements ........................................................................................................... 52-54

5.4 Technology ............................................................................................................... 54-55

5.5 Respect ...........................................................................................................................55

5.6 Theology .........................................................................................................................55

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5.7 Dignity ............................................................................................................................55

5.8 Humbleness ....................................................................................................................56

Chaptera Six ...........................................................................................................................57

Worka Journal ..........................................................................................................................57

6.1 Minda Mapping ..................................................................................................58

6.2 Researcha Board…………………………………………60-61

6.3 Illustrations…………………………………………….62-63

6.4 Textilea anda Fabrications……………………………...63-64

6.5 Digitala Printing…………………………………………65

6.6 Adobea Working……………………………………66-68

6.7 Stitching……………………………………………68-69

Chaptera Seven.......................................................................................................................70

Conclusion .................................................................................................................................70

9
 Lista ofa Figures
Figa 2.1:a Monarchista Rootsa ofa Politicala Culture…………………….14

Figa 2.4:a Zoroastrianisma anda Shism……………………………...18

Figa 3.0:a Culturesa ofa Men’s………………………………….……33

Figa 3.2:a Bakhtiari…………………………..…………………….35

Figa 4.1:a Kashana Bazar………………………..……………………39

Figa 4.2:a Historya ofa Kashana Bazar………………..………………….41

Figa 4.3a Architecturea ofa Kashana Bazar……..………………………42

Figa 4.4:a Materiala ofa Kashana Bazar………………..………………….44

Figa 4.6:a Methodologya anda Approach…………..………………….46

Figa 4.8:a Textilea Inspirations……..………………..………………….48

Figa 4.9:a Termeha Fabric………….………………..………………….49

Figa 4.11:a Historya ofa Termeh……………………..………………….50

Figa 6.2:a Researcha Board……….………………..………………….61

Figa 6.3:a Illustrations…………………………..………………….62-63

Figa 6.4:a Textilea anda Fabrications………………..………………….64

Figa 6.5:a Digitala Printing…………..……………..………………….65

Figa 6.6:a Adobea Workings………………………..………………68-66

Figa 6.7:a Stitching…………….………………..……………………..69

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 CHAPTERa 1

Introduction:

Iran,a formerlya knowna asa Persia,a wasa oncea thea supera powera ofa thea world,a thereforea
ita hasa aa largea heritagea associateda witha it.a Therea isa aa marketa placea calleda Bazaara ofa
Kashana ina thea citya ofa Kashan.a Thea topica fora mya thesisa isa Kashana Bazaara anda
Iraniana heritage.a Thea architecturea ofa Kashana Bazaara isa onea ofa thea mosta interestinga
thingsa anda hasa inspireda fora thea silhouettesa anda thea textilea designa ofa mya garment.a
Thea roofa ofa Kashana Bazaara isa aa structurea ofa aa totallya differenta style.a Modesta sandya
domesa protecta sellersa anda theira buyersa froma suna heata anda providea ana amazinga view.a
Anothera notablea featurea ofa thea bazara isa thea networka ofa watera canals-so-calleda
“Qanats”,a thata supplya pondsa anda fountains,a makinga thea aira insidea thea bazaara coola
anda fresh.a Kashana Bazaara hasa twoa maina streetsa anda lotsa ofa smalla alleys.a Awaya froma
thea streetsa anda shops,a therea area Mosques,a bathhouses,a caravansaries,a anda evena tombs.a
Aminoddoleha Caravansarya alsoa knowna asa Timchea Aminoddolea isa ana olda caravansarya
anda onea ofa Farrokha Khan’sa buildings.a Itsa astonishinga beautya anda geometrica
masterpiecea strucka mea witha thea ideaa ofa creatinga mya garmentsa usinga thesea texturesa
anda geometrica designs.a Termeh,a aa handwovena silka anda woola fabrica wasa madea ina
“Yazd”a aa citya ina centrala Irana famousa fora it’sa textilea production,a ina latea nineteentha
century.a Unfortunately,a aftera thea falla ofa Qajara dynastya ina 1925,a termeha losta it’sa royala
cache.a Whicha Ia thinka Ia coulda revivea througha mya garmentsa anda silhouettes.

11
 CHAPTERa 2

IRAN’Sa REVOLUTIONARYa CULTURE:

2.0:a MONARCHISM,a NATIONALISM,a SHI’ISMa ANDa SOCIALa

JUSTICE

Irana isa homea toa aa revolutionarya culturea thata combinesa distincta elementsa ofa itsa
political,a religious,a economic,a anda historicala spheres.a Althougha thea dynamicsa covereda
ina thisa chaptera woulda nota bea sufficienta toa sparka widespreada uprisingsa ina othera
countries,a theya doa seema toa fostera aa revolutionarya culturea amonga Iranians.a Scholarsa
likea Goldstonea area correcta toa wondera whya revolutionsa happena ina certaina countriesa ora
withina somea groupsa buta nota ina othersa ifa revolutionsa area merelya thea producta ofa
intolerablea widespreada tyranny.

Ina thisa wea willa focusa ona Iraniana monarchism,a Twelvera Shi'ism,a Iran'sa historya ofa
nationalism,a anda thea ideasa ofa justicea thata seema toa havea helpeda thea Iraniana peoplea
behavea ina aa revolutionarya mannera thata isa nowa practicallya seconda nature.a Accordinga
toa somea academics,a Iran'sa politicala culturea cana bea categorizeda intoa foura ideologicala
groups:a monarchist,a "seculara democratic,"a "Islamic,"a anda "liberala nationalistic".

Ia thinka thea expertsa oversimplifya Iraniana politicala culturea bya classifyinga ita intoa foura
categoriesa anda ignorea othera significanta elementsa thata supporta thisa revolutionarya
behaviour.a Farsouna anda Masheyekia (1992)a anda othera researchersa havea argueda thata
Iraniana politicala culturea isa morea nuanceda thana theya hada previouslya thought.a Iran'sa
monarchicala background,a Shi'ism,a nationalism,a anda sociala justicea cana alla bea useda toa
understanda itsa politicala culture.

Despitea thea possibilitya ofa overlapa throughouta thisa chapter,a thesea area unquestionablya
thea elementsa thata havea hada thea greatesta influencea ona Iran'sa revolutionarya behavior.a
Politicala culture,a asa wasa covereda ina thea previousa chapter,a isa essentiallya thea politicala
orientationsa thata aa persona ora groupa ofa peoplea maya have.a Politicala inclinationsa area
influenceda bya thea environment;a hence,a thea politicala culturea ofa aa particulara countrya isa
mostlya madea upa ofa itsa history,a religion,a ethnicity,a language,a anda institutions.

12
Thesea componentsa workinga togethera havea givena thea Iraniana peoplea aa revolutionarya
culturea thata isa alla theira own.a Sucha factors,a takena separately,a woulda probablya havea
littlea effecta ona revolutionarya action,a buta takena together,a theya nota onlya makea Iraniansa
doubta theira politicala systema buta alsoa givea peoplea thea chancea toa achievea politicala
change.

2.1:a Monarchista Rootsa ofa Politicala Culture:

Thesea componentsa workinga togethera havea givena thea Iraniana peoplea aa revolutionarya
culturea thata isa alla theira own.a Sucha factors,a takena separately,a woulda probablya havea
littlea effecta ona revolutionarya action,a buta takena together,a theya nota onlya makea Iraniansa
doubta theira politicala systema buta alsoa givea peoplea thea chancea toa achievea politicala
change.

Iraniansa finallya rebelleda duea toa thea kingship'sa increasinglya absolutista nature.a Iraniansa
tooka theira firsta movea towarda liberationa froma whata somea sawa asa nothinga morea thana
aa tyrannya witha thea constitutionala revolution.a Thea Iraniana people'sa discontenta witha thea
dysfunctionala kingshipa grewa overa timea toa thea pointa wherea ita wasa nearlya intolerable.a
Thea Achaemenid,a Sassanid,a Safavid,a Qajar,a anda Pahlavia dynastiesa willa bea thea maina
focusa ofa thisa sectiona duea toa theira influencea ona defininga Iraniana politicala culturea anda
identitya asa wella asa thea keya politicala eventsa thata occurreda duringa thesea dynasties.

13
 Figa 2.1a Monarchista Rootsa ofa Politicala
Culture

Assyriansa werea thoughta toa havea beena thea originala residentsa ofa Persiana territory,a buta
undera thea tenurea ofa Kinga Shalmensara (858–852a BC),a Mediana anda Persiana tribesa
invadeda them.

Thea Mediansa expelleda thea Scythians,a Assyrians,a anda "subdued"a (p.a 54)a thea Armeniansa
ofa easterna Anatoliaa duringa thisa time.a Eventually,a Kinga Cyrusa establisheda thea
Achaemenesa Empirea (alsoa knowna asa Cyrusa thea Greata anda sona ofa Cambysesa anda
Mondana).a Ina thea end,a Cyrusa overthrewa thea Mediana monarcha anda defeateda thea
Medesa (p.a 55).a Lydia,a Afghanistan,a Babylonia,a Mesopotamia,a Syria,a Phoenicia,a anda
Palestinea werea addeda toa Persiaa duringa thea Achaemenesa Empirea (p.a 55).a Asa aa result,a
Persiansa werea exceedinglya prouda ofa theira greata rulera anda regularlya crediteda Cyrusa
anda numerousa othera succeedinga kingsa fora theira country'sa victories.a

Twoa notablea accomplishmentsa ofa thea Sassanida monarchya havea unmistakablya influenceda
Iran'sa politicala culture.a First,a thea Sassanida Empirea wasa largelya toa blamea fora

14
consolidatinga powera anda creatinga thea foura sociala classesa ofa "priests,a soldiers,a
secretaries,a anda commanders"a insidea Iraniana society.

Asa aa result,a thea Sassanida dynastya establisheda sociala stratificationa withina aa societya
builta ona thea principlesa ofa justicea anda equality.a Somea woulda arguea thata thea adoptiona
ofa thisa stratification,a whicha wasa virtuallya avoideda bya kingsa ina thea past,a wasa thea roota
ofa Iran'sa difficulties.a Ina ordera toa fostera equalitya anda avoida favoritisma amonga thea
nation'sa population,a earliera rulersa avoideda creatinga aa statea religiona Thea Sassanida
dynasty,a however,a dida justa that.

Thea Sassanida dynastya effectivelya alienateda minoritya groupsa insidea thea countrya anda
exacerbateda thea stratificationa thata alreadya divideda thea Iraniana peoplea bya makinga
Zoroastrianisma thea officiala religion.a Nevertheless,a ita isa cruciala toa recognizea thea
Sassanida era'sa policiesa becausea theya establisheda aspectsa ofa Iraniana politicsa thata havea
persisteda ina thea country'sa politicala culture.

2.2:a Qajara Dynastya (1794-1925a A.D.):

Irana faceda aa varietya ofa issuesa anda fresha difficultiesa throughouta thea Qajara period.a
Iran'sa politicala illiteracy,a militarya anda diplomatica setbacks,a economica stagnation,a
territorya loss,a protests,a risea ofa religiousa movements,a anda conflictsa betweena religiousa
anda tribala factionsa duringa thea Qajara eraa werea itsa defininga characteristics.

Ina Iran,a thea Qajara kingsa basicallya hada aa monopolya ona thea usea ofa force,a government,a
anda taxation,a anda theya continueda toa doa soa throughouta thea dynastya (Ervanda
Abrahamiana 2008,a p.a 8).a Shi'isma wasa kepta asa thea officiala religion,a althougha ita wasa
undoubtedlya marginaliseda ina ordera toa strengthena thea kingdom.a Thea Golestona Treatya
witha Russia'sa lossa ofa Georgia,a Darband,a Ganjeh,a anda Bakua demonstrateda thata Irana
hada losta itsa dominancea ina thea regiona anda thata thea monarchya wasa abandoninga itsa
people.

Territoriala lossesa showeda thea country'sa frailtya toa thea outsidea world,a buta thea internala
strifea thata thea Qajarsa sparkeda severelya weakeneda Iraniana nationalism.

15
Thea Qajara rulersa tooka opulenta vacationsa toa Europe,a whicha outrageda Iraniansa whoa
werea goinga througha aa difficulta timea witha theira economy.a Furthera taxesa werea
prompteda bya economica unresta anda budgeta shortfalls,a anda bya thea earlya 1900s,a ita hada
essentiallya reacheda itsa maximuma levela (Abrahamiana 2008,a pa 38).a Nassera Ala Dina
Shaha thena solda aa monopolya ofa thea salea anda exporta ofa tobaccoa toa yeta anothera
foreignera ina ana efforta toa increasea governmenta revenuea aftera sellinga buildinga rightsa fora
railways,a tramways,a dams,a anda roadsa toa aa Britisha citizen.

Iraniansa reacteda negativelya toa thea Shah'sa tobaccoa policya bya abstaininga froma cigarettes,a
whicha leda thea Shaha toa essentiallya rescinda thea concession.a Nevertheless,a thea kinga
continueda toa makea numerousa smallera concessions.a Thea Iraniana people'sa discontenta
grewa overa time,a finallya sparkinga thea constitutionala revolutiona ofa 1906.a Thea Qajara
kinga thata succeededa hima simplya carrieda ona theira legacya bya borrowinga moneya froma
Europeana banksa ina exchangea fora morea perks.

Irana experienceda ethnic,a religious,a anda tribala divisiona throughouta thea Qajara era.a
Repression,a taxation,a anda generala discontenta witha thea systema alla increaseda asa religiona
wasa sidelineda ina ana efforta toa supporta thea kingdom.a Thea monarchya hada alienateda itsa
people,a whicha sparkeda boycotts,a demonstrations,a anda ultimatelya uprisings.a Becausea
monarchicala rulea wasa absolutista anda disregardeda Iraniana principlesa likea sociala justice,a
ita effectivelya alienateda thea Iraniana people.

2.3:a Nationalista Rootsa ofa thea Iraniana Politicala Culture:

2.4:a Zoroastrianisma Monarchisma anda Shi’ism:

Thea historya ofa thea Persiana Empirea anda itsa statusa asa onea ofa thea biggesta anda mosta
powerfula empiresa ata thea timea serveda asa thea foundationa fora earlya Iraniana nationalism.a
Whena thea Achaemenida dynastya ruleda Iran,a partsa ofa India,a Armenia,a Afghanistan,a
Assyria,a Iraq,a Saudia Arabia,a Jordan,a Palestine,a Israel,a Lebanon,a Syria,a Egypt,a anda
Libyaa alsoa formeda parta ofa thea Persiana Empire.a Despitea beinga expansionists,a thea
Persiansa werea ablea toa rulea overa somea regionsa ofa thea globea anda embracea thea
differenta racesa thata joineda theira largea empire.

16
 Fig.2.4:a Zoroastrianisma Monarchisma anda Shi’ism

Ita seemsa thata Iraniansa todaya havea developeda aa sensea ofa superioritya baseda ona theira
historya ofa colonization,a anda thata thisa nationalism,a evena thougha ita isa reflecteda ina
Persiana art,a music,a customs,a anda history,a hasa createda aa kinshipa betweena Iraniansa
froma practicallya alla ethnolinguistica origins.

Thea diversitya ofa itsa residents'a racial,a ethnic,a anda religiousa backgroundsa madea thea
Persiana Empirea exceptional.a Irana nowa isa nota mucha different.a Althougha moderna Irana
"isa moldeda ina aa moulda ofa Persiana languagea anda culture,a ita comprisesa variousa
communitiesa insidea itsa boundariesa whoa speaka theira owna languagesa anda possessa
varietiesa ofa Persiana culture,"a accordinga toa Mackey.

Becausea ofa itsa diversity,a thea countrya demonstratesa thata nationalisma needa nota bea onlya
baseda ona ethnicitya ina ordera toa unitea itsa people.a Nationalisma isa foundeda ona thea
shareda historya ofa aa groupa ofa people,a whicha botha unifiesa anda setsa thema aparta froma
othera groups.a 18a Accordinga toa somea academics,a Iran'sa longa historya ofa foreigna
invasion,a whicha extendsa backa thousandsa ofa years,a isa thea roota causea ofa Iraniana
nationalism.

17
Thea Greeksa werea thea firsta foreignersa toa occupya Irana ina 334a BC,a followeda bya Arabsa
ina thea seventha century,a Turksa ina thea eleventha century,a anda ultimatelya thea Mongolsa
ina thea thirteentha centurya (p.a 84).a Ita isa harda toa debatea howa thisa pasta influenceda thea
Iraniana mind;a Iraniansa havea developeda aa sensea ofa mistrusta thata isa almosta impossiblea
toa ignore.a Duea toa foreigna invasionsa thata causeda conflict,a murder,a anda destructiona thata
wasa onlya somewhata stabilizeda abouta 600a yearsa ago,a Iraniansa area renowneda fora theira
sensea ofa feara anda mistrusta (Amuzegara 1991,a p.a 99-101).

Iraniansa havea generallya growna frighteneda ofa foreignersa ina generala asa aa resulta ofa
prolongeda periodsa ofa unresta anda foreigna occupationa ina particular.a Iraniansa havea
experienceda aa sensea ofa powerlessnessa fora manya generations,a whicha hasa influenceda thea
revolutionarya culturea theya area currentlya experiencing.a Persiansa havea experienceda
multiplea invasionsa throughouta history,a buta upa untila thea Arab-Islamica Empire'sa
incorporation,a theira civilizationa hada mostlya stayeda unaltered.a Iranians,a whoa werea
Muslims,a werea ablea toa preservea thea majoritya ofa theira languagea bya usinga solelya thea
Arabica alphabeta (Mackeya 1998,a p.a 41).

Onlya aa portiona ofa theira historicala culturala linksa werea losta witha thea conversiona toa
Islam.a Asa aa result,a thea Persiansa werea ablea toa preservea thea mosta cruciala componentsa
ofa theira civilization.a Iraniansa werea ablea toa maintaina thea multiplea cultural,a linguistic,a
anda territoriala tiesa thata kepta thema togethera anda contributeda toa aa stronga feelinga ofa
nationalism,a despitea adheringa predominantlya toa thea religiousa aspectsa ofa Arabica culture.

Iraniansa werea afraida fora thea survivala ofa nota onlya theira pricelessa history,a whicha hada
endureda mostlya duea toa Iran'sa mediaevala monarchy,a buta alsoa ofa invasionsa ina thea past.a
Whena thea Iraniana regiona wasa uniteda undera thea Safavida dynastya ina thea sixteentha
century,a thisa memorya ofa "negativea anda excessivea feara ofa foreigners"a finallya gavea waya
toa aa morea contemporarya nationalisma baseda ona nationala autonomya (Farsoun,a
Masheyehkia 1992,a p.a 85).

Twelvera Shi'isma wasa proclaimeda thea state'sa officiala religiona duringa thisa time.a Asa aa
result,a Iraniansa werea effectivelya ablea toa claima credita fora aa branda ofa Islama thata nota
onlya seta thema aparta froma Arabsa buta alsoa seemeda toa fita bettera witha theira politicala
system.

18
Iraniansa reviveda Persiana culturea ina thea 1930sa anda 1940sa bya promotinga Zoroastrian-
baseda ancienta festivalsa likea Nowruz,a Mehregan,a Tirgan,a anda Sadeha asa wella asa Persiana
folklorea toa oncea morea demonstratea thata theira culturea wasa nota onlya ancienta buta alsoa
capablea ofa adaptinga toa thea country'sa newa Muslima waysa (Fazelia 2006,a p.62).

Ina 1935,a Rezaa Shaha changeda thea namea ofa thea countrya froma Persiaa toa Irana ina ana
efforta toa reunitea thea countrya (Mackeya 1998,a pa 178).a 20a Rezaa Shaha effectivelya seta
Iraniansa aparta froma theira Arabica neighbours,a whoa werea seena asa beinga backward,a
illiterate,a anda primarilya tribala people,a bya revertinga thea namea ofa thea countrya backa toa
Iran.a Rezaa Shaha wanteda thea worlda toa understanda thata Iraniansa werea distincta froma
Arabsa ina termsa ofa theira appearance,a speech,a language,a anda religion,a anda thata theya
shareda littlea elsea witha thema outsidea theira shareda religion.

Toa suma up,a Iraniana nationalisma isa aa complexa ideaa thata originateda witha thea risea ofa
thea Persiana Empirea undera thea Achameniana dynasty.a Iraniansa ofa alla racesa anda
ethnicitiesa sharea aa commona nationala past,a whicha contributesa toa thea notiona thata theya
area superiora toa othera people.a Althougha troublesomea throughouta thea Qajara monarchy,a
thea ethno-linguistica diversitya hasa hada littlea overalla impacta ona nationala cohesion.a Thisa
isa duea toa thea nationala identitya thata Iraniansa identifya with,a whicha hasa aa longa historya
ofa acceptinga raciala anda religiousa variety.

Iraniansa ina generala don'ta seema toa identifya asa mucha witha theira ethnica ora linguistica
differencesa asa theya doa witha theira countrya anda itsa history.a Fora thea Iraniana people,a
nationalisma isa morea thana justa identifyinga witha theira homea country;a ita alsoa refersa toa
theira connectiona toa itsa distinctivea past.

2.5:a Shi’aa Rootsa ofa Iraniana Politicala Culture:

Iraniansa werea forceda toa converta toa Islama duringa thea Araba invasionsa ora paya taxesa
anda upholda theira owna (Zoroastrian)a beliefs.a Whilea thea majoritya ofa Iraniansa eithera
converteda toa thea Sunnia brancha ofa Islama ora paida taxesa toa upholda theira faith,a somea
ofa thea mosta religiousa groupsa ofa thea populationa fleda toa Indiaa toa continuea theira
religiousa practices.a Becausea Islama includeda manya elementsa ofa theira owna monotheistica
(Zoroastrian)a faith,a whicha effectivelya alloweda thema toa preservea mosta ofa theira culturea

19
whilea practicinga Islam,a accordinga toa Mackeya (1998,a p.a 48),a conversiona toa Islama wasa
quitea simple.

Iraniansa werea compelleda toa converta toa Islama duringa thea Araba invasions,a paya taxes,a
ora givea upa theira Zoroastriana religion.a Whilea somea ofa Iran'sa mosta piousa peoplea fleda
toa Indiaa toa carrya ona theira religiousa practises,a thea majoritya ofa Iraniansa eithera
converteda toa Sunnia Islama ora paida taxesa toa upholda theira religion.a Accordinga toa
Mackeya (1998,a p.a 48),a adoptinga Islama wasa verya simplea becausea ita shareda manya
characteristicsa witha theira owna monotheistica (Zoroastrian)a faith.a Thisa effectivelya alloweda
thema toa maintaina thea majoritya ofa theira culturea whilea adoptinga Islam.

Iraniansa thoughta thata Iran,a itsa culture,a anda itsa peoplea werea thea resulta ofa thea greata
kings,a anda theya werea unwillinga toa leta goa ofa theira reigna ora theira memorya ofa them.a
24a Shi'isma camea toa bea seena bya Iraniansa asa thea religiona thata backeda thea corea tenetsa
ofa thea Islamica morala codea asa wella asa thea Iraniana monarchy.a Shi'isma essentiallya
emergeda asa aa resulta ofa disagreementa overa Muhammad'sa successor.a Whilea Sunnisa
thoughta thea linea ofa successiona belongeda toa thea caliphate,a Shi'itesa thoughta Alia shoulda
bea thea onea toa carrya ona thea propheta Muhammad'sa legacya (Momena 1985,a p.a 62).

Thea Shiaa movementa wasa merelya aa politicala leadershipa strugglea thata gavea risea toa aa
religiousa movementa thata thea Iraniana peoplea eventuallya supported.a Accordinga toa legend,a
thea movementa begana whena Alia gavea upa hisa positiona asa aa militarya anda communitya
leadera toa succeeda thea propheta Muhammada (pp.a 61-62).a Duea toa Araba inheritancea lawsa
thata woulda havea givena Muhammad'sa unclea thea post,a somea scholars,a likea Momen,a
believea thata Alia musta havea receiveda somea sorta ofa designationa froma Muhammad.a Asa
aa result,a manya peoplea believea thata Alia musta havea beena informeda bya Muhammada thata
hea woulda replacea thea propheta (p.a 61-62).a However,a Alia wasa nota selecteda toa bea thea
prophet'sa successor.

Followinga yearsa ofa conflicta betweena Ali'sa supportersa anda thea Ummayads,a manya
splintera groupsa werea created,a witha whoma Alia anda hisa supportersa engageda ina ongoinga
conflicta (Armstronga 2002,a pa 35).

20
Alia isa ultimatelya chosena asa thea calipha aftera Abua Bakr,a Omar,a anda Osman,a buta hea
onlya holdsa thea positiona fora fivea yearsa beforea beinga stabbeda toa deatha ona thea 21sta
ofa Ramadana (Shirazia 1980,a preface).a Ali'sa lifea anda deatha effectivelya serveda asa ana
emblema ofa thea unresta anda instabilitya causeda bya thea politicala divisiona ofa thea Muslima
populace.a Ali'sa existencea representeda thea extenta ofa sociala justicea ina aa mainlya unjusta
worlda toa Shi'ia Muslims.a Iraniansa adopteda aa schoola ofa Islama thata appeareda toa havea
rootsa ina theira Zoroastriana heritage.

Iraniansa usuallya helda thata Shi'isma wasa thea onlya authentica brancha ofa Islama anda thata
theya werea reala Muslimsa whoa baseda theira beliefsa ona thea principlesa ofa equalitya anda
justicea thata Muhammada himselfa anda earliera Zoroastriana leadersa hada endorsed.a Aa
professora bya thea namea ofa Shirazia discussesa howa Shi'itesa differa froma theira Sunnia
counterpartsa ina aa translationa ofa Shariati'sa discoursea ona Shi'ism.a Hea contendsa thata
Shi'itesa carea morea abouta equalitya anda justicea thana theya doa abouta "opulenta mosques"a
anda thea deceptivea Sunnia leadershipa systema (Shirazia 1980,a p.a 8).a Accordinga toa
Shariati,a Shi'isma fostersa aa spirita ofa retributiona anda rebelliona thata woulda finallya leada
toa thea overthrowa ofa rulersa whoa disseminatea justicea bya thea

Becausea thea Safavida kingsa supporteda taqiyeha rathera thana upholdinga thea originala forma
ofa Shi'isma thata stooda fora justice,a scholarsa likea Shariatia questioneda thea legitimacya ofa
thea Safavida forma ofa Shi'ism.a Thea Safavidsa createda politicala positionsa exclusivelya fora
Ulamaa throughouta theira timea ina power.a Thea Safavidsa dida thisa toa bringa abouta aa
coherencea betweena thea statea anda thea religiousa establishmenta thata hada nota existeda
whena thea Arabsa werea ina power.a However,a asa timea wenta on,a thinkersa likea Shariatia
anda diversea Ulamaa starteda toa casta doubta ona thea legitimacya ofa thea kingshipa anda thea
theologya ita supported.

2.6:a Thea Shi’aa Religiousa Establishment:

Thea engagementa ofa Iran'sa religiousa establishmenta hasa fluctuateda overa time,a buta ita hasa
alwaysa playeda aa significanta rolea ina Irana sincea sincea thea country'sa conversiona toa
Islam.a Thea Safavida dynastya revolutioniseda thea functiona ofa thea Ulamaa bya forginga aa

21
bonda betweena thea twoa organisations.a Previously,a Islama wasa merelya aa religiousa
institutiona witha aa smalla influencea ina politics.

However,a asa mighta bea expected,a therea werea differencesa ina thea politicala activitya ofa
thea Ulamaa baseda ona personala inclination.a Whilea somea clericsa opteda toa limita theira
influencea toa thosea mattersa thata directlya affecteda religiousa regulations,a othersa thoughta
theira involvementa ina thea politicala systema shoulda bea morea all-encompassing.a Thea
priestsa ina Qoma oftena hada littlea alternativea buta toa abandona clericsa whoa tooka sucha
coursesa becausea somea ofa thema werea evena shunneda anda attackeda bya theologicala
studentsa fora theira engagementa ina politics.

Thea influencea anda functiona ofa thea Ulamaa havea fluctuateda overa time.a Duea toa thea
absolutea naturea ofa thea kingsa duringa thea Qajara dynasty,a thea religiousa establishment'sa
powera wasa constrained;a nevertheless,a duringa thea Pahlavia dynasty,a ita strovea toa regaina
politicala dominance.a Thea Shaha launcheda thea Whitea revolutiona (1963),a aa seta ofa
measuresa thata woulda fundamentallya interferea witha thea positiona ofa thea religiousa
establishment,a asa aa partlya responsea toa thea Ulama'sa expandinga dominance.

Thea Shaha sawa thea Ulama'sa actionsa asa aa dangera toa botha himselfa anda thea kingdoma
asa aa whole.a Ina aa manner,a thea Shah'sa Whitea revolutiona serveda onlya toa demonstratea
thata thea kingshipa hada mucha morea authoritya thana thea establisheda religion.a Thea Ulamaa
persisteda ina theira disagreementa witha thea Shah,a buta ina response,a thea Shaha portrayeda
thea religiousa establishmenta asa aa roadblocka toa Iran'sa modernity.

Thea Shaha sawa thea Ulama'sa conducta asa aa dangera toa botha himselfa anda thea kingdoma
asa aa whole.a Ina aa way,a thea Shaha justa wanteda toa demonstratea thata thea kingshipa hada
mucha morea authoritya thana thea establisheda religion,a thereforea hea useda thea Whitea
revolutiona toa doa that.a Thea Ulamaa persisteda ina theira disagreementa witha thea Shah,a buta
ina response,a thea Shaha painteda thea clergya asa ana obstaclea toa Iran'sa modernity.

Thea conflicta betweena thea monarchya anda thea religiousa establishmenta increaseda overa
time,a untila ina 1979a therea wasa aa revolutiona thata virtuallya overthrewa thea Iraniana
monarchya anda gavea thea Ulamaa power.a Iran'sa Shi'aa clericala systema hasa alsoa shapeda
thea country'sa politicala culturea toa somea extent.a Thea positionsa thea Ulamaa werea granteda

22
ina thea governmenta seta thema aparta froma thea Sunnia stylea ofa governancea anda gavea thea
clericala establishmenta aa levela ofa influencea nevera beforea seena ina thea Islamica world.

Thea Iraniana Shi'itesa werea despiseda bya Sunnisa fora politicisinga Islam,a whilea thea
Iraniansa thoughta theira branda ofa Islama wasa morea compatiblea witha theira monarchicala
system.a Sincea thea 1979a revolution,a thea importancea ofa thea religiousa establishmenta hasa
increased,a anda thisa developmenta hasa undoubtedlya influenceda thea politicala climatea ofa
thea country.a Iran'sa ritualsa anda traditionsa stilla reflecta mucha ofa thea Shiaa politicala
culturea ofa today.a Prayers,a storya recitations,a anda streeta processionsa area aa fewa examplesa
ofa thesea ritualsa anda traditions.

Onea ofa thesea ritualsa isa thea dailya performancea ofa thea Namaza prayer.a Therea isa aa
Fridaya prayera ina Irana ina additiona toa thea dailya prayers,a whena Muslimsa traditionallya
goa toa thea mosquea toa praya anda listena toa religiousa leadersa speaka aa rangea ofa topics,a
whicha occasionallya includesa currenta politicala events.a Duringa Fridaya prayers,a clergya cana
preacha ona moralsa anda occasionallya explorea topicsa thata onea mighta thinka area outsidea
thea purviewa ofa thea religiousa institution.

Onea ofa thea mosta politicallya chargeda Shi'itea practicesa ina Irana isa thea rituala ofa
narrativea recital.a Althougha Tamadonfara claimsa thata thisa ceremonya isa performeda
throughouta thea year,a Muharrama appearsa toa bea thea montha whena ita isa mosta intensea
(Raya Browna anda Michaela Marsdena 1994,a p.a 26).a Shi'itesa essentiallya recounta thea livesa
ofa thea Shi'aa martyrsa duringa thisa montha ona thea streets,a ina theira homes,a anda ina thea
mosques.a Sucha narrativesa havea aa politicala motivationa thata isa obvious;

Shi'ism'sa heritagea anda emergencea asa thea officiala religiona havea unmistakablya shapeda
Iran.a Iraniana Shi'itesa area stilla remindeda ofa thea injusticea Alia suffereda ata thea handsa ofa
thea Sunnia Caliphs,a anda theya continuea toa linka sucha injusticesa toa thea historicala
oppressors.a Shi'ism'sa politicala aspectsa havea becomea soa establisheda ina Iraniana culturea
thata theya area justa unanswerable.a Evena Iran'sa religiousa minoritiesa cana identifya witha
thea statea religion'sa politicala aspects.

23
2.7:a Thea Rootsa ofa Sociala Justice:

Manya Iranians'a decisionsa anda cognitivea processesa area significantlya influenceda bya thea
ideaa ofa anda fighta fora sociala justice.a Iraniansa tenda toa feela thea concepta ofa justicea
emotionallya rathera thana actuallya definea it,a thereforea ita isa difficulta toa describea whata ita
meansa toa them.a 40a Thea nexta sectiona willa makea ana efforta toa explaina howa thea ideaa
ofa sociala justicea camea toa bea aa parta ofa politicala culture,a whata ita means,a howa ita hasa
changeda overa time,a anda howa ita currentlya affectsa Iraniana politicala culture.

Fora Iranians,a sociala justicea primarilya entailsa actinga ina waysa thata advancea communala
valuesa rathera thana one'sa owna self-interest.a Therefore,a ita isa believeda thata thea demandsa
ofa societya asa aa wholea area morea importanta thana thosea ofa ana individual.a Honesty,a
equality,a anda civica responsibilitya area alla promoteda bya sociala justice.

Thea ideaa alsoa allowsa fora aa stronga sensea ofa injusticea becausea Iraniansa havea lengthya
memoriesa ofa oppression,a invasion,a anda othera similara eventsa wherea thea community'sa
idealsa area eithera ignoreda ora violated.a Iraniansa takea communala concernsa personally;a asa
aa result,a rathera thana emotionallya distancinga themselvesa froma actionsa thata goa againsta
sociala norms,a theya becomea personallya involveda ina sucha matters.

Asa aa result,a ina Iraniana culture,a thea distinctiona betweena thea privatea anda thea publica isa
hazy.a Througha itsa pre-Islamica religiousa foundations,a Iran'sa culturea effectivelya gota
ingraineda witha thea ideaa ofa sociala justice.a Ina essence,a Zoroastrianisma viewsa existencea
asa aa strugglea betweena gooda anda evil,a ora betweena thea justa anda thea unjust.

Becausea ofa theira Zoroastriana heritage,a Iraniansa havea aa dualistica viewa ofa thea universe.a
Persiansa helda thata theira leadersa hada aa dutya toa puta thea interestsa ofa thea Persiana
communitya beforea theira owna personala wantsa becausea Zoroastriansa alsoa believeda thata
ina ordera fora aa leadera toa maintaina legitimatea powera overa aa nation,a sucha leadera musta
rulea aa societya baseda ona fairnessa (Mackeya 1998,a p.a 23).

However,a Sunnisa continueda toa rulea thea Caliphate.a Duringa thisa period,a Ali'sa alliesa anda
ancestorsa starteda politicala movementsa toa challengea whata theya sawa asa ana unjusta
succession.

24
Thea killingsa thata followeda thea strugglea fora controla fundamentallya contributeda toa thea
establishmenta ofa aa sociallya justa politicala culturea thata enduresa today.a Shi'itesa holda aa
favourablea opiniona ofa thea sacrificesa Husayna anda Alia madea toa reestablisha thea Islamica
edificea ofa authority.a Shi'itesa lamenta thea martyrs'a passinga todaya buta rejoicea ina theira
effortsa toa restorea sociala fairnessa ina aa societya thata seemsa toa havea drifteda awaya froma
sucha ideals.a Iraniana politicala culturea nowadaysa isa deeplya influenceda bya botha Shi'itea
anda Zoroastriana principles.a Becausea ofa howa Iraniansa viewa sociala injusticea anda theira
requireda parta ina achievinga change,a protestsa anda littlea revolutionsa havea becomea thea
norma ina thata country.

Onea membera ofa societya beinga treateda unfairlya bya anothera isa referreda toa asa sociala
injusticea ina Iran.a Iraniansa conversea abouta sociala issuesa witha onea another,a thereforea
theya effectivelya seea poora leadershipa asa ana injusticea towarda thea Iraniana peoplea thata
callsa fora aa stronga response.a Iraniansa frequentlya opposea sociala injustice,a anda ifa thesea
demonstrationsa area significanta enough,a theya maya leada toa revolutionarya change

2.8:a Conclusion:

Thea culturea isa ana amalgama ofa valuesa thata havea beena acquireda overa timea toa expressa
orientationsa towarda one'sa politicala system,a towarda peoplea ina it,a anda towarda politicala
participation.a Iran'sa pasta asa aa powerfula empirea hasa undoubtedlya contributeda toa Iranians'a
stronga feelinga ofa self.a Somea aspectsa ofa Iraniana identitya haven'ta changeda mucha overa thea years,a
despitea thea country'sa evolvinga politicala landscape.

Iraniansa oftena seea theira pasta asa aa vasta empirea whena faceda witha injustice,a anda theya recalla thea
greata kingsa whoa formerlya ruleda them,a thea martyrdoma ofa Alia anda Hussain,a anda thea extremea
instabilitya thata aa foreigna occupationa broughta upona thea Iraniana people.a Thesea aspectsa ofa thea
ancienta societya contributea toa feelingsa ofa dread,a rage,a anda insecurity,a whicha ultimatelya
translatea intoa thea revolutionarya conducta thata hasa beena seena ina thea past.

Therefore,a aa combinationa ofa thea nation'sa social,a historical,a religious,a anda politicala
developmentsa makesa upa thea generala Iraniana mindset.a Iraniansa stilla remembera thea timesa whena
Iraniana Kingsa mistreateda anda persecuteda thema throughouta history,a buta theya alsoa feela thea
glorya ofa ancienta Persiaa anda itsa Zoroastriana pasta thata helpeda toa builda thea country.a Sucha

25
distinctivea featuresa area thea sourcea ofa theira pride,a asa isa theira revolutionarya behavior,a whicha
hasa alla buta comea toa definea thema asa aa peoplea anda aa nation.

26
 CHAPTERa 3

Thea Culturala Attiresa ofa Iran

Althougha Persiansa makea upa thea majoritya ofa thea population,a Irana isa homea toa
numerousa smallera ethnica groups,a eacha ofa whicha hasa itsa owna language,a customs,a anda
attire.a Here,a wea examinea thea traditionala wardrobea ofa somea ofa Iran'sa mosta unusuala
tribes,a showcasinga thea vasta rangea ofa traditionala Iraniana apparel,a froma oddlya shapeda
capsa anda headdressesa madea toa foola invadersa toa strikinga colora combinationsa fita fora aa
runway.

Witha itsa richa culturala heritagea anda glory,a Iran,a oncea knowna asa Persia,a isa onea ofa thea
birthplacesa ofa civilization.a Duea toa itsa geographica location,a Irana attractsa peoplea froma
alla overa thea world,a anda thea culturea thata hasa resulteda hasa hada aa significanta impacta
ona thea worlda througha itsa art,a poetry,a science,a anda particularlya architecture.a Iran,a oncea
Persia,a hasa aa richa historya asa aa previousa worlda superpower.a Ina thea citya ofa Kashan,a
therea isa aa marketa knowna asa thea Bazaara ofa Kashana thata hasa existeda sincea thea Seljuka
era.

Thea wonderfula designa anda decorationa ofa thea bazaar'sa building,a especiallya thea roof,a
serveda asa mya inspirationa fora thea silhouettesa anda textilea designa ofa mya garment.a Thea
buildinga receivesa light,a anda thea roof'sa reflectionsa area beautiful.

Whilea ita isa usuala fora mena toa weara aa turban,a womena typicallya weara flareda clothinga
ora abayasa witha wide-leggeda pantsa anda area fullya covereda witha shawls.a Thesea everydaya
outfitsa resembleda thea flared-clothed,a shawl-covereda womena ofa mya hometowna ina termsa
ofa style.a Thisa attirea inspireda mea toa designa silhouettesa fora mya garments.

3.0:a Culturea ofa Men’s:

Thea traditionala men'sa garmenta includeda thea Shalvar,a anda Jameha combination,a oftena witha aa
widea belta calleda Kamarband,a froma whicha Englisha getsa thea worda "cummerbund".

27
Therea area fewera rulesa fora men,a buta youa shoulda avoida shortsa -a weara jeansa ora trousers.a Ta shirtsa
area fine,a buta youa shoulda avoida sleevelessa vestsa anda sticka toa ta shirtsa ora shirts.a Iraniana mena
dressa smartly,a morea oftena thana nota ina shirts.

3.0:a Culturea ofa Men’s

However,a choosinga toa weara ana otherwisea innocuousa necktiea cana bea aa riskya propositiona ina
onea country:a

3.1:a Thea Islamica Republica ofa Iran:

Iran'sa clericala establishmenta –a headeda bya Ayatollaha Khomeinia –a hada banneda thea salea ofa tiesa
followinga thea Islamica Revolutiona ina 1979,a regardinga thea textilea asa aa symbola ofa Westerna
culture

28
Mena area alloweda toa weara short-sleevea t-shirtsa ina summer,a buta nota sleeveless.a Asa aa malea
foreigna tourista ina Iran,a youa cana weara eithera short-sleevea t-shirtsa ora blouses.a Noa shortsa fora
mena either,a theya area alwaysa requireda toa weara longa trousers.

3.2:a Differenta Attirea Culturesa ofa Iran:

3.2.1. Bakhtiari:

Thea clothesa ofa thea Bakhtiaria nomadica tribea area versatilea bya design,a evolveda toa adapta
toa thea extremea weathera conditionsa theya maya encountera duringa migrationa –a froma thea
grassya plateaua ofa thea Khuzestana regiona toa thea mountainousa Chahara Mahal.a

Whilea mena weara tunics,a widea trousersa fasteneda ata thea anklea anda woola skullcaps,a thea
womena area oftena seena ina colourful,a layereda skirtsa paireda witha matchinga vests.a

Theira longa headscarvesa area embellisheda witha hand-stitcheda designsa ora ornaments.

Figa 3.2:a Bakhtiari

3.2.2. Qashqai:
Mainlya froma Turkic,a Kurdisha anda Arabica origins,a thea Qashqaia area aa clana ofa nomadica
tribespeople,a somea ofa whoma stilla followa thea ancienta migrationa routes.a Womena area
distinguisheda bya theira voluminous,a multilayered,a colorfula skirtsa anda longa headscarvesa
pinneda undera thea chin,a whicha allowa loosea strandsa ofa haira toa framea theira faces.a Thea
mena weara collarlessa whitea shirtsa anda longa cloaks,a secureda arounda thea middlea bya aa

29
cummerbund.a Theira rounda dogushi,a ora “two-eared”a hats,a area madea ofa aa sheep’sa woola
felta anda area uniquea toa thea tribe.

3.2.3. Turkmen:
Livinga ina northerna Irana fora thea mosta part,a alonga thea bordera witha Turkmenistan,a
Turkmena havea liveda fora hundredsa ofa yearsa asa aa nomadica tribe.a Today,a they’rea morea
rooted,a witha manya livinga ina permanenta homesa anda tents,a althougha somea continuea thea
nomadica tradition.a Earthya tonesa dominatea thea traditionala dressa ofa botha Turkmena mena
anda women.a Wearinga longa dressesa witha opena robes,a womena oftena conceala parta ofa
theira facea witha aa clotha hanginga justa belowa thea nose.a Woola hats,a worna toa protecta
againsta colda weather,a area thea prominenta featurea ofa men’sa dress.

Fig:a Turkmen

3.2.4. Kurds:
Kurdsa area nativea toa Kurdistan,a aa geo-culturala territorya spreada acrossa aa vasta areaa thata
spansa partsa ofa Turkey,a Syria,a Iraqa anda Iran,a soa it’sa noa surprisea thata thea traditionala
dressa variesa slightlya froma regiona toa region.a Onea constanta isa thata botha mena anda
womena tenda toa weara baggya clothesa shapeda ata thea waista bya aa widea belt.a Mena weara
matchinga jackets,a whilea womena decoratea theira headscarvesa witha danglinga coinsa anda
jewels.a Sometimes,a you’lla seea mena anda womena wearinga aa blacka velveta hata decorateda
witha ambera anda turquoisea beadsa ora golda anda silvera charms

30
3.3:a Culturea ofa Women’s:
Differenta peoplea ina termsa ofa differenta citiesa anda regionsa havea theira owna speciala clothes.a It’sa
truea thata todaya mosta ofa thea peoplea almosta abouta 70a %a ofa thema weara thea samea clothesa anda
havea aa verya similara stylea buta wea can’ta denya thisa facta thata everya nationa anda everya ethnica hasa
itsa owna speciala stylea anda clothes.a There’sa ana unlimiteda lista ofa thesea kindsa ofa clothesa ina Irana
whicha Women’sa clothesa hasa speciala beautya whicha captivatesa anya viewer’sa eye

Ina thea 1930s,a thea then-ruler,a Rezaa Shah,a prohibiteda womena froma wearinga thea hijab,a anda
policea werea ordereda toa forciblya removea headscarvesa froma womena wearinga them.a Followinga
thea Iraniana revolutiona ina 1979,a ina thea earlya 1980s,a Iraniana authoritiesa imposeda aa mandatorya
dressa codea requiringa alla womena toa weara thea hijab.

Iraniana lawa statesa thata "anyonea whoa explicitlya violatesa anya religiousa tabooa ina public"a shoulda
bea imprisoneda fora upa toa twoa months,a ora floggeda witha 74a lashes.a Ina practice,a thisa meansa
womena musta covera theira haira witha aa headscarfa anda theira armsa anda legsa witha loosea clothing.

Thea chadora isa worna bya somea Iraniana women,a regardlessa ofa whethera theya area Sunnia ora Shia,a
buta isa considereda traditionala toa Persiana Iranians,a witha Iraniansa ofa othera backgroundsa wearinga
thea chadora ora othera traditionala formsa ofa attire.

Ita isa aa verya traditionala anda conservativea outfit,a whicha isa ana overalla dressa withouta sleevesa anda
usuallya comesa ina black.a Manya womena willa weara thisa outfita ina religiousa citiesa anda villagesa ina
Iran,a sucha asa Qom,a Kashan,a Mashhad,a anda Yazd.

Thea mosta commona uniforma consistsa ofa aa heada scarfa (roo-sari,a ‫)روسری‬a toa conceala thea heada
anda neck,a aa formless,a knee-lengtha coata knowna asa aa roo-poosha (‫)روپوش‬a anda aa longa dressa ora
paira ofa pants.

Undera thea lawa adopteda ina 1983,a foura yearsa aftera Iran'sa Islamica revolution,a alla women,a
regardlessa ofa faitha ora nationality,a musta conceala theira haira witha aa headscarfa ina publica anda weara
loosea fittinga trousersa undera theira coats.

Shorta skirtsa area nota acceptable.a Jeans:a Tighta jeansa woulda bea acceptablea asa longa asa aa longa
shirta ora cardigana coversa thea behind.a However,a wearinga thema ina morea religiousa townsa ina Irana
isa nota advised.a Leggings:a Theya area verya commona ina Iran,a anda theya comea ina differenta colours.

31
Irana isa onea ofa onlya twoa countriesa ina thea worlda thata requirea womena toa covera theira haira bya
law.a Ina ralliesa thata activistsa saya havea claimeda thea livesa ofa morea thana 80a people,a womena havea
burneda headscarvesa anda cuta theira haira ina thea streetsa toa protesta clothinga lawsa imposeda ona
Iraniana women.

3.4:a Hijaba Rulesa fora Women’s:

Accordinga toa haditha aa womana musta covera hera fulla bodya alonga witha facea anda hands,a buta ita isa
permissiblea fora aa womana toa keepa hera handsa anda facea uncovered.a Ina addition,a thea dressa codea
ofa concubinesa ina Shariaa lawa isa completelya differenta froma thata ofa freea women.

Ita wasa madea compulsorya fora womena toa weara thea hijaba ina Iran,a followinga thea 1979a Islamica
Revolution.a Thea governmenta drawsa ona partsa ofa thea Qurana (Islam'sa holya book)a anda thea
Hadithsa (sayingsa ofa thea Propheta Mohammad)a toa justifya thea policy,a thougha Muslima religiousa
writinga isa nota entirelya cleara ona whethera womena shoulda veil.

32
 Chapter:4

Mya Inspirations

4.1:a Kashana Bazar:

Kashana Bazaara isa onea ofa thea mosta spectaculara marketsa ina Iran.a Ita isa locateda ina thea
citya centera anda isa aa populara destinationa fora tourists.a Ita isa aa uniquea placea wherea
guestsa cana experiencea thea reala lifestylea ofa Iraniansa –a busya yeta relaxed,a messeda ata
firsta sighta buta witha itsa owna organizationa anda order.Ita isa thea maina bazara ofa citya Iran,a
Ita isa ana olda bazara whicha isa stilla ina use.

Figa 4.1:a Kashana Bazar

Kashan’sa bazaara witha alla thosea handa craft,a carpet,a anda seasoningsa storesa isa onea ofa
thea mosta attractivea sightsa fora touristsa whoa havea attracteda manya internala anda foreignera
touristsa whoa havea nameda kashana ina theira travelogue.a Fora instancea ina thea booka ‘Zinat-
el-majalesa ita isa writtena thata “therea isa noa bazaara likea kashan’sa thea lengtha ofa whicha
isa nearlya 2000a steps”.a Edwarda Brown,a thea famousa easta hastera writesa “coppersmiths’a
bazaara ina kashana witha thea continuousa sounda ofa thea hammera anda furnacea ina whicha
thea coopera isa melta isa onea ofa thea mosta attractivea partsa ofa thea east”.a

Thisa famea hasa sometimesa causeda exaggerationsa sucha asa Abua Alia Sinaa ora peoplea
forma Isfahana complaininga abouta thea sounda ofa thea hammera ina coppersmiths’a bazaara
ina kashana Bazaara isa thea biggesta urbana spacea anda ina differenta erasa ofa civilizationa ita
hasa embodieda alla productivea anda businessa activities.a Witha stronga continuousa

33
polarization,a soa thata thea usea ofa businessa economya hasa dominateda organizationsa ofa
suburbana spaces,a ita hasa continuouslya attracteda thea economica resourcesa froma thea
suburbana partsa ina favora ofa thea citya anda consequentlya thea resourcesa havea beena
concentrateda ina thea citya (SoltanZade,a Iraniana bazaara 2001.Thea linka betweena stonea anda
thea bazaara ora thea Mira Emada mosquea shoulda bea mentioneda tooa whicha causeda thea
contradictiona anda integrationa ofa thesea elementsa usinga architecturea ata thea samea timea
asa keepinga intacta thea highlighteda urbana factors.a
Thea citya anda urbana spacesa area thea groundsa fora urbana interactions,a events,a anda dailya
livesa ofa thea people.a Ina thisa regard,a streetsa area thea mosta basica anda majora urbana
spaces.a Maina axesa ofa citiesa area maina streetsa whicha havea embodieda thea majoritya ofa
shoppinga centersa anda thea rootsa fora peoplea toa comea anda go.a Soa theira qualitya isa
determinanta ofa thea citiesa qualitya (bahriania 2010).a Suggestsa thata urbana spacea isa onea
ofa thea factorsa ofa spatiala structuresa thata emerges,a takesa aa shape,a anda changesa witha
thea historya ofa thea peoplea ina aa citya ina differenta ages.a
Thisa elementa ina whicha therea havea alwaysa beena cultural,a social,a economic,a anda
politicala activitiesa beatsa witha thea hearta anda thea historya ofa thea citya anda definesa thea
historya ofa it.a (Tavasolia 1992:9).a Thea necessitya ofa urbana symbolsa hasa causeda
“cooperativea systems”,a “urbana identity”,a anda “sociala belonginga feeling”a toa bea effectivea
ona sociala anda humanea relationshipsa ina aa city.a (Barzegar,a reviewa ofa urbana identitya
2004)Thea backa bonea ofa thea historicala parta formsa thea backa bonea ofa bazaara whicha
extendsa froma southwesta toa northeasta anda isa surroundeda bya threea streets.a
Thisa areaa isa thea mosta importanta parta ofa thea urbana spacea buta alla partsa ofa ita area nota
ofa thea samea importance.a Abazara anda Rajaeea streetsa area ofa aa greatera importancea
becausea theya area locateda ina thea directiona ofa historicala movementa anda acta asa aa jointa
fora thea moderna anda thea historicala part.a Ina thea fielda ofa ora studya therea area othera
studiesa bya othera authorsa namely;a Ahmeda Ashraf,a Soltana zade,a Habibi,a Hasana Naraqi,a
Haeri,a anda Hanachia thea worksa ofa whoa cana bea referreda to.a
4.2:a Historya ofa Kashana Bazaar
Kashana Bazaara isa believeda toa bea builta undera thea rulea ofa thea Seljuqa dynastya ina thea 10th-11tha
century.a However,a thea maina reconstructiona wasa implementeda duringa thea Safavida era.a Aftera
800a yearsa ofa beinga aa centera ofa trade,a thea bazaara isa stilla operating.a Somea partsa ofa thea bazaara
werea renovateda –a likea Aminoddolea Caravansaray,a buta somea cornersa keepa thea originala spirita
ofa thea bazaar.

34
 Figa 4.2:a Historya ofa Kashana Bazaar

Thea bazaara wasa locateda ina thea centrala sectiona ofa thea town,a whilea thea urbana quartersa laya ona
twoa wingsa ofa thea bazaara witha mosquesa ina majora sectionsa anda thea regionala roadsa directeda
towardsa thea bazaara caravansariesa .a Thea bazaara ofa Kashan,a whicha prospereda duringa thea
Safavida eraa witha aa largea numbera ofa craftsmena anda transactionsa ina largea amountsa ofa
commodities,a declineda substantiallya duringa thea Qajara perioda (seea Ashraf,a 1970).a Thea
introductiona ofa Europeana fabrics,a rearrangementa ofa foreigna trade,a anda relocationa ofa
productiona froma textilesa toa carpeta weaving,a whicha developeda ina thea spacesa outsidea ofa thea
bazaara ina thea Qajara era,a leda toa thea declinea ofa industrya anda tradea ina thea traditionala
marketplace.a Nevertheless,a thea bazaara continueda itsa commerciala activitiesa anda extendeda
towardsa thea northeast,a whilea thea towna incorporateda thea Pošt-ea Mashada quartera withina itsa
easterna boundariesa .Newa additionsa toa thea bazaara includeda thea Timča-yea Amin-al-Dawlaa
caravansary,a twoa prosperousa madrasas,a anda aa mosque.

4.3:a Architecturea ofa Kashana Bazaar

Thea architecturea ofa Kashana Bazaara isa onea ofa thea mosta interestinga thingsa abouta it.a Duea toa itsa
longa history,a thea bazaara wasa rebuilta anda completeda duringa thea time.a Soa herea youa cana seea
ancienta bricka wallsa anda newlya restoreda parts.
35
a Figa 4.3:a Architecturea ofa Kashana Bazaar

Kashana Bazaara hasa twoa maina streetsa anda lotsa ofa smalla alleys.a Awaya froma thea streetsa anda
shops,a therea area mosques,a bathhouses,a caravansaries,a anda evena tombs.a Thea mosta interestinga

onesa area Aminoddolea Caravansaraya witha magnificenta domea anda aira well,a Soltania
Mosquea whicha isa opena onlya fora men,a anda ana 800-year-olda Emada Mosque.a 19th-centurya
Hammam-ea Khan,a aa publica bathhousea ina thea past,a nowa isa aa traditionala teahouse.

Thea roofa ofa Kashana Bazaara isa aa structurea ofa aa totallya differenta style.a Modesta sandya domesa
protecta sellersa anda theira buyersa froma suna heata anda providea ana amazinga viewa toa thosea whoa
climba ona thea top.a Anothera notablea featurea ofa thea Bazaara isa thea networka ofa watera canalsa –a so-
calleda “qanats”,a thata supplya pondsa anda fountains,a makinga thea aira insidea thea bazaara coola anda
fresh.

Activitiesa area placeda ina bazara ona thea basisa ofa dividinga tasksa amonga guilds.a Eacha guilda isa
placeda ina onea neighborhood.a Placinga guildsa ina Iraniana bazaarsa followsa regulara basis.a
Goldsmithsa area locateda ina thea entrance;a bookstoresa anda bookbindinga area placeda ina thea Jamea

36
Mosquea corridora anda thena goa fabrica sellers,a crystala anda porcelaina sellersa parallela toa
goldsmiths.a Anothera factora relateda toa wholesalea isa caravansary.a Ina thea pasta Caravansa whoa
transporteda goodsa anda passengersa toa othera cities,a entereda caravansariesa whicha werea locateda ata
thea enda ofa thea maina divisiona ofa bazara neara thea citya gatea (Naraqia 1986).

4.4:a Materialsa Useda ina Kashan:

Thea naturea ofa thisa researcha isa qualitative;a therefore,a concerninga thea documentarya anda librarya
studies,a “contenta analysis”a anda “logicala deduction”a methodsa area useda toa achievea aa conceptuala
framework.a Ina contenta analysisa ofa thisa work,a thea researchera hasa trieda toa deducea froma thea
eventsa anda finda somea aspects,a thena applya thema toa thea proposeda systema baseda ona recognitiona
ofa sustainablea factors.a

Thea contenta analysisa hasa ana importanta rolea ina thea researcha process,a asa ita hasa thea abilitya toa
analyzea thea unrecognizeda phenomenaa bya mediatinga thea relateda data.a Thea currenta researcha
alsoa useda contexta studiesa anda surveysa toa identifya thea valuesa ofa thea casea study.

Thea lacka ofa theoriesa anda intellectuala frameworks,a asa wella asa principleda solutions,a necessitatesa
conductinga aa studya ina thisa regard.a Ina ordera toa achievea thea researcha objectives,a thea followinga
methodsa willa bea used:a Studyinga documents,a includinga literaturea review,a anda clarifyinga thea
issue;a reviewinga relevanta documentsa ina thisa field;a studyinga booksa anda academica resourcesa
(thesesa anda academica research,a journals);a exploringa relevanta resourcesa ofa correspondinga
institutionsa (Housinga Foundationa anda Culturala Heritagea Organization);a searchinga thea internet;a
studyinga charters;a reviewinga theoriesa relateda toa thea subject;a exploringa criteria;a reviewinga
proposeda solutionsa asa wella asa systematica experiencesa ofa othera countries,a includinga
internationala organizations,a foundations,a anda institutionsa concerninga witha heritagea
preservation.a

37
 Figa 4.4:a Materials

Regardinga thea methodsa used,a aa theoreticala anda intellectuala frameworka ina foura maina axesa isa
planned:a Strategiesa anda policies;a planninga anda designing;a implementation;a anda finallya
analyzinga modelsa anda thea solutionsa obtaineda bya fielda studies,a includinga identifyinga anda
documentinga thea existinga condition,a weaknesses,a anda potentials,a asa wella asa questiona anda
answera ina thea forma ofa interviewsa witha indigenousa people.a

Thisa isa toa providea aa suitablea modela anda formulatea thea principlesa anda guidelinesa fora achievinga
thea desireda goalsa anda thena analyzinga collecteda information,a planninga anda rankinga ofa
priorities,a anda ultimatelya achievinga thea basica principlesa anda guidelinesa fora re-establishmenta
througha thea processa ofa designinga anda settinga policiesa anda strategies.

38
4.5:a Locationa ofa Kashana Bazaar:
Accordinga toa thea country’sa divisions,a Kashana isa locateda ina northeasterna provincea ofa Isfahana
witha ana areaa ofa 4408a km2a .a Kashana isa locateda 244a kma ina southa ofa Tehran,a ata 51a degrees,a 27a
mina easta anda 33a degrees,a anda 59a mina northerna latitudea froma thea Greenwicha meridian.a Thisa
citya isa locateda ona thea maina highwaysa ofa thea countrya witha aa privilegeda position.

Thea citya ofa Kashana cana bea studieda ina termsa ofa historicala anda linguistica aspects,a informationa
abouta whicha overlapsa ina somea cases.a Thea mosta famousa namesa ina thea ancienta textsa ofa thisa
citya are:a Qasan-Kasa rood,a Kaha Fashan,a Kasan,a anda Keya ashian.a Accordinga toa linguists,a
Kashana refersa toa summera housesa madea ofa wooda anda strawa [11]a (p.a 557).a Thea plana fora
revitalizationa anda improvementa ofa thea historicala contexta ofa Kashana hasa beena suggesteda bya
Irana Ministrya ofa Roadsa anda Urbana Developmenta alonga witha thea Shahra oa Khaneha Consultancy

Kashana Bazaara isa locateda ina thea citya center,a betweena Babaa Afzala anda Mohtashama streets.a
Bazaara hasa twoa entrancesa –a southa entrancea ata Kamal-Ola Molka Square,a northa entrancea ata
Darvazea Dolata Square.a Therea area numerousa tourista sitesa arounda anda insidea bazaar:a
Aminoddolea Caravansaraya anda Soltania Mosquea insidea thea bazaar,a Aghaa Bozorga Mosquea
ona thea south-westa ofa bazaara ina 5a minutesa ofa walking,a historicala housesa Abbasi,a Tabatabaei,a
Ameria anda Borujerdia ina 15a minutesa ofa walking.

4.6:a Methadologya anda Approach:

Dataa gatheringa isa conducteda througha thea reviewa ofa thea backgroundsa anda historya froma
librariesa anda othera dataa bases.a Ina eacha stepa ofa thea studya anda asa ita requiresa differenta methodsa
area used.a Descriptivea method:a thea impacta ofa promotinga thea qualitya ofa urbana spacesa ina theira
sustainabilitya ina differenta aspectsa .Definitionsa anda instancesa area exploiteda usinga librarya
researcha viaa descriptiveanalytica approach.a Descriptivea quantitiesa studya isa useda fora thea currenta
paper.a Ina descriptivea part,a thea nature,a conditions,a anda forminga elementsa area studieda anda
described.

39
 Figa 4.6:a Methodologya anda Approach

4.7:a Researcha limitation/implications:

Interfacea witha thea tissuea spacesa ina thea citiesa ofa ancienta Persia,a numerousa functionsa ofa thea
variousa elementsa thata existeda betweena thea urbana anda architecturala elementsa ofa thea spacea linka
isa considereda togethera witha thea identity.a Thisa thesisa aimsa toa identifya anda determinea thea rolea
ofa thea interstitiala spacea ina identifyinga broada historicala contexta fora space.a Stateda thea
importancea anda thea needa toa improvea urbana spacesa arounda thea marketa emphasizea thea
historicala valuesa (Bazaara ofa Kashan)a anda focusesa ona thea physicala anda aesthetica aspectsa ofa thea
fatea ofa thea historica Bazzara towna isa triggered.

40
Lookinga outa ata Kashan,a froma atopa thea compresseda muda roofa ofa thea Kashana Bazaar.a Lookinga
outa ata Kashan,a froma atopa thea compresseda muda roofa ofa thea Kashana Bazaar.

4.8:a Textilea Inspirations:

Persiana handwovena fabrica isa populara ina differenta partsa ofa Irana anda thea mosta famousa anda higha
qualitya onea isa calleda Termeh.a Ita isa usuallya considereda asa aa greata optiona becausea ofa itsa
practicala anda ornamentala purposes.a Termeha isa usuallya useda toa makea differenta luxuriousa
products;a sucha asa curtains,a prayera mats,a tablecloths,a scarves,a cushiona covers,a waistbands,a
robes,a headdresses,a quilta covers,a anda floora spreadsheets.a Ina ordera toa keepa Termeha fabrica fora
aa longa time,a somea precautionsa shoulda bea donea toa avoida anya damage.

Figa 4.8:a Textilea Inspirations

Youa needa toa keepa thisa fabrica awaya froma humiditya anda directa sunlight.
Ita isa bettera toa washa thisa fabrica witha handsa becausea thea washinga machinea maya damagea it.

41
Asa ita isa madea ofa delicatea silk,a ita isa bettera toa takea thea dusta awaya bya movinga it.
Youa cana havea Termeha fabrica fora longa yearsa ifa youa takea aa gooda carea ofa it.a Therea area somea
pointsa whicha cana helpa youa buya thea mosta valuablea Termeh

4.9:a Termeha Fabric:

Termeha isa aa kinda ofa luxuriousa fabrica whicha wasa previouslya useda fora makinga higha
classa clothes.a Thesea days,a ita isa generallya useda toa makea tablecloth,a bedspreada anda
prayinga mat.a Onea ofa thea mosta luxuriousa Persiana Handicraftsa isa calleda Termeha whicha
isa aa speciala piecea ofa fabrica madea ofa silka ora wool.a Termeha ofa Isfahana isa aa higha
qualitya fabrica whicha cana bea bought.

Figa 4.9:a Termeha Fabric

42
4.10:a Introductiona ofa Termeh:
Termeha isa knowna asa aa preciousa fabrica witha traditionala colorfula designs.a Aa lota ofa
peoplea witha differenta sociala levelsa considera ita asa aa kinda ofa fabulousa piecea ofa arta
fora theira personala usagea ora asa aa gifta toa others,a especiallya thea newly-marrieda couples,a
becausea theya believea thata ita bringsa lucka anda happiness.a Thisa fabrica isa madea ofa
naturala silka ora woola fibera whicha isa whiteneda anda coloreda ina ordera toa bea useda asa
softa threadsa useda ina producinga Termeh.a Thisa fabrica isa usuallya wovena bya aa four-waya
foundationa wherea wefta threadsa area densea enougha anda movea freelya ata thea backa ofa
fabric.

4.11:a Historya ofa Termeh:

Whata isa Termeha isa aa repetitivea questiona whicha isa askeda bya peoplea whoa havea noa

informationa abouta Termeh.a Ita isa aa higha qualitya fabrica whicha hasa somea speciala

designsa ofa paisley,a arabesquea anda flowers.a Termeha isa onea ofa thea preciousa fabricsa

whicha isa madea ofa delicatea threads.a Ita isa onea ofa thea exquisitea handicraftsa ofa Iran.a

Isfahana anda Yazda area twoa famousa citiesa ina Termeha production.a

Figa 4.11:a Historya ofa Termeh

43
Thisa handicrafta wasa verya populara duringa thea pasta historya ofa Iran.a Duringa Achaemenia,a
Ashkania anda Sassanida Eras,a thisa arta attracteda thea attentiona ofa peoplea anda historians.a Thea mosta
prosperousa timea fora thisa arta wenta backa toa thea Safavida Eraa whena thea kingsa werea alla interesteda
ina arta anda Termeha wasa onea thea handicraftsa madea bya speciala weavinga techniquesa witha
difficulty.

Duringa Safavida Era,a thisa arta highlya flourisheda becausea ofa thea variousa threadsa anda colorsa useda
toa makea thisa fabric.a Kings,a richa peoplea anda thosea witha aa higha sociala ranka considereda thisa
fabrica toa makea variousa clothesa fora theira speciala events.a Asa thea pricea ofa Termeha wasa
expensive,a peoplea considera ita fora speciala applicationsa sucha asa royala curtains,a clothes,a anda
prayera mats.a Thisa fabrica wasa alsoa luxuriousa becausea ofa itsa traditionala Iraniana anda paisleya
patterns.

4.12:a Isfahana Termeh

Isfahana Termeha isa nota onlya famousa ina Irana buta alsoa othera countriesa area familiara
witha it.a Youa cana bea surea toa buya thea besta Termeha fabrica ina thisa citya becausea ita isa
madea ofa higha qualitya materialsa anda hasa nicea pastrya designs.a Ifa thea mentioneda
optionsa cana bea seena ina Termeh,a ita isa higha quality,a original,a anda expensive.a

Thea numbera ofa workshopsa whicha madea thisa handicrafta ina thea pasta wasa morea thana
thata ina thea currenta timea buta therea area stilla somea interesteda

mastersa anda younga peoplea whoa wanta toa transfera thisa beautifula arta toa differenta partsa
ofa thea world.a Termeha ofa Isfahana isa thea mosta luxuriousa anda valuablea typea ofa fabrica
whicha hasa attracteda thea attentiona ofa aa lota ofa peoplea arounda thea worlda becausea ita
hasa splendida designsa madea witha Sermeha embroiderya whicha doublesa itsa beauty.

44
 Chapter:5

Corea Concepts

5.1:a Intellect:
ّ ‫ا‬a
Thea Ministrya ofa Intelligencea ofa thea Islamica Republica ofa Irana (Persian:a ‫وزارت‬a ‫طالعات‬
‫جمهوری‬a ‫اسالمی‬a ‫ایران‬,a romanized:a Vezarat-ea Ettela'ata Jomhuri-yea Eslami-yea Iran)a isa thea
primarya intelligencea agencya ofa thea Islamica Republica ofa Irana anda aa membera ofa thea
Irana Intelligencea Community.

5.2:a Politeness:

Politenessa anda etiquettea area demonstrateda ona aa dailya basisa ina Iran.a Ita isa oftena
exhibiteda througha thea traditionala verbala anda nonverbala systema ofa politenessa –a
'taarof'.a Undera taarof,a Iraniansa strivea toa makea thea othera persona ina thea interactiona
feela asa appreciateda anda welcomeda asa possible.

5.3:a Achievements:

• Society:
Onea ofa Iran’sa greatesta successesa isa thea dramatica expansiona ofa itsa middlea class.a
Manya professionals,a whitea collara workers,a anda skilleda laborersa froma modesta
backgroundsa entereda thea middlea classa duringa thea 1980-1988a wara witha Iraq,a
whena thea countrya faceda growinga internationala isolation.a Thea distributiona ofa oila
wealtha helpeda spura alonga thisa process.
• Economy:
Irana hasa alsoa achieveda somea economica successa overa thea lasta threea decades.a
Thea Islamica Republica manageda toa paya offa itsa variousa loansa toa Americana
banksa withina twoa yearsa ofa thea 1979a revolution.a Thea governmenta useda oila
revenuesa toa builda highways,a railways,a factories,a powera plants,a airportsa anda
othera infrastructure.

45
 • Foreigna Relations:
Thea Uniteda Statesa anda itsa Westerna alliesa havea isolateda Irana economicallya anda
diplomatically.a Buta thisa isolationa hasa encourageda Tehrana toa pursuea aa pragmatica
diplomatica strategya thata hasa somewhata mitigateda thea impacta ofa internationala
sanctions.
Irana hasa builta economic,a tradea anda businessa relationshipsa witha non-Westerna
powersa sucha asa Chinaa anda Russia.a Tehrana hasa alsoa soughta tiesa witha regionala
powersa sucha asa Brazila anda Nigeria,a anda authoritariana statesa includinga Northa
Korea,a Syriaa anda Venezuela.a Irana hasa forgeda tradea anda financiala linksa witha
Iraq,a India,a Malaysia,a anda evena Thailand,a toa advancea whata ita callsa ana
“Easterna Policy.”a Thea Islamica Republica nowa considersa itselfa aa leadinga non-
Westerna power.a Ina 2012,a Tehrana hosteda thea Non-Aligneda Movementa Summit,a
viewinga ita asa ana indicatora ofa successfula foreigna policy.

• Militarya anda Security:

Irana hasa emergeda asa aa formidablea militarya powera ina thea Gulf.a Evena somea
keya Araba Gulfa statesa prefera toa accommodatea Tehrana rathera thana supporta
policiesa thata coulda riska aa militarya confrontation.a Thea Islamica Republic’sa regulara
militarya anda non-conventionala forcesa cannota matcha U.S.a capabilities.a Buta Irana
hasa somea deterrents,a includinga aa largea stocka ofa missilesa anda thea abilitya toa
launcha asymmetrica attacks.a a
a
Iran’sa militarya strengtha isa partlya rooteda ina thea developmenta ofa itsa nucleara
program,a whicha coulda bea useda fora militarya purposes.a Tehran’sa successa ina thea
nucleara fielda isa nota onlya duea toa enrichinga uraniuma toa 20a percent,a buta alsoa
toa buryinga itsa nucleara facilitya ata Fordo.

5.4:a Technology:

Scientifica productiona ofa Iran’sa scientistsa holdsa thea neededa potentiala anda wealtha toa bea
thea world’sa referencea ina sciencea anda knowledge.a Baseda ona thisa anda bya followinga
guidelinesa ofa thea supremea leadera ofa thea Islamica revolution,a preservation,a persistence,a
anda reinforcementa ofa thea scientifica productiona debatea hasa unavoidablea urgencya anda
prioritya ina academica anda scientifica circlesa anda gatherings.a Wea musta supporta
innovativea anda technologicala institutesa morea thana before.

Evena thougha thea countrya hasa achieveda regionala firsta ranka ina numbera ofa publisheda
articlesa anda enjoysa noticeablea rankinga ina thea worlda eithera ina basica ora ina clinicala
medicinea 1,2,a ita seemsa thea processa ofa commercializinga articlesa anda othera researcha
productsa anda transforminga researcha intoa producta anda innovationa productiona isa stilla ina
needa ofa morea attention.a Ita isa sucha thata Iran’sa ranka ina internationala innovationa
indicators,a ora Globala Innovationa Index,a isa stilla nota noticeable.a Despitea holdinga firsta
ranka ina thea regiona fora articlea publicationa anda scientifica production,a ina regardsa toa
46
globala innovationa indicators,a Irana holdsa 11tha ranka ina thea region,a rankinga whicha placesa
Irana aftera countriesa likea Uniteda Araba Emiratesa anda Kuwait.a Ina thisa rankinga system,a
unfortunately,a Irana holdsa ranka ofa 78a amonga thea 143a countriesa ofa thea world.a Ina thea
samea rankinga system,a Iran’sa ranka ina thea worlda ina regardsa toa infrastructurea fora
innovationa isa 91,a ina regardsa toa creativea outputa isa 75,a anda ina regardsa toa knowledgea
anda technologya outputa isa 65.a Ita seems,a ina thisa field,a morea drivea anda efforta shoulda
bea puta fortha toa shapea aa systema fora transforminga sciencea intoa innovation,a
commercializinga researcha anda pivotinga researcha ona productiona soa Irana cana bea
transformeda intoa ana innovativea countrya witha ana economya pivoteda ona sciencea anda
alsoa ina thea innovationa arenaa cana acquirea neededa authority.

5.5:a Respect:

Undera taarof,a Iraniansa strivea toa makea thea othera persona ina thea interactiona feela asa
appreciateda anda welcomeda asa possible.a Thisa isa commonlya donea bya makinga one'sa selfa
appeara secondarya ina comparisona toa thea othera persona anda insistinga toa puta thema first.

5.6:a Theology:

Thea vasta majoritya ofa Iraniansa area Muslimsa ofa thea Ithnāa ʿAsharī,a ora Twelver,a
Shiʿia branch,a whicha isa thea officiala statea religion.a Thea Kurdsa anda Turkmena area
predominantlya Sunnia Muslims,a buta Iran'sa Arabsa area botha Sunnia anda Shiʿi.a Smalla
communitiesa ofa Christians,a Jews,a anda Zoroastriansa area alsoa founda throughouta thea
country.

5.7:a Dignity:

Ina Iran,a Carea witha dignitya supportsa thea self-respecta ofa thea person,a recognisinga
theira capacitiesa anda ambitions,a anda doesa nothinga toa underminea it.a Ita includesa
respecta fora whata theya cana do,a whoa theya are,a anda thea lifea they'vea lived.a It'sa seena
asa aa centrala parta ofa qualitya ina carea work.

47
5.8:a Humbleness:

Whena someonea offersa somethinga toa youa (e.g.a tea,a sweets),a refusea ita initiallya outa
ofa politenessa beforea accepting.a Ita isa rudea toa puta youra feeta ona thea table.a Burpinga
anda sniffinga ina fronta ofa othersa isa considereda rude.a Onea shoulda nota toucha peoplea ofa
thea oppositea gendera unlessa theya area verya closea familya ora friends.

48
 Chapter:6

Mya Worka Journala

Ina thea beginning,a Ia starteda exploringa abouta thea culturesa ofa Irana anda alsoa abouta thea
trenda ofa olda anda latesta designs.a Aftera exploringa alla thea culturesa thena ia starteda
studyinga exploringa morea abouta thea languages,a Traditionala arta forms,a Undergrounda
Cultures,a Traditionala Arts,a Famousa Marketsa ina Iran,a Irania Currency,a Embroidery,a anda
cuisinea etc.a Mya workinga journala includes:

Mya maina focusa wasa ona bazarsa soa Ia pickeda kashana bazara ofa irana asa mya inspirationa
fora mya thesisa .

Fig:a Mya Journal

49
6.1:a Minea Mapping:

1:a Traditionala Arta Forms:

• Carpeta Weaving.
• Pottery.
• Architecture.
• Music.
• Calligraphy.
• Khatamkari.
• Vitreousa Enamel.
• Wooda Mosaic.

2:a Undergrounda Culture:

Morea recently,a Iraniana havea beena referringa toa themselvesa asa livinga ‘Underground’.a Ina
whicha peoplea behavea thea waya theya trulya believe,a oftena relaxinga theira morala codesa
ofa behavior.

3:a Traditionala Art:

Thea arta ofa Irana isa onea ofa thea richesta anda heritagea ina worlda historya anda encompassa
ina manya traditionala disciplinesa includinga architecture,a painting,a literature,a music,a
weaving,a pottery,a calligraphy,a metalworkinga anda stonemasonry.

4:a Famousa Marketsa ina Iran:

a Jummaha Bazar,a nearlya everya Friday,a thea multi-storya parkinga garagea ofa thea parvenaha
malla ina downtowna Tehrana isa converteda intoa aa fleaa market.

• Tabrica bazar.
• Ganjalia Khana Bazar.
• Khana Bazar.
• Esfahana Bazar.
• Tajrisha Bazar.

50
 • Kashana Bazar.

5:a Irania Currency:

Thea Riala isa thea currencya ofa Iran.a Therea isa noa officiala symbola fora thea currencya therea
buta thea Iraniana standarda ISIRIa 820a defineda thea symbola fora usea ona typea writera anda
thea twoa Iraniana standarda ISIRIa 2900a anda ISIRIa 3342a definea asa characters’a codea toa
bea useda fora it.

6:a Embroidery:

Nagsha worka isa onea ofa thea mosta famousa anda strikinga formsa ofa Iraniana embroidery,a

anda wasa populara ina thea latea eighteena anda nineteentha centuries.

7:a Cuisine:

• Kebab.
• Khoresht(Iraniana Stew).
• Fesenjan.
• Zereshka polo.
• Dizi/a Abgoosht.
• Tabriza Kofte.
• Mirzaa Ghasemi.
• Miraza Qasemi.
8:a Sports:

• Rugby.
• Bodya Building.
• Polo.
• Wrestling.
• Horsea Ridea Racing.
• Martiala Arts.
• Foota Ball.
• Volleya Ball.

51
9: Mooda Board:

Fig:a Mooda Board

52
6.2:a Researcha Board:

Ina thea Researcha Boarda “Ia deala witha strategica researcha mattersa wherea aa decisiona
levela isa inappropriatea owing”.

53
aa

54
6.3:a Illustrations:

Mya illustrationsa worksa area thea processa anda thea designsa whicha Ia choosea anda mya
illustrationa worksa includes:

aa

55
 Figa 6.3:a Illustrations

6.4:a Textilea anda fabrication:

• Smockinga technique:

Ina textile,a Ia wanteda toa doa somethinga differenta soa Ia useda comba smockinga whicha isa
aa typea ofa fabrica manipulationa formeda bya sewinga anda creatinga threea dimensionala
surfaces.a Smockinga isa aa sewinga techniquea thata manipulatesa thea fabrica anda createa

56
threea dimensionala surfaces.a Gridsa ofa dotsa area useda asa templatesa fora thea stitchesa anda
area markeda outa witha transfera sheetsa ora bya handa witha aa markinga tool

• Honey-Comba Smocking:

Honeycomba smockinga isa aa typea ofa smockinga wherea thea enda resultsa givea youa aa
beautifula diamonda design.

Figa 6.4:a Textilea anda Fabrications

57
6.5:a Digitala Printing:

Ia choosea digitala sublimationa fora thea printinga ofa mya designsa ona thea fabric. Ia usea thea
synthetica fabrica fora thea printinga becausea ita hasa noveltya anda ita saveda aa lota ofa time.

Texturea cana bea eithera implieda anda visuala ora aa tactilea surface.a Visuala texturea willa
givea aa surfacea thea looka ofa havinga aa texturea whilea stilla beinga aa flata surfacea whereasa
tactilea surfacea refersa toa thea feela ofa thea actuala surfacea e.g.a rougha ora smooth.

Figa 6.5:a Digitala Printing

58
6.6:a Adobea Working:

59
60
 Figa 6.6:a Adobea Workings

6.7:a Stitching:

Stitchinga isa thea processa wherebya fabrica isa fashioneda intoa aa finisheda producta bya
meansa ofa differenta sewinga techniques.a Thea stitchinga stagea holdsa extremea
significancea toa ensurea thata thea producta takesa itsa shapea accordinga toa requirements.a Ina
itselfa aa highlya specializeda field,a stitchinga requiresa carea anda precision.

61
Figa 6.7:a Stitching

62
 Chaptera 7

Conclusion:
Irana oncea calleda Persiaa isa onea ofa thea birthinga entitya ofa civilizationa witha itsa richa
culturea anda glory.a Irana hasa gota peoplea froma alla arounda ofa thea worlda duea toa itsa
locationa anda thea culturea developeda duea toa thisa hasa higha influencea ona worlda througha
itsa art,a poetry,a sciencea anda speciallya architecture.a Irana formera Persiaa wasa oncea supera
powera ofa thea worlda soa hasa largea heritagea associated.a Therea isa thisa marketa calleda
Bazaara ofa Kashana ina thea citya ofa Kashana anda isa therea sincea thea timea ofa Seljuks.a
Thea architecturea ofa bazaara speciallya thea roofa isa beautifullya designeda anda decorateda
whicha inspireda mea fora thea silhouettesa anda thea textilea designa ofa mya garment.a Lighta
entersa thea buildinga anda thea reflectionsa froma roofa area amazing.a Thea womena dressa ina
aa waya thata theya area fullya covereda ina flareda clothesa ora abayasa witha widea leggeda
trousersa anda covereda witha shawlsa whilea havinga turbana isa customarya fora men.a Thesea
dailya attiresa reflecteda aa similaritya ina dressinga froma mya homea towna womena wearinga
flareda clothesa anda covereda witha shawls.a Thisa attirea inspireda mea toa designa silhouettesa
fora mya garments.

63
The End
a

64