Health, Safety &

Environment
(CDB 1012/CEB 1032)

Module 3.1 Safety

Analysis and
Prevention
Lecture Contents

 What is Safety Analysis & its Purpose?

 Define Hazard & Risk

 Hazard Analysis

 Preliminary hazard Analysis

 What-if Analysis
Lecture Outcome

 Able to
 Define Safety Analysis and point out the
objective
 Define hazard & risk and list out of
importance for hazard identification
 Explain on the types of hazard analysis
What is Hazard?

A chemical or
physical condition
that has potential
to cause an
accident and may
lead to illness, or
property damage.
Example of Hazards
Table 1
Examples of Hazards and Their Effects
Workplace Hazard Example of Hazard Example of Harm
Caused
Thing Knife Cut
Substance Benzene Leukemia
Material Asbestos Mesothelioma
Source of Energy Electricity Shock, electrocution
Condition Wet floor Slips, falls
Process Welding Metal fume fever
Practice Hard rock mining Silicosis
What is Risk?
Risk is the chance or
probability that a
person will be harmed
or experience an
adverse health effect if
exposed to a hazard. It
may also apply to
situations with property
or equipment loss
Example of Risks

The risk of developing cancer from smoking

cigarettes could be expressed as "cigarette
smokers are 12 times (for example) more
likely to die of lung cancer than non-
smokers".
 Question to ponder??

So, how do we actually go

about identifying hazards?

And why should we bother?

 Why Hazard Analysis?
– Increases awareness of workplace
hazards
– Provides opportunity to identify and
control workplace hazards
– Can lead to increase productivity
– Prevent an occupational injury or
illness
So what is the purpose of safety analysis?

• Identify hazards
• Determine causes
• Determine possible effects
• Prevention
 Question?
??
Can you name some
sources of
workplace hazards?
 Sources of Hazards
– Sources of motion
– Sources of extreme temperatures
– Types of chemical exposures
– Sources of harmful dust
– Sources of light radiation
– Sources of falling objects
– Sources of sharp objects
– Sources of rolling or pinching objects
– Layout of the workplace and location of co-workers
– Electrical sources
 Hazard Analysis
HAZARD ANALYSIS is a systematic and
proactive approach to identifying hazards and
recommending corrective actions.

HAZARD ANALYSIS

Preliminary Hazard List Detailed Hazard Analysis

(PHL)
Involves application of
analytical, inductive and
deductive methods
Preliminary Hazard Analysis
(PHA)
Preliminary Hazard List (PHL)
 The preliminary hazard list (PHL) is an analysis technique for
identifying and listing potential hazards and mishaps that may
exist in a system.
 The PHL is performed during conceptual or preliminary
design and is the starting point for all subsequent hazard
analyses.
 The PHL is a means for management to focus on hazardous
areas that may require more resources to eliminate the hazard
or control risk to an acceptable level.
 Every hazard identified on the PHL will be analyzed with
more detailed analysis techniques.
 This analysis technique falls under the conceptual design
hazard analysis type (CD-HAT).
Preliminary Hazard List Overview
Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)
PRELIMINARY – (adj.) coming before and usually
forming a necessary prelude to something.
HAZARD – (n.) an activity or condition which poses threat
of loss or harm.
ANALYSIS – (n.) an examination of the elements of a
system, separation of a whole into its component parts.
PHA – it is used to identify hazards associated with
a design while the design is still in its earliest stages.
 Benefits of PHA

 Helps ensure the product is safe.

 Modifications are less expensive and

easier to implement in the earlier stages
of design.

 Decreases design time by reducing the

number of surprises.
PHA: Example
PHA: Example (cont…)
PHA: Example (cont…)
PHA: Example (cont…)
PHA: Example (cont…)
PHA: Example (cont…)
PHA: Example (cont…)
 “What If” Analysis

Identify hazards associated with a process

by asking questions that start with “What
if….?”

Common format:
— What if …

— Consequences/Hazards

— Recommendations/Control Methods
 Material Material
Storage A Storage B

A B

C
A+B C + heat
Product C
Storage

What-if Analysis Sample Process

What if Consequence Comments
Unreacted material B
Material A does not Alarm and shutoff valve B on
will contaminate
flow to the reactor? low flow through valve A
product C
Supply more cooling water to
Reactor temperature Reactor may be
reactor; alarm and shutoff
exceeds operating damaged if pressure
valves A and B when reactor
limit? relief valve fails
temperature limit exceeded
Product may be off
May need improved supplier B
Material B is specification;
quality control; verify material
contaminated? undesirable reactions
B receiving and procedures.
may occur
 PHA Advantages
– What Can it Do for You?
A well done PHA:
• Provides an inventory of hazards, existing or
foreseen, in a system, facility, or activity.
• Assesses their risks.
• Provides management a decision tool for
prioritizing activities effectively and assigning
resources efficiently in the challenge to bring
all risks under acceptable control.
 PHA Limitations
– What It CAN’T Do for You?
It may not include ALL hazards and the
assessments may not be right. Most PHA-ers
have limited knowledge, intellect, and ability to
prophesy. (If you know someone without these
limitations, be sure to include him on the team.)

A PHA, even though prepared with exhaustive

thoroughness and knowledge of all equipment
operations and procedural details, cannot
evaluate THE COMBINED EFFECTS of
COEXISTING FAILURES.
End of Lecture

Thank you..