21 CENTURY

st LITERATURE
FROM THE PHILIPPINES
AND THE WORLD
12 Literary
Composition
that have Influenced
the World
 1. The Bible or the Sacred writings: This has become
the basis of Christianity originating from Palestine and
Greece
2. Koran: The Muslim bible originating from Arabia.
The Muslim bible originating from Arabia concluded
that the major themes of the Holy Quranare God,
prophets, man, divine scriptures, and sin.
3. The Iliad and the Odyssey: These have been
the source of Myths and Legends of Greece. They were
written by Homer.
4. The Mahabharata: The Longest epic of the world. It
contains the history of religion in India
 5. Cantebury: it depicts the religion and customs of
English in early days. This originated from England and
written by Chaucer.
6. Uncle Tom's Cabin: written by Harriet Beecher Stowe
of US. This depicted the sad fate of slaves. This became the
basis of democracy.
7. The Divine Comedy: (A Dante of Italy). This shows
the religion and customs of early Italians.
8. El' Cid Compeador: This shows the cultural
characteristics of Spaniards and their national theory.
 9. The Song of Roland: This includes the Doce Pares and
Ronces Valles of France. It tells about the Golden Age of
Christianityin France.

10. The Book of the Dead: This includes the cult of Osiris
and the Mythology and theology of Egypt.

11. The Book of the Days: This was written by Confucius

of China. This became the basis of Christian Religion.

12. One thousand and One Night of the Arabian Nights:

from Arabia and Persia(Iran). It shows the ways of government
ofindustries and of society of Arabia's and Persians
 The Bible or Sacred
Writings
This has become the basis of Christianity originating from Palestine
and Greece. The Bible printed is most likely between 5-7 billion copies.
 The English word Bible is
derived from
Koinē Greek: τὰ βιβλία,
romanized: ta biblia, meaning
"the books" (singular βιβλίον,
biblion).
The word βιβλίον itself had
the
literal meaning of "scroll" and
 The last book of the first part,
known as the Old testament, was
finished about 330 years before the
birth Jesus Christ, the founder of
the Christianity.

The second part of the Bible -

the New testament- focuses of
Jesus life and the early Christian
Church.
 The Bible or Sacred Writings is both the
foundation test of the Christian faith and
one of the key documents of human
civilization. They generally consider the Bible
to be a product of divine inspiration and a
record of the relationship between God and
humans.
39 books: Old Testament
27 books: New Testament
Famous Bible Characters
OLD TESTAMENT:

1. Jesus Christ is the designation of Jesus of Nazareth (d. c. 30 CE), who was an itinerant Jewish
prophet from the Galilee in northern Israel.JESUS IS THE SON OF GOD. According to the Bible,
“Son of God” means: He is fully God. He is one of three persons who together make up the One
God.
2. Abraham - Father of the Hebrew nation and the ultimate role model for faith (Gen. 12:1-3; 1
Chron. 1:34; 2:1-2; Heb. 11:8-10).
3. Adam - He was the world’s first human being (Gen. 1:27; 2:7).
4. Balaam - He was a false prophet who attempted to curse Israel and thus prevent them from
entering the Promised Land (Num. 23-24).
5. Jonah -This Hebrew prophet, punished by God for his disobedience by being swallowed by a
great sea creature, later preached the divine message of repentance in Nineveh which resulted in
a city wide revival (Jonah 1-3).
6. Cain - He was the first baby to be born on this earth and would later murder his younger brother
Abel (Gen. 4:1, 8). The first Bible character who committed murder was Cain, he killed his brother
Abel. Cain in the first born son and of Adam and Eve.
7. Abraham - According to the biblical account, Abram (“The Father [or God] Is Exalted”), who is
later named Abraham (“The Father of Many Nations”), a native of Ur in Mesopotamia, is called by
God (Yahweh) to leave his own country and people and journey to an undesignated land, where
he will become the founder of a new nation.
Famous Bible Characters
OLD TESTAMENT:

8. David - He was Israel’s greatest king, the father of Solomon and author of over one-half of the
Psalms (Psa. 78:70-72; 2 Sam. 12:24; 23:1-2).
9. Job - God permitted this rich and righteous believer to be tormented by Satan to demonstrate the
presence of divine sovereignty even in the hour of great suffering which eventually resulted in Job
seeing both his creator and himself in a much clearer light (Job 1-2, 40-42).
10. Joshua - He was Moses’ successor who led Israel into the Promised Land (Josh. 1:1-3; 3:1-17).
11. Moses - He was Israel’s great deliverer and law giver who led his people from Egypt to the border
of the Promised Land and the author of scripture’s first five books (Exod. 14; 20; Deut. 31:9; 34:4).
12. Solomon - He was David’s son, the wisest man who ever lived, the last king over all 12 tribes and
author of Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Solomon (2 Sam. 12:24; 1 Kings 3:11-12).
13. Daniel - He served as Prime Minister in Babylon under Nebuchadnezzar and Darius and
interpreted the handwriting on the wall to King Belshazzar (Dan. 2:48; 6:1-3; 5:25-28).
14. David - He was Israel’s greatest king, the father of Solomon and author of over one-half of the
Psalms (Psa. 78:70-72; 2 Sam. 12:24; 23:1-2).
15. Solomon - He was David’s son, the wisest man who ever lived, the last king over all 12 tribes and
author of Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Solomon (2 Sam. 12:24; 1 Kings 3:11-12).
Famous Bible Characters
NEW TESTAMENT:

1. James the half-brother of Jesus - He was an unbeliever prior to Jesus’ resurrection but
following his conversion became pastor of the church in Jerusalem and would author the New
Testament Book of James
2. Luke - He was a Gentile physician, who traveled with Paul and author of the gospel of Luke
and the Book of Acts (Acts 16:8, 10; Lk. 1:1-4; Acts 1:1).
3. Mary, the mother of Jesus - She was the virgin wife of Joseph who was chosen to give birth
to the Savior of the world (Lk. 1:26-38; 2:7).
4. Matthew - He was a former tax collector, called by Jesus to become a
5. Paul - He was the greatest missionary, church planter, soul winner, and theologian in all of
church history, who would author (at least) 13 of the 27 New Testament books before being
martyred by Nero in Rome (Acts 13:2-3; 20:17-21; 2 Tim. 4:6-8).
6. Peter - He was a former fisherman, brought to Christ by his brother Andrew, called to serve as
one of the twelve, later denying his Savior on three occasions but after the resurrection becoming
His chief spokesman at Pentecost, finally authoring two New Testament epistles (1 and 2 Peter)
and dying a martyr’s death (Mt. 4:18-19; 10:2; Jn. 1:40-42; Lk. 22:54-62; Acts 2:14- 40; 2 Peter
1:13-14).
7. Judas Iscariot - He was the dishonest and demon possessed apostle of Jesus who betrayed
his master for 30 pieces of silver and then committed suicide (Jn. 12:4-5; 6:70-71; Mt. 26:14-15;
27:5).
 Koran
The Muslim bible originating from Arabia
 The Koran is a record of the exact words revealed by God
through the Angel Gabriel to the Muhammad. Muhammad
memorized the words and then taught his Companions. Then
scribes, who checked with Muhammad during his lifetime, wrote
down the words.
Not one word of its 114 chapters has been changed over the
centuries. The Koran is the primary source of every Muslim's faith
and practice.
It deals with all the subjects that concern all human beings:
wisdom, beliefs, worship, and law. However, it focuses on the
relationship between God and His creatures. It also provides
guidelines for a just society, proper human relationships and equal
divisions of power.
 FIRST BOOK
Surah Al-Faatihah: The First Chapter of the Holy Quran.

IMPACT OF QURAN
The Holy Quran teaches us gratitude and enhancing our joy in this
worldly life. Quran teaches us to be faithful to employers while
not compromising obedience to Allah Almighty. Quran obliges
Muslims to be clean in their daily life routine. The Quranic
narratives and rulings that also provide the basis for Islamic law in
most denominations of Islam.
 The Iliad and the
Odyssey
These have been the source of Myths and Legends
of Greece. They were written by Homer.
 They were written by Homer in the 8th century BC.
These stories describe events of the Greek Bronze Age
during which many foundations of Greek culture were first
established. The Iliad is centered around the Trojan
War, notably the death of the Trojan king Hector. Hector
is killed by the semi-divine Achilles, a great warrior
obsessed with developing an immortal reputation. The
Odyssey takes place after the Trojan War and follows
the character Odysseus as he attempts to travel home.
The face that launched a
thousand ships.
Characters in Illiad
Characters
Characters in Odyssey
 The
Mahabharata
The Longest epic of the world. It contains
the history of religion in India. Written by Vyasa with 18
Parvas.
 The Mahabharata is one of the two major Sanskrit
epics of ancient India, the other being the Ramayana. The
Mahabharata is the longest Sanskrit epic.
Its longest version consists of over 100,000 shloka or
over 200,000 individual verse lines (each shloka is a
couplet), and long prose passages. About 1.8 million words
in total, the Mahabharata is roughly ten times the length
of the Iliad and the Odyssey combined or about four
times the length of the Ramayana. W. J. Johnson has
compared the importance of the Mahabharata to world
civilization to that of the Bible, the works of Shakespeare,
the works of Homer, Greek drama, or the Qur'an.
TRIMURTI

1. Brahma- The
Creator with 4 heads (4
Knowledges)
2. Vishnu- The
Preserver
(10 Incarnations also known
as Dashavatara)
3. Shiva- Destroyer of
Brahma- The Creator with 4
heads (4 Knowledge)

Brahma has four heads and four

arms. His four heads represent the
four Vedas, the religious writings of
Hinduism. He is often shown with a
white beard to show he is the oldest
being in the universe.
Vishnu- The Preserver (10
Incarnations also known as
Dashavatara)
He is the central and most important god
of the trimurti. Vishnu’s main job is sustainer.
This means he supports and maintains
everything that exists. Vishnu is said to protect
the universe from harm. He is pictured as a
human body with four arms. He is colored blue
like the sky and the sea (the color blue
symbolizes the infinite) and has four arms. He
holds a conch shell which symbolizes creativity.
He holds a sharp-spinning discus like weapon
for the mind. He holds a lotus flower for truth.
Shiva- Destroyer of evil
Shiva is said to destroy evil and sins
and eventually the universe. Shiva has three
eyes. His middle eye sees the truth. From
his hair flows the Ganga (The holiest of all
rivers in India). From his drum comes the
sound ‘Aum’. Aum (pronounced ‘om’) is
represented by this symbol and is
the note or vibrations of the universe. It is
also the symbol of all the gods of Hinduism
and is the special work used to start prayers.
Finally, Shiva’s trident represents the
Trimurti (the three gods).
 Cantebury

It depicts the religion and customs of English in early

days. This originated from England and written by
Geoffrey Chaucer (The Father of English Literature).
It has 24 tales categorized into fragments.

Noble Tales
1. Knight' s Tale:
Told by the Knight.
A tale of love, rivalry, and chivalry featuring characters Arcite and Palamon.

2. Wife of Bath' s Prologue and Tale:

Told by the Wife of Bath.
The Wife of Bath shares her views on marriage in the prologue, followed by
a tale about a knight' s quest for the answer to "What do women desire
most?”

3. Miller ' s Tale:

Told by the Miller.
A comedic and bawdy story involving deception, infidelity, and cleverness.
 The Canterbury Tales is a frame narrative, or a story told around another story or
stories. The frame of the story opens with a gathering of people at the Tabard Inn in London
who are preparing for their journey to the shrine of St. Becket in Canterbury. The Host of the
inn suggests that they all take turns telling a tale as they travel. Whoever tells the best tale, to
be judged by the Host, will receive a free meal upon their return. In total, there are 24 tales.
It’s possible that Chaucer never finished the work since the prologue lists people who
made the journey but did not tell a tale. The tales include lessons on morality, human
struggles, and more humorous fare. It’s no surprise that these tales are the most vulgar and
sexually explicit in nature and also the most well-known ones.
The Host of the Tabard acts as a moderator during the trip, calling upon various
characters to share a tale. The Host often becomes bored or overwhelmed with some of the
tales, especially those that are emotionally tormenting. In response, he demands that the
characters tell more light-hearted tales which focus on love, chivalry, or something else. This
mix of characters is what makes the frame narrative so compelling during the journey.
Characters like the Miller and the Reeve, as well as the Friar and the Summoner, tell tales that
not only insult each other but are also explicit in nature.
 Uncle Tom’s
Cabin
Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe of US. This
depicted the sad fate of slaves. This became the basis of
democracy.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin, or Life among the
Lowly is at heart a typical nineteenth-
century melodrama of cruelty, suffering,
religious devotion, broken homes, and
improbable reunions.

On March 20, 1852, John J. Jewett & Co. published

the first one-volume edition of Uncle Tom’s
Cabin and sold 5000 copies in two days. Over
100,000 copies were sold by the end of the summer
and 300,000 by March 1853
 Uncle Tom’s Cabin’s initial influence was a matter
of timing. Its author, Harriet Beecher Stowe, was the
perfect combination of magpie, shrewd political
operator, and grieving mother. After the Fugitive Slave
Act of 1850, the time was right for an anti-slavery novel
and Stowe wrote one (though she claimed later that God
himself held the pen).

This depicted the sad fate of slaves and became the

basis of democracy.
 The Divine
Comedy
Written by Dante Alighieri from 1302 to 1320, Dante’s Divina
Commedia . This shows the religion and customs of early Italians,
make up of three-part Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso .
 Dante’s Divine Comedy is the second-most translated book in
the world. (Only the Bible has it beat.)
The book is divided into 100 sections, or “cantos.” One canto
serves as an introduction, and the remaining 99 are evenly
divided among three books: Inferno (hell); Purgatorio
(purgatory) and Paradiso (paradise).
Each of these realms is composed of nine rings, into which the
dead are divvied up after their demise. The nine rings of heaven
correspond with the planets and stars. “The world, the universe,
humanity, the angels and demons — everything is in perfect
balance,”
The first circle of Hell: Limbo (an uncertain situation that you cannot control and in
which there is no progress or improvement)
Although people are not tortured, there is the presence of
gloominess and sadness. People’s souls in Limbo are unhappy.
Although Heaven is near, they won’t be able to enter. This stage is at
the very base of the mountain and is part of what is known as Ante-
Purgatory.
The second circle of Hell: Lust (very strong sexual desire.)
The strong violent wind blows in the second circle of Hell. The
fierce wind drags and beats the tormenting souls on the rocks and
mountains.

The third circle of Hell: Gluttony (habitual greed or excess in eating.)

The icy and violent storm punishes souls which hold foul
decaying sludge and mud onto them. The Storm also rained human
wastes and worms upon them. They forced them to gurgle around in
the solid waste and soil.

The fourth circle of Hell: Greed (intense and selfish desire for something,
especially wealth, power)
They use great weights as a weapon and force it with their
chests which symbolize their selfishness during their lifetime.

The Fifth Circle of Hell: Wrath (extreme anger.)

Virgil searches for the souls to fight each other furiously on the
surface of the Styx River. Depending on the security of their wrathful
actions, they sink in the river water.
The Sixth Circle of Hell: Heresy (belief or opinion contrary to orthodox
religious (especially Christian) doctrine.)
Marks the beginning of lower Hell. They torture souls in successive
processes, who committed heinous crimes.the circle punishes souls in a
severely tortured climate. They trapped the souls of people, who denied
the cores of Christianity in flaming hot tombs

The Seventh Circle of Hell: Violence

Dante further divided this circle into three rings. They send souls to
suffer in the circles depending on the severity of their violence. If the guilty
try to rise out of the blood more than they are limited to, Centaur, who is
guarding them will shoot them.

The Eighth Circle of Hell: Fraud (wrongful or criminal deception intended to

result in financial or personal gain.)
The eighth circle of Hell is Mailbuch, meaning evil ditches. Dante
divided this circle into ten trenches or Bolgia.

The Ninth Circle of Hell: Treachery (betrayal of trust; deceptive action or

nature.)
Dante mentioned the last Ninth Circle of Hell as “Coccidius” which is
a frozen lake. It also has the centre of Hell where Satan resides. There
they freeze the souls in the death of the lake depending on the type and
severity of their sins
 One of the most important impacts The Divine Comedy had
in Dante's time was to develop the Italian language. Dante's
work was the foundation of humanism in European literature
or the use of vernacular language in literary work. Until this
time, major literary works were written only in Latin or
Greek. However, Dante composed this work in Italian
vernacular, or common dialect. However, Dante composed
this work in Italian. In addition, it also laid the foundation for
modern Italian (formerly Florentine Tuscan)
 In La Divina Commedia, Dante rebelled against the elitist
norm, with his belief that the speech of the common people
was more than valid a vehicle for his literary expression. By
utilizing the vernacular language of Tuscan, in pursuit of
linguistic populism, Dante exhorted other influential writers
such as Francesco Petrarca, Giovanni Boccaccio, Leone
Battista Alberti, and Vespasiano da Bisticci to write in the
vernacular as well.
 The Divine Comedy has been a source of inspiration
for artists, musicians, and authors since its appearance
in the late 13th and early 14th centuries. Works are
included here if they have been described by scholars
as relating substantially in their structure or content to
the Divine Comedy.
The purpose of Dante's Divine Comedy was to show
people the horrors their souls would go through if they
did not obey God's laws and did not live righteously.
THANK
YOU