Asavari Jivtode - 873 - Dissertation - II - Report

IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BUILDING ENERGY
RETROFITTING ON THE ENERGY SAVINGS OF

THE BUILDING
DISSERTATION 02
DECEMBER 2023
Guided by
Associate Prof. Sushil Kumar Solanki
Submitted by
Asavari Jivtode
SPA/NS/BEM/873
Department of Building Engineering and Management

School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi
2
ABSTRACT
Continuous increase of energy demand is a problem that people all around the world are facing.
In the meantime, buildings are determined as one of the main causes of the world's constantly
growing energy consumption. As a result, more consideration is now given to strategies to
lower the energy consumption of buildings when they are constructed. Nonetheless, the
existing buildings continue to be operated with a higher energy demand, and they are
anticipated to comprise the majority of the building stock for many years to come. The purpose
of this research is to examine the application of building energy retrofits in office buildings, as
they have been identified as an efficient way to lower the energy demand of the existing
buildings.
This dissertation investigates the multifaceted impact of building energy retrofitting on both
energy and cost savings. The study employs a comprehensive approach to assess the interplay
of various factors influencing the outcomes of retrofitting projects. The research reveals that
energy savings are directly influenced by the number of retrofitting strategies employed,
shedding light on the importance of a diversified approach to achieve optimal results. Case
studies were conducted, data related to applied energy retrofitting strategies, energy
consumption pre-retrofitting and post-retrofitting, and consequent cost savings achieved is
collected. The correlation analysis method is used to discover if there is any relationship
between the independent variables/factors that impact the energy savings post retrofitted and
how strong that relationship maybe might be. Furthermore, the analysis highlights the critical
roles played by the built-up area and occupancy of the building, showcasing the nuanced
relationship between these variables and energy efficiency. The findings underscore that
tailored retrofitting solutions are essential, considering the unique characteristics of each
building. Additionally, the study explores the impact of the total cost of retrofitting,
demonstrating that a higher investment enables the implementation of more robust strategies,
ultimately leading to increased energy savings. This dissertation contributes valuable insights
for policymakers, practitioners, and stakeholders involved in building energy retrofitting
projects, emphasizing the need for a holistic understanding of the complex dynamics
influencing energy and cost savings.
Keywords- Energy retrofitting, Retrofitting strategies, Energy savings
i
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation titled “ Impact assessment of energy retrofitting on the
energy and cost savings of the building” submitted by Asavari Jivtode in the partial fulfilment
for the degree of Masters in Building Engineering and Management at School of Planning
and Architecture, New Delhi, is a record of the student’s work carried out by her under my
supervision and guidance.
The matter embodied in this dissertation work has not been submitted for any other degree or
diploma.
Guide HoD
Associate Prof. Sushil Kumar Solanki
Associate Prof. Sushil Kumar Solanki Head of the Department,
Dept. of Building Engg. & Management, Dept. of Building Engg. & Management,
School of Planning & Architecture, School of Planning & Architecture,
New Delhi New Delhi
ii
PLAGIARISM/ORIGINALITY CERTIFICATE
I, Asavari Jivtode, hereby certify that no part of this report is reproduced or copied from
another literature source, published or non-published. All works used for the purpose of the
study are duly referred and acknowledged in the relevant portions of the report and sources
indicated.
Asavari Jivtode
SPA/NS/BEM/873
MBEM, II Year, 3rd Semester
iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to the
Head of the Department and my guide, Mr. Sushil Kumar Solanki, who supported me in
accomplishing this research. I would also like to express my gratitude to all the faculty
members of the department for their exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant
encouragement throughout the course of the dissertation.
Finally, I would like to extend my thanks to my family, friends and seniors for their support
and encouragement.
Asavari Jivtode
SPA/NS/BEM/873
MBEM, II Year, 3rd Semester
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... i
CERTIFICATE ........................................................................................................................ii
PLAGIARISM/ORIGINALITY CERTIFICATE .............................................................. iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ........................................................................................................ iv
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................... viii
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................ ix
List of Abbreviations ................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER 1: Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Need for Research .............................................................................................................. 2
1.3 Research Gap ..................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Aim ...................................................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Objectives............................................................................................................................ 3
1.6 Scope of Research .............................................................................................................. 3
1.7 Limitations .......................................................................................................................... 3
1.6 Research Methodology ...................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 2: Literature Review ........................................................................................... 6
2.1 What is Energy Retrofitting ................................................................................................. 6
2.2 Types of Energy Retrofits .................................................................................................... 6
2.2.1. Energy Conservation-Related Passive Measures ........................................................ 7
2.2.2. Energy Conservation-Related Active Measures ......................................................... 8
2.2.3. Energy Generation Related Measures ......................................................................... 8
2.2.4. Energy Management-Related Measures...................................................................... 8
2.2.5. Types of Retrofit based on the Amount of Energy Saved........................................... 9
2.2.6. Shallow Retrofit .......................................................................................................... 9
2.2.7. Deep Retrofit ............................................................................................................. 10
2.3 Retrofitting Outcomes ........................................................................................................ 10
2.4 Strategies of Energy Retrofitting ....................................................................................... 10
2.4.1. Building Envelope ..................................................................................................... 10
2.4.2. Electrical Systems ..................................................................................................... 11
2.4.3. Lighting Systems ....................................................................................................... 11
2.4.4. Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning System (HVAC) ......................................... 11
2.5 Inferences ........................................................................................................................... 14
v
CHAPTER 3: Research Design ............................................................................................ 15
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 15
3.2 Objectives and Required Outcomes ................................................................................... 15
CHAPTER 4: Case Study ..................................................................................................... 17
4.1 Lotus Tower, Delhi – Case 1 ........................................................................................ 17
4.1.1 Building Features ....................................................................................................... 18
4.1.2 Energy Consumption ................................................................................................... 20
4.1.3. Costs of Energy Retrofitting ...................................................................................... 21
4.1.4. Annual Energy Cost ................................................................................................... 21
4.2 Godrej Bhavan, Mumbai – Case 2 ................................................................................ 22
4.2.1. Project Approach ........................................................................................................ 23
4.2.2. Retrofitting Strategies Used ....................................................................................... 24
4.2.3. Energy Consumption .................................................................................................. 25
4.2.6. Annual Energy Cost ................................................................................................... 26
4.3 ACC Cement House – Case 3 ....................................................................................... 29
4.3.1. Project Details ............................................................................................................ 29
4.3.2. Building Features ....................................................................................................... 30
4.2.5. Annual Cost Incurred ................................................................................................. 33
4.4 Mahindra Tower – Case 4 ............................................................................................. 34
4.4.1. Retrofitting Strategies Used ....................................................................................... 35
4.4.4. Annual Cost Incurred ................................................................................................. 36
CHAPTER 5: DATA ANALYSIS ........................................................................................ 37
5.1. Comparative Analysis of Energy Consumption and % of energy Savings ...................... 37
5.2. Comparative Analysis of case Study Data ........................................................................ 37
5.3. Input Data for Pearson Correlation Analysis and ANOVA Analysis ............................... 39
5.4. Results of the Pearson Correlation Analysis ..................................................................... 39
5.5. Result of ANOVA Analysis.............................................................................................. 41
CHAPTER 6: RESULTS AND CONCLUSION ................................................................. 42
6.1. General .............................................................................................................................. 42
6.2. Inferences .......................................................................................................................... 42
vi
6.3 Recommendations .............................................................................................................. 43
6.4 Way Forward ..................................................................................................................... 44
Annexure 1................................................................................................................................ 1
REFERENCES......................................................................................................................... 1
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Types of Retrofit based on the Amount of Energy Saved ........................................... 9

Table 2. Retrofitting Strategies ................................................................................................ 12
Table 3. Objective, Methodology and Required Outcomes ..................................................... 15
Table 4. Project Details - Case Study 1- Lotus Tower ............................................................ 17
Table 5. Retrofitting Strategies Implemented case study 1- Lotus Tower, Delhi.................... 18
Table 6. Total Electricity consumed in Lotus Tower Pre- Retrofitting and Post- Retrofit ...... 20
Table 7. Total Annual Operation Cost for Godrej Bhavan Pre- retrofit and post- retrofit ...... 21
Table 8. Project Details Case Study-2 Godrej Bhavan ............................................................ 22
Table 9. Retrofitting Strategies Implemented in case study 2- Godrej Bhavan....................... 24
Table 10. Total Electricity consumed in Godrej Bhavan Pre- Retrofitting and Post- Retrofit 25
Table 11. Total Annual Operation Cost for Godrej Bhavan Pre- retrofit and post- retrofit .... 26
Table 12. Project Details - Case Study 3- ACC Cement House .............................................. 29
Table 13. Retrofitting Strategies Implemented in case study 2- Godrej Bhavan..................... 30
Table 14. Total Energy Consumed in ACC Cement House Pre- retrofit and post- retrofit ..... 32
Table 16. Project Details Case Study – 4 Mahindra Tower ..................................................... 34
Table 17 Energy Consumption of Mahindra towers pre- retrofit and post- retrofit ................ 36
Table 19 Comparative analysis of energy Consumption and % of energy savings ................. 37
Table 20 Comparative Analysis of Case Studies ..................................................................... 37
Table 21 Deriving Cost of retrofitting/sqm and corresponding %energy savings................... 38
Table 22. Input Data for performing Pearson Correlation analysis and ANOVA analysis ..... 39
Table 23 Results for Pearson Correlation Analysis ................................................................. 39
Table 24. Thumb rule for interpretation of Pearson Correlation Analysis .............................. 40
Table 25 Result for ANOVA Analysis .................................................................................... 41
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Research Methodology .............................................................................................. 5

Figure 2. Retrofitting measures categorized by different purposes .......................................... 7
Figure 3. Lotus Tower Building Pre-Retrofitting (left), post-retrofitting (centre and right) ... 17
Figure 4. Floor Plan of Lotus Tower ....................................................................................... 19
Figure 5. Front elevation with SS louvers and double-glazing Glass Facade ......................... 19
Figure 6. Rear side elevation with ACP panelling................................................................... 19
Figure 7. Front facade of Godrej Bhavan ................................................................................ 22
ix
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction
1.1 Background
Globally, the building sector is well known to be one of the key energy consumers. India's
economy is expanding rapidly, with the construction industry contributing around 7.74% of the
total GDP of the country. Commercial and residential development remains the priority of the
construction industry that consumes a large amount of energy over their lifecycle becoming
one of the major sources of GHG emissions. According to the 18th EPS (Electric Power Survey)
report the existing building sector in India contributes to 40% of the total energy consumption.
The concurrent values for electricity consumption from the residential and commercial sector
are 26% and 11% respectively. Where the residential sector has seen a near consistent growth
of 9.57% in electricity demand from 1947-50 to 2015-17, the concurrent values for commercial
sector is 7.69%. According to the 17th EPS report published, it was estimated that electricity
demand is estimated to increase by 37.5% by 2021-22 over a baseline of 2016-17 (TERI, 2019).
Currently, buildings in India account for 35% of total energy consumption and the value is
growing by 8% annually. Around 11% of total energy consumption are attributed to the
commercial sector (Dandia, et al., 2021). Furthermore, office buildings have been identified as
one of the highest energy consumers among the whole built environment. (Gamage & Lau,
2015)
Various building designs and construction techniques have been evolved lately to improve the
energy efficiency of the new buildings; however, the proportion of new buildings constructed
every year is relatively smaller compared to existing building stock (Reed & Wilkinson, 2005).
Consequently, constructing energy efficient buildings in the future would not reduce the
present energy demand as the existing buildings have a significant effect on the total energy
demand for many years to come (Asadi, et al., 2012). Hence, a rapid improvement of energy
efficiency in the existing buildings is essential to reduce the global energy demand (Ma, et al.,
2012).
According to the literature and current policy framework, the energy saving and its
conservation is of prime importance to the government of India. Although the government is
working on a proactive approach to monitor and manage the energy consumption from new
buildings, sufficient policy push is required to tap the energy consumption and energy saving
potential from the existing building. The retrofitting of existing buildings has been identified
as one of the most effective mechanism by government that provides excellent opportunity for
an effective reduction of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions (Huang, et al.,
2012). Retrofitting existing buildings can lead up to 15-20% energy savings over the
benchmark energy consumption (TERI, 2019). This dissertation embarks on a comprehensive
study of the various energy retrofitting strategies on existing buildings within the context of
India and its impact on the energy and cost savings.
Keywords- Energy retrofitting, Retrofitting strategies, Energy savings
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1.2 Need for Research
Existing buildings consume an inordinate amount of energy globally. The consumption

negatively affects the environment and economy; therefore, it is necessary to improve energy
performance in buildings by retrofitting the existing ones. (Mejjaouli & Alzahrani, 2020)
Energy retrofitting offers a promising solution to curb energy use and enhance building
performance and is a most feasible and cost-effective method. (Jafari & Valentin, 2017)
However, there is a lack of comprehensive research evaluating the holistic impact of energy
retrofitting on diverse building types and socio-economic contexts in India. Such research is
essential to inform policy design, driving informed decision making of energy retrofit strategies
in future, investment decisions, and promote sustainable development.
The Indian economy has experienced unprecedented growth over the last decade. This growth
led to increasing per capita income and standards of living, coupled with rapid urbanization,
rising demand for housing and expanding commercial office space, all of which strain India’s
current energy resources. Incorporating energy efficiency measures into India’s building stock
is an untapped energy resource with immense potential to help meet India’s rising energy
needs. (Anon., 2014)
In India major stock of commercial buildings was built before the implementation and access
to modern energy saving technologies. Most of the buildings operating as commercial office
spaces, hospitals and hotels were inefficiently planned without any attention to passive design
strategies, choice of systems and climate responsive building materials. This provides a great
opportunity in the commercial building sector to optimize energy consumption.
1.3 Research Gap
The market’s interest in investing in energy retrofitting of building largely depend on the
return on investment and the cost savings achieved. There is limited study conducted on the
assessment of energy savings achieved for a corresponding investment. (Liu, et al., 2017)
This study will offer directions for policy makers and managers to adopt building energy
retrofitting strategies for optimum costs and higher energy savings.
2
1.4 Aim
To conduct a comprehensive impact assessment of strategies of building energy retrofitting on

energy savings of existing buildings.
1.5 Objectives
i. To identify the energy retrofitting strategies that are practiced in the industry for
improving energy efficiency of the building.
ii. To assess impact of the energy retrofitting strategies used, on the energy efficiency of
the existing building.
iii. To determine other factors that impact the energy savings of the existing building and
analyze the correlation between the different factors.
1.6 Scope of Research
The scope of this research is centered on the examination of the impact assessment of building
energy retrofitting, specifically within the context of office buildings. The research aims to
provide a comprehensive understanding of the energy-saving implications of various
retrofitting strategies employed in existing office buildings. Through an in-depth analysis of
selected case studies, the study will explore the diverse strategies implemented, including
changes in building envelope, HVAC systems, lighting, and other energy-efficient
technologies. The research emphasizes a quantitative approach, employing methods to measure
and evaluate energy savings by assessing energy consumption before and after retrofitting. By
concentrating on office buildings and employing a quantitative analysis, the study seeks to
contribute valuable insights into the effectiveness of different retrofitting strategies and their
impact on energy savings within this specific context.
1.7 Limitations
The primary limitation of the research is the inclusion of small set of case studies, while these
cases offer valuable insights, the limited number may impede the generalizability of the results
therefore analyzing a broader array of cases would strengthen the findings, allowing for a more
comprehensive understanding of the findings. The study also encounters challenges due to the
heterogeneity in retrofitting strategies, making direct comparisons challenging and hindering
the identification of specific relationships between retrofitting efforts and energy savings.
Furthermore, the exclusive focus on office buildings narrows the applicability of the findings,
limiting their extrapolation to other building typologies such as residential, commercial, or
3
industrial structures. The study acknowledges cost variability associated with retrofitting but
does not extensively explore the economic aspects, representing another limitation. Finally, the
research overlooks the explicit consideration of regional and climatic factors, recognizing the
potential impact of geographical and climatic conditions on the effectiveness of retrofitting
strategies. These identified limitations underscore the need for caution in generalizing the
findings and highlight areas for further investigation and refinement in future research
endeavors.
1.6 Research Methodology
The research work was carried out using the following methodology.
1. Comprehensive search for available literature like published research papers, unpublished
research papers, books, etc. related to energy retrofitting of existing buildings was carried
out to identify the research gap and need of the study.
2. Available literature related to energy retrofitting of existing buildings were studied in detail
and critically analysed to identify its impact on energy efficiency of the building.
3. Case studies were conducted, data related to applied energy retrofitting strategies, energy
consumption pre retrofitting and post retrofitting, and consequent energy savings achieved
is collected. This data is streamlined for analysing the nuances of the impact of energy
retrofitting.
4. Conclusions are established by analysing the available literature and data collected from
the case studies to determine other factors that impact the energy savings of the building
and inter-relationship between the different factors and few recommendations are stated to
optimize the energy efficiency and cost savings post energy retrofitting.
4
Figure 1. Research Methodology
Source - Author
5
CHAPTER 2: Literature Review
2.1 What is Energy Retrofitting
Retrofitting or refurbishment is described as work required to upgrade an aged or deteriorated

building. (Dandia, et al., 2021) . Retrofitting refers to the modification of building components
and the installation or incorporation of new elements not considered during the construction;
in such a way, the building acquires new features which can improve its energy performance.
(Venegas, et al., 2023) According to USGBC, green retrofit is defined as “any kind of upgrade
of an existing building that is wholly or partially occupied to improve its energy efficiency and
environmental performance, reduce water use, and improve the comfort and quality of the
space in terms of natural light, air quality, and noise, all of which is done in a way that is
financially beneficial to the owner”. Amongst other advantages, energy-efficient retrofitting
results in reduced energy use, cost savings, and higher worker productivity. A study indicated
that the most significant benefits of energy consumption assessment were the improvement of
envelope thermal insulations, lighting and glazing. (Ardente, et al., 2010)
Retrofit is defined as to install, fit, or adapt for use with something older. Recently, retrofitting
refers to the addition of new technology or features to older systems for some reason or another.
Some of reasons for retrofit could be for the improvement of efficiency; for strengthening older
buildings in order to make them earthquake resistant; or for the improvement of existing
buildings with energy efficiency equipment. (El-Darwish & Gomaa, 2017)
The concept of energy retrofitting assumes even greater importance because one unit of energy
kept at the consumption level reduces the need for fresh capacity creation more than two times.
Without much investment, energy efficiency measures will reduce the wastage of energy.
(Singh, et al., 2021) Therefore, researchers worldwide recognized that building energy
retrofitting is one of the main approaches to achieve reduced building energy consumption,
greenhouse gas emissions, and sustainability in the built environment at a relatively low cost.
Reduce energy consumption, and its operation and management are essential.
2.2 Types of Energy Retrofits
Energy retrofitting is an area with a broad scope which covers energy efficiency measures from
a minor alteration to a major refurbishment project, and hence there is a wide variety of energy
retrofits used for buildings (Chunduri, 2014). There are many types of retrofit measures that
can improve the energy efficiency of existing buildings. The practical and applicable measures
of energy retrofitting are grouped into three main categories which are linked with three main
aims of achieving energy conservation, energy generation and energy management in building
retrofitting (Wang, et al., 2020) (He, et al., 2021).
6
Figure 2. Retrofitting measures categorized by different purposes
Source - (Liu, et al., 2023)
2.2.1. Energy Conservation-Related Passive Measures
Reducing energy demand and consumption in buildings is paramount as it directly mitigates

greenhouse gas emissions. Retrofitting measures for energy conservation fall into two
categories: passive and active measures. Passive measures are influenced by climate and
location, necessitating a unique analysis for each building to determine the most suitable
strategies. Emphasizing energy efficiency not only curtails environmental impact but also
underscores the importance of tailoring these measures to the specific characteristics of each
structure. (Zhao, et al., 2019). Similarly, building orientation and window size are also
significant because these significantly affect the solar gain from the sun, natural ventilation
efficiency and natural lighting in building (Jalal & Bani, 2017). In retrofitting projects, it could
be quite challenging to improve those geometric features because of the physical limitations of
the existing structure. (Gorse, et al., 2015)
Passive measures for improving envelope thermal performance typically involve insulating the
exterior walls, roof, and ground floor, as well as utilising better thermal performance of
windows, all of which promote an enclosure that significantly reduces thermal heat transfer
between the indoor and outdoor environments, allowing for more stable and comfortable indoor
thermal conditions to be maintained while lowering the energy demand of the conditioning
system. (Aditya, et al., 2015).
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2.2.2. Energy Conservation-Related Active Measures
Active energy conservation methods are employed to increase the efficiency of energy use in
buildings, allowing the overall quantity of energy consumed to be reduced. enhancing the
energy efficiency of building systems, such as heating and cooling systems, implementing heat
recovery systems, and enhancing lighting efficiency and the efficiency of other assistive
applications are all standard approaches (Wang, et al., 2020).
Replacing traditional lighting with LED (light-emitting diode) lighting is another energy-
efficient step, as the energy efficacy (emitted luminous flux in lumens to the expended electric
power in watts) of an LED lamp is about 150 to 200 lm/W, while that of a traditional type of
compact fluorescent lamp is about 50 to 100 lm/W.
According to the literature upgrading existing building systems and equipment is a
straightforward way to improve energy efficiency. More attention should be paid to the
optimization of individual replacements integrated into the whole building system, which
considers the occupants behaviour and their control of the indoor thermal environment, in order
to minimize the predicted and actual energy saving in retrofits. (Liu, et al., 2023)
2.2.3. Energy Generation Related Measures
The integration of renewable energy measures into building retrofitting is a common

approach to achieving low- or zero-carbon energy targets, where the renewable energy
generated can offset the consumed energy (Liu, et al., 2023). Local renewable energy
generation is considered as a significant step towards sustainability. Heat pumps and solar
photovoltaics are the most applicable renewable energy technologies for thermal conditioning
and electricity generation in buildings. However, they require storage systems to improve
their efficiency (Alabid, et al., 2022).
2.2.4. Energy Management-Related Measures

Energy management-related measures are technologies that can intelligently and smartly
monitor, manage, and regulate building systems and applications in order to reduce energy
usage in buildings. (Wang, et al., 2020). Sensor control for lighting is a relatively new
technology that allows for reduced lighting energy usage while providing occupants with
lighting comfort (Zou, et al., 2018). Wireless technologies linked to smartphones make it
easier for residents to handle household equipment and applications (Silva, et al., 2018).
Furthermore, the advancement of big data and data management, as well as research and
development into data analysis, decision-making, and event management, are potential means
of improving energy efficiency in the future (Silva, et al., 2017).
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2.2.5. Types of Retrofit based on the Amount of Energy Saved
Table 1. Types of Retrofit based on the Amount of Energy Saved
Retrofit type Amount of energy saved
Existing Building Commissioning (EBC) Up to 15%
Standard retrofit 15-45%
Deep retrofit 45% and above
Source - (Karunaratne & Silva, 2017)
Table 1 indicates the other most prominent retrofit classification, where the retrofits are
classified based on the amount of energy saved. EBC is defined as a process that includes
identifying and implementing energy-saving options in existing equipment and activities to
ensure that buildings function properly (Wang, et al., 2012). As a result, building energy
savings prospects could be maximised by enhancing building operation processes and changing
maintenance methods (Trubiano, et al., 2014). Conventional retrofits, on the other hand, often
focus on improving individual systems to accomplish the potential energy savings of each
building system (Penna, et al., 2014). Deep retrofits, on the other hand, use a whole-building
approach by addressing numerous building systems at the same time (Moser, et al., 2012).
Deep retrofits, on the other hand, use a whole-building approach by addressing numerous
building systems at the same time. EBC provides comparatively lower energy savings,
although it is the easiest type of retrofit to be implemented. Moreover, despite the higher energy
savings from deep retrofits, the risk involved is also significant due to the complexity and high
cost of the implementation process (Karunaratne & Silva, 2017). Consequently literature
described conventional retrofits as the most cost effective and low risk retrofit type for existing
buildings in general.
2.2.6. Shallow Retrofit
A shallow retrofit typically refers to simple and traditional techniques that adapt the current
building to increase building or system efficiency, and retrofit decisions are typically made
with the users' knowledge. Typical retrofit methods include replacing an ageing boiler or
lights that have reached the end of their useful life (Alabid, et al., 2022). The outcome of
shallow retrofits may vary based on the building's measurements and conditions. Insulating
different building components, for example, can result in varied energy savings outcomes,
and the availability of existing construction conditions, such as cavity spaces in walls or an
attic space in the roof, may limit the insulation application. Simple retrofits are less expensive
9
and have a higher likelihood of yielding a faster cost return than comprehensive retrofits (Liu,
et al., 2023).
2.2.7. Deep Retrofit
A deep retrofit is a comprehensive method that tries to produce significant improvements in

the building's energy efficiency by implementing several measures such as building envelope
thermal performance enhancements and building system upgrades. Dynamic building energy
simulations are typically used in deep retrofits to create a reliable and explicable retrofit
method in which interactions between numerous parameters are evaluated for a thorough
building performance upgrade. One research compared an integrated deep retrofit method to
a basic refit technique that replaced old equipment with new equipment that satisfied local
standard efficiency standards. It was determined that the deep technique could provide energy
savings of up to 84%, whereas the simple strategy could only generate a 13% savings
(Regnier, et al., 2018).
2.3 Retrofitting Outcomes
The most direct and desirable consequences of building energy retrofitting are energy
savings, reduced environmental impact, and improved thermal comfort during the operational
energy period (Jagarajan, et al., 2017). However, several aspects, such as climate features,
existing building problems, and retrofitting aims and budgets, must be considered in order to
achieve a substantial retrofitting result. As a result, depending on the individual environment
of each building, a combination of retrofitting measures is frequently required to improve the
retrofitting outcome through thermodynamic performance and physical interactions between
the various measures (Gorse, et al., 2015). In addition, the building regulations or assessment
criteria that the retrofits seek to achieve are directly correlated with the outcomes in energy
savings and greenhouse gas reductions after the retrofit is completed. Similarly, shallow and
deep retrofits are referred to in practices based on the selection of retrofit measures and
expected outcome (Liu, et al., 2023).
2.4 Strategies of Energy Retrofitting
2.4.1. Building Envelope
All components which separate the spaces inside the building from outside environmental
conditions are referred to as the building envelope. The building envelope forms a thermal
boundary with the exterior through an integrated system of three-dimensional, multi-layer,
multi-material assemblies consisting of the following components:
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 Roofing system(s)
 Walling system(s) (Above grade)
 Fenestrations
 Base Floor system(s)
 Below-Grade Walling Systems
2.4.2. Electrical Systems

All systems responsible for proper functioning of building and distribution of electricity within
the building premises are considered as electrical systems. These includes
 Transformers
 Motors
 Metering and monitoring units
 Automatic power Factor Correctors and
 Harmonic Correctors
2.4.3. Lighting Systems
Good lighting in a building provides sufficient light in the right place. This enables the
occupants to see easily and in comfort allowing them to perform their work efficiently without
strain or fatigue. The lighting within the building includes
 Artificial indoor lighting

 Outdoor lighting
2.4.4. Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning System (HVAC)
It is the prominent head which accounts for most of the building energy demand. Centralized
air conditioning system generally consists of Chiller plants, air handling units, fan coil units,
cooling tower etc. Figure 5 shows a typical load break – up of HVAC plant where all Chiller,
chilled water (CHW) pumps, condenser water (CW) pumps, cooling tower (CT) fans, air
handling unit (AHU) fans, fan coil unit (FCUs) and package units are detailed out.
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Table 2. Retrofitting Strategies
Sr. No. Areas of Retrofit Possible Retrofit Strategies

1 Interior walls Adding insulation to interior walls
2 External walls Adding insulation layers to the building exterior
Spray-in-place foam insulation
Wall colours and shading
3 Solid ground insulation Insulation above slab with reinforced screed above
Raised floor with rigid or non-rigid insulation
4 Roof Addition of insulation
Replacing the existing roof
Cool roof coating
Addition of green roof
Addition of roof ponds
Addition of building integrated photovoltaic
5 Windows Introducing new shading or light shelves
Using inter-pane shading (roller blinds within the
glazing)
Internal shading
Building integrated photovoltaic for shading or
glazing
Replacing the window glazing
Adding suspended film to the existing window
Replacing the window frames Blocking the
openings in the wrong orientation and wrong
WWR
6 External doors Replacing the existing doors
7 Daylight More light integration into the building
8 Natural Ventilation Operable panes for ventilation
HVAC System
9 Operations Check Oil Level in Compressor. It should be up to
minimum of 1/3 of sight glass
Do following sequence of starting as mentioned
below: a. Condenser water pumps b. Chilled water
pumps c. Cooling Tower fans d. Air handling units
e. Chillers
10 HVAC Plant Installation of Plant System Manager on HVAC
plant
11 Chiller Before starting the Chiller plant, make sure there
is sufficient water in cooling water tank. Check for
sufficient quantity of water in expansion
tank/make-up tank and smooth operation of float
valves. Chiller Sequencing Increase Chiller set
12
point when outdoor condition is favourable.
Replacement of existing Chiller with new efficient
Chiller. Use VFD Chiller to get energy savings at
Part Load Conditions. Installation of Auto tube
cleaning system (ATCS) at Chiller. Install
Adiabatic cooling System for Air Cooled Chillers.
12 Chilled water pumps and The VFDs of secondary pumps should be on auto
motors mode as the system is designed and should not be
limited to a fixed frequency. Optimize secondary
chilled water pumps Variable Frequency Drive
(VFD) operation Replacement of current installed
motors with high efficiency motors on HVAC high
side Replacement of all AHU motors with high
efficiency motors
13 Cooling Tower Use CT with Induced Draft Fans Use Low
Approach Cooling Tower. Install VFD for CT
Fans in Composite and Hot and Dry Climate Zone.
Descaling process for the condenser circuit should
be done timely to ensure proper heat-transfer by
condenser tubes. Only softened water should be
used as make-up water in condenser circuit and
also chemical treatment/dosing should be done
timely in the water circuits.
Electrical System
14 Operations & Maintenance Appropriate energy tariff ensuring Possibility of
load shedding Peak demand control by manually
shifting of non-critical load
15 Transformer Appropriate loading of transformer By proper
Location of Transformer preferably close to the
load centre, considering other features like
centralized control, operational flexibility etc. This
will bring down the distribution loss in cables
Under fluctuating load condition more than one
transformer is used in Parallel Operation of
Transformers to share the load & can be operated
close to the maximum efficiency range
Replacement of existing transformer with energy
efficient transformer
16 Harmonics To use Harmonic filters to reduce distortion of the
voltage and current waveform
17 Power Factor Installing of Automatic Power Factor Controller
18 Demand Side Management Using Demand Side Management (DSM) control
to reduce utility cost by increasing/decrease
13
demand, shifting it between high and low peak
periods, or managing it when there are intermittent
load demands
19 End Use Equipment By using minimum 3-star rated energy efficient
appliances
20 Motors Minimising losses by using Energy efficient
motors
21 AHU, Pumps Using variable frequency drives to control the
frequency
Lighting Systems
22 Operations & Maintenance Cleaning of lighting fixtures
De-lamping
23 Timers Installing timer switches on outdoor lighting
24 Lighting Fixtures Replacing inefficient lighting fixtures with energy
efficient LED
25 Occupancy Sensors Installing infra-red, acoustic, ultrasonic or
microwave sensors
26 Daylight Linked Control Using Photoelectric cells to either to switch
lighting on and off, or for dimming
27 Localized Switching To use local switching in large spaces
Source - (TERI, 2019)
2.5 Inferences
The literature review provides a comprehensive overview of energy retrofitting in buildings,

emphasizing the significance of upgrading existing structures for improved energy efficiency.
It defines retrofitting as the modification of building components and the incorporation of new
elements to enhance energy performance. The review recognizes the importance of retrofitting
existing buildings due to their substantial impact on long-term energy demand. It categorizes
retrofitting measures into passive and active measures, encompassing energy conservation,
energy generation, and energy management-related strategies. The study explores various
retrofitting outcomes, emphasizing the complex interplay of factors influencing successful
outcomes. Additionally, it introduces different types of retrofits based on the amount of energy
saved, ranging from Existing Building Commissioning to Standard and Deep retrofits. The
review further details retrofitting strategies, categorizing them into building envelope,
electrical systems, lighting systems, and HVAC systems. The comprehensive exploration of
retrofitting strategies includes specific retrofit measures for each category. The literature
review serves as a foundational framework for understanding the complexities, classifications,
and outcomes associated with energy retrofitting in buildings.
14
CHAPTER 3: Research Design
3.1 Introduction
This chapter looks at developing the process of conducting this research to fulfil the
objectives and eventually the aim of this thesis. The different stages of research and the
various methods and tools applicable have been explored and identified based on the
requirements and outputs.
3.2 Objectives and Required Outcomes
The research aims at assessing the impact of building energy retrofitting strategies on the
energy efficiency of the building, energy savings achieved and corresponding cost of
retrofitting of the project. The process of study will include data collection, data analysis and
interpretation of the results of the analysis.
So, for the purpose of the study, to collect the data, case studies will be identified which have
undergone building energy retrofitting for energy savings. To assess the impact of the
retrofitting on the energy savings, project details including the built-up area of the project,
occupancy, climate, energy consumption data (pre retrofitting and post retrofitting), cost of
retrofitting, etc. will be collected for respective case studies and further this data will be
analyzed to evaluate the energy savings achieved annually for the respective projects and the
corresponding cost of retrofitting per sqm.
The following table gives a conceptual overview of how the objectives need to be fulfilled and
the required outcomes for the corresponding objectives.
Table 3. Objective, Methodology and Required Outcomes
Objectives Methodology Required Outcomes

1. To identify the Literature Review A comprehensive understanding of
energy retrofitting various retrofitting measures and
strategies that are practices prevalent in the industry. The
practiced in the projected outcome involves a detailed
industry for exploration of retrofitting strategies
improving energy within different areas such as building
efficiency of the envelope, electrical systems, lighting
building. systems, and HVAC systems. This
insight will contribute to a
comprehensive understanding of the
current state of energy retrofitting
15
practices and inform potential avenues
for further improvement in the quest for
sustainable and energy-efficient
buildings.
2. To assess impact of Data Collection - Quantitative analysis of energy
the energy Case Studies consumption before and after the
retrofitting strategies implementation of retrofitting measures.
used, on the energy
efficiency of the
existing building.
3. To determine other Case Studies Identification of building-specific
factors that impact Data, Pearson factors like occupancy, built-up area,
the energy savings of correlation climate, cost of retrofitting, no. of
the existing building Analysis (Tool) retrofitting strategies used, etc that
and analyze the influence energy consumption.
correlation between Statistical analysis to determine the
the different factors. correlation between energy savings and
above-mentioned factors.
16
CHAPTER 4: Case Study
Criteria for Selection of case study

1. Building typology – Commercial building (office)
2. Building energy retrofitting strategies are used and major interventions are related to
building envelope, lighting fixtures, HVAC and electrical equipments.
3. Building energy retrofit cases with primary goal of improving energy efficiency
4. The building energy retrofitting is completed and the building is minimum 80% occupied.
4.1 Lotus Tower, Delhi – Case 1
Figure 3. Lotus Tower Building Pre-Retrofitting (left), post-retrofitting (centre and right)
Introduction
Table 4. Project Details - Case Study 1- Lotus Tower
Owners Bhartiya City Developers Pvt. Ltd.

Age of the building 23 years (completion year 2000)
Retrofitting of the Initiated – 2019
Building Completed - 2023
Location New Friends colony, Delhi
Climatic Zone Composite
Total Built-up area 7840 sqm
Number of floors 2 basements + Ground+ 9 Storey, height- 35 m
Cost of Retrofitting 6.5 crore
Occupancy 375 people
17
Lotus Tower, built by Bhartiya Urban Private Limited in 2000, is a G+9 office building.
After 2 decades of high electricity consumption and degradation of equipment like HVAC
chiller plant, lighting system, etc. whose functional service life was over, the building was
retrofitted where the building envelope, lighting and components of HVAC system were
changed. Now, the Lotus tower has now evolved as an energy efficient building.
4.1.1 Building Features
Table 5. Retrofitting Strategies Implemented case study 1- Lotus Tower, Delhi
Sr. Parameters Pre – Retrofit Post Retrofit

No.
1. Building Envelope Façade – Single glazed High performance Low-e
tinted structural glazing value, fire rated, double
for the building. glazed structural glazing for
the building. (Saint Gobain
– 6mm ST 136HS+ 12 mm
air gap+ 6 mm clear HS) u
value: 1.7 W/sqmK; SHGC:
0.24
ACP Paneling on the ACP sheets removed and
edges and crown of the replaced with SS louvers.
building New ACP sheet paneling on
the rear end of the building.
2. Lighting System Florescent Lamps were Florescent lamps replaced
used with LED lighting.
Occupancy sensors
installed.
3. HVAC Coils in chiller plant were
changed.
4. Other System Lifts with electricity New lifts with electricity
consumption of 1600- consumption of 700-900
2000 kWh/year, florescent kWh/year fixed with LED
lighting for car lighting for the car.
18
Figure 4. Floor Plan of Lotus Tower
Figure 5. Front elevation with SS

Figure 6. Rear side elevation with ACP
louvers and double-glazing Glass
panelling Facade
19
4.1.2 Energy Consumption
The main objective of the energy retrofitting of the building was to reduce the energy
consumption and make the building energy efficient. As shown in table 3 the electricity
consumption pre- retrofit is 756011.08 kWh/ year and post- retrofit is 650744.97 kWh/ year.
The energy consumption has significantly reduced by 14% post retrofitting.
Table 6. Total Electricity consumed in Lotus Tower Pre- Retrofitting and Post- Retrofit
Sr. No. Component Total Electricity Total Electricity

(kWh/ year) (kWh/ year)
Pre- Retrofit Post- Retrofit
1. HVAC system 476405.16 413756.57
Centralized HVAC, Split AC,
Window AC
2. Lighting System 53665.92 19166.40
Ceiling mounted luminaries, wall
mounted fluorescent tubes
3. Water Supply System 1623.6 1623.60
Pumps, STP
4. Office Appliances 156864.40 156864.40
Desktop Computers, printers,
Projectors, Laptops
5. Other Components 67452.00 59334.00
Lifts, Kitchen appliances and
auxiliary equipment
Total Electricity Consumed 756011.08 650744.97
20
4.1.3. Costs of Energy Retrofitting
Initial cost of retrofitting included the components of façade replacement, MEP services
replacement and upgrades. The table below shows the final cost of retrofitting.
Total Cost of Retrofitting 6.5 crore INR

Cost of Retrofitting (per sqm) 8300 INR/ sqm
4.1.4. Annual Energy Cost
The costs shown below are assessed on the basis of electricity consumed per year by both the
pre-retrofit and post- retro configuration of the building.
Table 7. Total Annual Operation Cost for Godrej Bhavan Pre- retrofit and post- retrofit
Sr. Component Total Annual Total Annual

No. Electricity Cost (INR) Electricity Cost (INR)
1. *Base Cost 10,73,879.38 9,24,353.66
2. HVAC system 476405.16 48,59,332.63 413756.57 42,20,317.05
3. Lighting System 53665.92 4,56,160.32 19166.40 1,62,914.40
4. Water Supply 1623.6 13,800.60 1623.60 13,800.60

System
Pumps, STP
5. Office Appliances 156864.40 13,33,347.40 156864.40 13,33,347.40
6. Other 67452.00 5,73,342.00 59334.00 5,04,339.00

Components
7. Total 756011.08 83,09,862.33 650744.97 71,59,072.11
*Electricity cost for commercial connection with >3 kVA supply as per 2020 rates of DERC
is, 8.5 INR/kWh along with a base cost of 250 INR per kVA.
21
4.2 Godrej Bhavan, Mumbai – Case 2
Figure 7. Front facade of Godrej Bhavan
Table 8. Project Details Case Study-2 Godrej Bhavan
Owners Godrej and Boyce (headquarters)

Age of the building 51 years
Retrofitting of the Completed - 2010
Building
Location Churchgate, Mumbai, Maharashtra
Climatic Zone Warm and Humid
Total Built-up area 3826 sqm
Number of floors 2 basements + Ground+ 6 Storey, height- 19 m
Building Use Office building
Godrej Bhavan, built by Godrej & Boyce in 1972, is a six-storey building that houses the
company’s chief management. After decades of high electricity consumption, Godrej & Boyce
upgraded Godrej Bhavan in 2010 to include inclusive energy efficiency and sustainability
features, such as efficient cooling and lighting systems. Because of the upgrade, Godrej Bhavan
has now evolved to an energy efficient building that is achieving significant financial and
indoor environmental quality benefits for its owner and occupants.
This case study highlights Godrej Bhavan, an iconic office building in South Mumbai, focusing
on the strong business case for energy-efficiency upgrades or retrofits.
The Godrej Bhavan retrofit shows that greener, energy saving retrofits are practical and
profitable in India’s rapidly transforming building market and provides replicable practices for
22
cost and energy savings. Just two years after the upgrade, Godrej Bhavan is reaped cost and
energy savings of up to 12.5%.
4.2.1. Project Approach
 Installed Building Energy Management System (BMS) dashboard display with digital
energy meters that continuously monitor energy use, check and rectify energy-use
discrepancies
 Upgraded the incoming and outgoing electrical systems for high-voltage electricity to a
ring main unit system to provide an uninterrupted power supply
 Upgraded the chiller compressor-condenser unit from a 35-year-old HVAC system has
been replaced with a new HVAC system with a screw chiller water-cooled condenser,
electronic expansion valve, and a high coefficient of performance (COP) of 5.5 from a
previous COP of 2.2.
 Installed dedicated Air Handling Units (AHUs) for each floor with VFDs and chiller water
modulating valves
 Installed double-glazed clear windows and shading devices to reduce heat gain through the
windows while still providing light
 Conventional lighting fixtures are replaced with highly efficient lighting fixtures
 Developed the building’s original green roof, which had a soil depth of nine inches, by
removing the covering of the “tandoor” roof clay tiles. The Godrej team measured a
reduction in the roof temperature by 10°C using thermal imaging.
 Planted trees around the building to maintain a cool microclimate and reduce the heat island
effect.
23
4.2.2. Retrofitting Strategies Used
Table 9. Retrofitting Strategies Implemented in case study 2- Godrej Bhavan
Parameters Pre – Retrofit Post Retrofit

Building Envelope Fenestrations – Single glazed Fenestrations- double glazed
glass windows glass windows with shades
Building Roof- 150 mm thick Building roof 150 mm thick
RCC slab with clay tiles RCC slab with 9 inches of soil
layer having grass turf and
plantation
HVAC system Centralized Air conditioning – Centralized Air conditioning-
DX system Water cooled screw chiller,
total capacity of system- 100 TR, total capacity of system- 100
refrigerant – R22 TR, refrigerant – R134a
2 AHUs for whole building 1 AHU for each floor of the
building
Cooling tower with variable
primary chiller water pumping
system.
Lighting System Florescent tube lamps with
high efficiency T5 fitting
(27000 burning hours and low
mercury level of 1.4 mg per
table)
Conventional lighting system with Automatic lighting system
manual control with sensors installed for the
building.
24
Figure 8. Double glazed window Figure 9. Upgraded lighting
fixture
4.2.3. Energy Consumption
consumption pre- retrofit is 500854.64 kWh/ year and post- retrofit is 418323.18 kWh/ year.
The energy consumption has significantly reduced by 17% post retrofitting.
Table 10. Total Electricity consumed in Godrej Bhavan Pre- Retrofitting and Post- Retrofit

1. HVAC system 381932.32 303698.78
Window AC
2. Lighting System 53665.92 30888.00
Pumps, STP
Projectors, Laptops
auxiliary equipment
Total Electricity Consumed 500854.64 418323.18
25
Initial cost of retrofitting included the components of façade replacement, MEP services
replacement and upgrades. The table below shows the final cost of retrofitting.

Cost of Retrofitting (per sqm) 18,476 INR/ sqm
4.2.6. Annual Energy Cost
Sr. Cost Component Total annual Annual Total Annual

used (kWh/ year)
(kWh/ year)
1. Base Cost 4,26,864.75 3,56,525.44
2. HVAC system 381932.32 24,82,560.08 303698.78 19,74,042.07
3. Lighting System 53665.92 3,48,828.48 30888.00 2,00,772.00
4. Water Supply and 1095.60 7,121.40 1095.60 7,121.40

Sanitation System
6. Other 5610.00 36,465.00 21120.00 1,37,280.00

Components
7. Total 500854.64 36,82,419.91 418323.18 30,56,321.11
26
Electricity cost of commercial connection with 20 kW<50 kW monthly consumption as per
2010 rates of MSEDCL is, 6.5 INR/kWh along with a base cost of 150 INR per kVA.
Energy-Efficient Retrofit: Challenges and Solution

The Godrej Bhavan project team overcame several challenges during the energy-efficiency
upgrade. The solutions used to overcome key obstacles are applicable to other similar projects.
a) Challenge: Aging Building with Ongoing Operations
The Godrej Bhavan retrofit required implementing new energy-efficiency technologies

in an aging office building with ongoing operations. The building’s architectural
design, façade, glazing, lighting, and HVAC system were already in use, limiting the
opportunity to redesign these components. The aging HVAC system, a direct expansion
(DX) system, needed to be replaced. Since two air handling units (AHUs) cooled the
entire building, it was difficult to upgrade one floor at a time while keeping other
operating floors cooled. For a successful upgrade, the project team needed solutions to
these challenges, especially to ensure continued building operations, worker
productivity, and building safety, while simultaneously increasing staff awareness on
the benefits of the retrofit.
Solution: Implement Upgrade During Non-Working Hours Focusing on Building

Operations
The retrofit focused on specific equipment and energy management upgrades instead
of redesigning the building. The relatively inefficient HVAC DX system was replaced
with an energy-efficient water-cooled screw chiller. Because the building structure did
not have feasible sites to locate AHUs on every floor, artificial floors were created
(using beams in the masonry shaft and horizontal metal plates) to install new AHUs on
each level and to provide the desired temperature conditions for each floor while
maximizing energy savings. The HVAC retrofit occurred during nonworking hours and
weekends to avoid inconveniencing staff during working hours. To ensure continuity
of cooling, the old and new HVAC systems were operated simultaneously during the
transition.
b) Challenge: Missing Original Drawings

The building was constructed four decades ago, in 1972. Many of its architectural,
electrical, HVAC, and plumbing drawings and records had not been preserved over the
years
Solution: Create Building Blueprints

Instead of expending resources trying to locate the older drawings and blueprints, the
project team prepared new drawings for Godrej Bhavan during the retrofit process.
27
These drawing further assist the company in its ongoing and future building operations
and management, including energy savings.
c) Challenge: Limited Availability of Energy Efficient Products

Comprehensive information and sourcing of energyefficient technologies and green
materials, such as energy-efficient fluorescent (T-5) lamps with low mercury content,
were difficult to procure for the Godrej Bhavan upgrade.
Solution: Source Energy-Saving Materials from Special Vendors
The retrofit team sourced efficient technologies and materials from special vendors
through investigation and research. Sourcing these energy-saving products for the
Godrej Bhavan upgrade increased the overall market demand for efficiency
technologies, leading to their availability for a larger portion of Indian customers.
4.2.7. Inference-
Above case study determines the reduced energy consumption in an existing building. The
retrofitting helps save the operating costs, reduces the electricity usage, enhances the
occupants comfort and improvises the building systems. The conclusion from the case studies
is
 Godrej ‘s corporate assurance to the sustainability helped the project‘s efficiency

goals. Cost savings and high efficiency are the achievement of the project.
 The retrofitting in Godrej Bhavan determines cost effective opportunities and low
hanging energy. By the installation of the updated HVAC systems, BMS (Building
Management Systems) and up gradation of lighting proves efficient energy savings
with improved air quality and easy maintenance.
28
4.3 ACC Cement House – Case 3
4.3.1. Project Details
Table 12. Project Details - Case Study 3- ACC Cement House
Owners ACC Limited (headquarters)

Age of the building 82 years (1939)
Retrofitting of the Initiated - 2009
Building Completed - 2010
Location Churchgate, Mumbai, Maharashtra
Total Built-up area 10,250 sqm
Number of floors 1 part basements + Ground+ 6 Storey, height- 23 m
The post retrofit scenario of the building included various improved design features which
enhanced the building environment. Central shaft converted into an atrium with a skylight at
top, improving indoor lighting within building during the day. A compact shaft is added in
the atrium to allow activities such as discussions, meetings, etc. Allowing the office to
29
receive natural daylight (85% of the office is naturally lit). Open office plans with resized
fenestrations helps in improving the indoor lighting. Occupancy sensors for lights and sensors
based plumbing fixtures improve resource efficiency within buildings.
4.3.2. Building Features
Table 13. Retrofitting Strategies Implemented in case study 2- Godrej Bhavan

Building Envelope External walls – Double leaf brick wall of 530 mm thickness with
air cavity of 50 mm width (U- value: 1.107 W/sqmK)
Ground floor slab – 320 mm thick floor with 125 mm brick layer
and 150 mm PCC slab
Fenestration – Wooden framed Fenestration – Aluminum
Single glazed windows of size 1.3 framed
x 2.0 m Double glazed casement
windows of size 1.3 x 3.0 m
(U- value: 1.70 W/sqmK,
SHGC: 0.34)
Building roof – 150 mm thick Building roof- 150 mm thick
RCC slab with asbestos sheet RCC slab with polycarbonate
waterproofing. No insulation layer sheet waterproofing. 50 mm
on roof. Concrete floor finish for thick expanded polystyrene
terraces. (EPS) Insulation over the RCC
slab. Grass turf and plantation
on the terraces.
230 mm thick wall enclosing the Central shaft redesigned as
central shaft of the building. atrium with walls replaced by
glass railings of height 1100
mm.
HVAC system 1. Centralized AC system – 1. Centralized AC system
water cooled chiller – Air cooled chiller
2. Unitary AC system – split with variable
and window AC units for refrigerant flow (VRF)
cabins and work space. Total capacity of system of
system – 1442 kW (=400
TR)
COP of VRF system –
3.38
2 AHUs each for all floors of the 1 AHUs each for 3 floors of
building. the building.
30
2 energy recovery wheels each
for 2nd and 3rd floor of the
building.
2 sets of chillers and chilled water 2 sets of chiller and chilled
supply pumps with 100 TR water supply pumps with 200
capacity each. TR capacity each.
2 sets of cooling towers.
Lighting System Very low natural daylight for the More amount of natural
building interiors because of the daylight for the building
cabins and filing cabinets. interiors through central
atrium and enlarged
fenestrations (reduced
dependence on artificial light)
Conventional lighting systems Automatic lighting system
(using florescent tube light (using LED light panels and
fixtures) with manual control. fixtures) with occupancy
sensors with task lights for
each workspace.
Other Systems - Integrated BMS systems
installed which helps in
achieving 25% energy
consumption reduction as
compared to pre- retrofit state.
- Rooftop solar photovoltaic
system of 10 kWh capacity is
installed (generating 40 kWh
of electricity for the building
per day)
consumption pre- retrofit is 911290.90 kWh/ year and post- retrofit is 6,86,466.44 kWh/ year.
The energy consumption has significantly reduced by 25 % post retrofitting.
31
Table 14. Total Energy Consumed in ACC Cement House Pre- retrofit and post- retrofit

1. HVAC system 716151.59 516054.00
Window AC
2. Lighting System 61451.91 11176.44
Pumps, STP
Projectors, Laptops
auxiliary equipment
Total Electricity Consumed 9,11,290.90 6,86,466.44
Initial cost of entire building retrofitting is 30 crore INR, which includes cost of various
retrofitting activities ranging from assessment of existing configuration, design, execution-
demolition, disposal of waste and new construction/ installation of system. However, this cost
also includes the cost of furniture for office, which is not considered for this study in order to
make this case comparable to other considered cases of retrofitting. Hence the initial cost of
retrofitting is adjusted by removing the cost component of new furniture for office amounts to
approximately 5.25 crore INR. Hence, the total initial cost of retrofitting for this case is as
given the table below.

Cost of Retrofitting (per sqm) 24,150 INR/ sqm
32
4.2.5. Annual Cost Incurred
Sr. Component Total Annual Total Annual

1. Base Cost 7,76,668.38 5,85,056.63
2. HVAC system 716151.59 60,15,673.36 516054.00 43,34,853.60
3. Lighting System 61451.91 5,16,196.07 11176.44 93,882.10
4. Water Supply 1095.6 9,203.04 3867.60 32,487.84

System
Pumps, STP
6. Other 4125.00 34,650.00 27060.00 1,60,776.00

Components
7. Total Electricity 84,31,511.97 63,51,374.72

Costs

33
4.4 Mahindra Tower – Case 4
Table 16. Project Details Case Study – 4 Mahindra Tower
Owners Mahindra & Mahindra

Age of the building 38 years
Retrofitting of the Initiated – March 2009
Building Completed – July 2009
Location Worli, Mumbai, Maharashtra
Total Built-up area 18,430 sqm
Number of floors 6 (A Wing) and 7 (B Wing)
Cost of Retrofitting Rs. 18,90,000
This case study highlights the Mahindra Towers headquarters, an office building in Mumbai,
focusing on the strong case for energy retrofitting to improve energy efficiency of the
existing building. With an overall investment of Rs. 18,90,000 the energy conservation
mechanisms (ECMs) focused on improving efficiency in lighting and cooling systems.
Energy conservation measures not only save energy, but also improve equipment reliability,
increase the quality and property value of the building, enhance occupant comfort, and
amplify a company’s environmental commitment. The ECMs were implemented keeping in
mind the desired savings and Mahindra’s conditions.
34
4.4.1. Retrofitting Strategies Used

HVAC system 22 air handling units (AHUs), with a AHU motors were replaced
total installed motor load of 209 kW with appropriately sized high
The energy audit revealed that the efficiency motors, reducing
motors were loaded below 50 wasted energy and capacity.
percent of rated capacity, operating
less efficiently than if loaded at their
full capacity
two screw chillers with a capacity of The chiller system’s pump was
350 tons each to cool the water that enhanced to reduce energy
flows to the AHUs through use. The pump’s capacity was
manually-controlled valves. Prior to reduced to 15 cubic meters per
the retrofit, these chillers were hour with a 7.5 HP motor.
operating longer than required This reduction did not
compromise the chiller
system’s needs while saving
energy
Lighting System ceiling-mounted luminaires with two T-5 high efficiency tube rods
36 W linear fluorescent lamps with high-frequency, low
(FTL); the utility areas had lights harmonic electronic ballasts.
with one 36 watt (W) FTL; and 150 Over 500 lamps were changed,
W high pressure sodium vapor maintaining the desired
lamps were used as security lights. illumination levels of 250 -350
Tube lights (e.g., FTLs) accounted lux for better occupant
for 78 percent of total lighting load productivity.
and compact fluorescent lamps
accounted for 10 percent of the load.
consumption pre- retrofit is 3836910 kWh/ year and post- retrofit is 3,126,420 kWh/ year.
The energy consumption has significantly reduced by 19 % post retrofitting.
35
Table 17 Energy Consumption of Mahindra towers pre- retrofit and post- retrofit

1. Total Electricity Consumed 38,36,910 31,26,420

Cost of Retrofitting ( per sqm) 102 INR/ sqm
4.4.4. Annual Cost Incurred
Sr. Cost Component Total Annual Cost Total Annual

No. Electricity (INR) Electricity Cost (INR)
1. Base Cost 32,70,093.75 26,64,563
2. Total Electricity 38,36,910 2,87,76,825 31,26,420 2,34,48,150

Consumed
3. Total Annual 3,20,46,921.75 2,61,12,713

Electricity cost

36
CHAPTER 5: DATA ANALYSIS
5.1. Comparative Analysis of Energy Consumption and % of energy Savings
Table 19 Comparative analysis of energy Consumption and % of energy savings
Cases Energy Consumption % Energy Savings

Case 1 756011.08 650744.97 14%
Case 2 500854.64 418323.18 17%
Case 3 911290.9 686466.44 25%
Case 4 3836910 3126420 19%
The objective of the energy retrofitting of the building was to reduce the energy consumption
and make the building energy efficient. The electricity consumption pre- retrofit and post-
retrofit for the respective case studies are as shown in the table 8. A significant amount of
energy savings is witnessed for all the cases. For case 1 the electricity consumption pre- retrofit
is 756011.08 kWh/ year and post- retrofit is 650744.97 kWh/ year, the energy consumption has
significantly reduced by 14 % post retrofitting. For case 2 the electricity consumption pre-
retrofit is 500854.64 kWh/ year and post- retrofit is 418323.18 kWh/ year, the energy
consumption has significantly reduced by 17 % post retrofitting. For case 3 the electricity
consumption pre- retrofit is 911290.9 kWh/ year and post- retrofit is 686466.44 kWh/ year, the
energy consumption has significantly reduced by 25% post retrofitting. For case 4 the
electricity consumption pre- retrofit is 3836910 kWh/ year and post- retrofit is 3126420 kWh/
year, the energy consumption has significantly reduced by 19% post retrofitting.
5.2. Comparative Analysis of case Study Data
Table 20 Comparative Analysis of Case Studies
Cases Built Occupancy No. of Total Cost of Energy Cost of %

(Offices) Up Strate Retrofitting Savings retrofit Energy
Area gies (kWh) ting/ Savings
(sqm) Applie sqm
d (in
INR)
Case 1 7840 375 5 6,50,00,000 1,05,266.11 8,300 14%
Case 2 3826 100 7 5,82,00,000 82,531.46 18,476 16%
Case 3 10,250 450 12 24,75,00,000 2,24,824.46 24,150 25%
Case 4 18,430 1380 3 18,90,000 7,10,490 102 19%
37
From the above comparison table following conclusions can be drawn-
 The energy consumption/ annual energy savings of the building is impacted by the
occupancy of the building, the occupant behavior and operational strategies.
 When the no. of strategies applied to the building are increased the there is a significant
increase in the percent of energy savings, however it is observed that for a decreased
built-up area if same no. of retrofitting strategies is applied there is a decrease in the cost
of retrofitting and a significant increase in the % of energy savings.
For deriving a thumb rule for the % of energy savings achieved against a certain cost of
retrofitting per sqm we will not consider the case 4 as the no. of strategies applied are less as
compared to the total built up area. For the ease of evaluation and calculation we will use the
method of interpolation for cases 1,2 & 3, where we calculate the cost of retrofitting per sqm
and the corresponding % energy savings for the application of 5 retrofitting strategies for all
three cases.
Table 21 Deriving Cost of retrofitting/sqm and corresponding %energy savings
No. of
Retrofitting Cost of
Built up Area Strategies retrofitting/
Cases (in sqm) applied sqm % Energy Savings
1 7840 5 ₹ 8,300.00 14
2 3826 5 ₹ 10,865.00 12
3 10,250 5 ₹ 10,060.00 10
Means 7305 ₹ 9,742 12
So, from the above table we can say that on a conservative side, if approximately 10,000/
sqm are invested in building energy retrofitting, we can achieve minimum 12% of energy
savings.
One of the major limitations to the above analysis is that the cost of retrofitting/sqm varies
with the level and quality of retrofitting to be done.
38
5.3. Input Data for Pearson Correlation Analysis and ANOVA Analysis
Table 22. Input Data for performing Pearson Correlation analysis and ANOVA analysis
Annual No. of
Energy Retrofitting
Savings Strategies Cost of
(in kWh) Built up Area Occupancy applied Retrofitting
Y A B C D
105266.11 7840 375 8 65000000
82531.46 3826 100 7 58200000
224824.46 10250 450 15 247500000
710490 18430 1380 3 1890000
5.4. Results of the Pearson Correlation Analysis
Table 23 Results for Pearson Correlation Analysis
Y A B C D
Y 1
A -0.961668 1
B -0.984971 0.983662 1
C 0.53341 0.3719 -0.53108 1
D 0.38333 0.23024 -0.39581 0.983481 1
The correlation analysis method is used to discover if there is any relationship between the
independent variables which are built up area, occupancy, no. of retrofitting strategies applied
and total cost of the retrofitting in this case and how strong that relationship maybe.
The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) is the most common way of measuring a linear
correlation. It is a number between –1 and 1 that measures the strength and direction of the
relationship between two variables. The coefficient between ‘0 and 1’ it indicates a positive
correlation between the variables, coefficient ‘0’ indicates no correlation and for coefficient
between ‘0 and -1’ indicates a negative correlation. The Pearson correlation coefficient
describes the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two quantitative
variables. The thumb rule for interpretation of the relationship strength is given below in the
table.
39
Table 24. Thumb rule for interpretation of Pearson Correlation Analysis
Pearson correlation Strength Direction

coefficient (r) value
Greater than 0.5 Strong Positive
Between 0.3 and 0.5 Moderate Positive
Between 0 and 0.3 Weak Positive
0 None None
Between 0 and – 0.3 Weak Negative
Between – 0.3 and –0.5 Moderate Negative
Less than –.5 Strong Negative
From the Pearson correlation analysis as shown in table 22 following hypothesis can be stated
• The results suggest that there is a strong and negative co-relation between annual
energy savings, BUA and occupancy, considering this statement a hypothesis can be
drawn that the annual energy savings might decrease with the increase BUA and
occupancy.
• There is a strong and positive co-relation between annual energy savings and no. of
retrofitting strategies applied, from this statement a hypothesis can be drawn that the
annual energy savings might increase with the increase in no. of retrofitting strategies
• There is a moderate and positive correlation between the annual energy savings and the
cost of retrofitting, from this statement we can hypothesis can be drawn that the annual
energy savings might increase with the increase in cost of retrofitting.
• There is a strong and positive correlation between the no. of retrofitting strategies applied
and cost of retrofitting, from this statement we can hypothesis can be drawn that with the
increase in no. of retrofitting strategies applied the cost of retrofitting also increase.
The analysis of table 20 where the data of the four case studies is validated by the analysis of
Pearson Correlation analysis as mentioned above hypothesis.
40
5.5. Result of ANOVA Analysis
Table 25 Result for ANOVA Analysis
ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between
Groups 2.24212E+11 3 74737347580 3.472 0.051 3.490
Within
Groups 2.58346E+11 12 21528809870
Total 4.82558E+11 15
Since the p-value is equal to or greater than 0.05, this suggests that our hypothesis that is the
mean of identified factors, built up area, occupancy, no. of retrofitting strategies applied and
cost of retrofitting per sqm and the energy consumption of the retrofitted project have a
significant statistical variance.
41
CHAPTER 6: RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
6.1. General
In conclusion, the research has provided valuable insights into the multifaceted realm of
building energy retrofitting and energy efficiency enhancement. In essence, this dissertation
has significantly advanced our understanding of the impact of building energy retrofitting on
energy savings. The findings underscore the importance of a holistic approach, considering not
only the retrofitting strategies themselves but also the broader contextual factors that influence
energy consumption in existing buildings. The knowledge generated through this research
contributes to the ongoing dialogue surrounding sustainable building practices and provides a
foundation for informed decision-making in the pursuit of energy-efficient built environments.
6.2. Inferences
The energy savings of a building undergoing retrofitting are influenced by a combination of

climate, built-up area, occupancy, and the total cost of retrofitting. In composite and warm-
humid climates, the impact of retrofitting strategies is particularly pronounced. The climate
plays a crucial role as different climatic conditions require tailored solutions. For instance, in
warm and humid climates, strategies such as improved insulation, efficient HVAC systems,
and shading elements become imperative to enhance energy efficiency. The built-up area of
the building also plays a pivotal role; larger structures may experience different thermal
behaviors, affecting the effectiveness of retrofitting measures. Occupancy patterns further
influence energy consumption, as buildings with varying occupancy levels may require flexible
solutions to cater to fluctuating energy needs. Additionally, the total cost of retrofitting is a key
determinant, as a higher investment often enables the implementation of a more comprehensive
set of strategies, resulting in increased energy savings. Therefore, the interplay of climate, built-
up area, occupancy, and retrofitting costs is essential in shaping the success and magnitude of
energy savings in a building retrofitting project.
42
6.3 Recommendations
Following recommendations can be considered for improved energy savings through energy
retrofitting of existing buildings for future endeavors.
i. A thorough energy audit should be conducted before initiating retrofitting projects to
identify specific energy inefficiencies and tailor solutions accordingly.
ii. Advanced monitoring systems should be implemented to continuously track and
analyze energy consumption patterns post-retrofit.
iii. Retrofitting strategies with high potential for energy savings based on the building's
unique characteristics, usage patterns, and climatic conditions should be prioritized and
a holistic approach should be considered that combines multiple strategies for improved
energy savings.
iv. Implement programs to educate and engage building occupants in energy-saving
practices.
v. Utilize smart building technologies to provide real-time feedback on energy
consumption, encouraging occupants to adopt energy-conscious behaviors.
vi. Investigate available government incentives, rebates, and grants that support energy-
efficient retrofitting projects. Leverage financial assistance programs to offset the
upfront costs of implementing energy-saving measures.
vii. Integrate smart building technologies, including energy management systems, smart
thermostats, and automated lighting controls, to optimize energy usage based on real-
time data and user behavior.
viii. Establish a routine monitoring and maintenance schedule to ensure the continued
effectiveness of retrofitting measures. Proactively address any issues or malfunctions
to maintain optimal energy efficiency levels.
ix. Seek collaboration with experienced energy consultants, engineers, and retrofitting
specialists to benefit from their expertise and stay abreast of the latest advancements in
energy-efficient technologies.
43
6.4 Way Forward
i. Future research can aim to include a more diverse and extensive range of case studies
across different typologies of existing buildings. This would allow for a more
comprehensive understanding of the varying impacts of energy retrofitting strategies
on different types of structures.
ii. The study has highlighted the existence of different strategies for energy retrofitting,
each with its unique impact on energy savings. To build on this, future research could
explore a more extensive range of retrofitting strategies and their respective impacts.
This would provide a more nuanced understanding of which strategies are most
effective in specific contexts and under varying conditions.
iii. Future research can consider extending the scope to include various building typologies
such as residential, commercial, and industrial structures. This would enable a more
holistic assessment of the impact of retrofitting on energy savings across different
sectors.
iv. The impact of retrofitting can vary based on regional and climatic factors. Future
studies should consider incorporating these variables to better understand the regional
specificity of retrofitting strategies and their effectiveness in diverse environmental
conditions.
In conclusion, while this dissertation has contributed significantly to the understanding of the
impact of building energy retrofitting on energy savings, the identified limitations provide
avenues for further research. By addressing these limitations, future studies can enhance the
applicability and robustness of findings, ultimately contributing to more effective and targeted
energy retrofitting practices for existing buildings.
44
Annexure 1
Year of
Sr. No. Title Typology Author Publication Keywords Inference/ Research gap
1 Developing a Article Laura 2019 Energy efficiency, They developed a decision-making model
model for energy Gabrielli, Building portfolios, for energy retrofits in large building portfolios.
retrofit in large Aurora linear regression, The might of this study lies in the management
building portfolios: Greta multi- attribute of a plethora of buildings at the same time,
Energy assessment, Ruggeri optimization, life- comparing numerous alternative design
optimization and cycle costing, scenarios in order to attain the optimal outcome.
uncertainty uncertainty Therefore, energy enhancement is here
considered as an optimization issue, showing
different objectives and constraints.
1
2 Environmental Article Sushil 2022 functional As per the analysis of considered cases,
Impact Analysis of Kumar retrofitting, functional retrofitting of building for energy
Functional Solanki, operational efficiency provides significant benefits of up to
Retrofitting Rishabh efficiency, 25% for the deep retrofitting case with respect
Measures in Rastogi environmental to environmental impact reduction and resource
Buildings impact. consumption reduction. Substantial component
of these benefits is associated with the
operational phase of the building which is a
direct result of implementing energy efficient
retrofits in considered cases. It was also
observed that the environmental impact
reduction (with respect to PED, ADP and GWP)
increases with the increase in level of
intervention for building retrofitting.
3 Assessment of Article Ming Hu school buildings, Indoor environmental quality is inevitably
Effective energy school facility linked to energy performance. Viewed from this
retrofit strategies management plans, perspective, the operation and maintenance of a
and related impact retrofit strategies, building are as important as the design phase
on indoor indoor because energy efficiency and comfort are
environmental environmental strictly related to
quality quality, energy the building’s operating conditions.
efficiency
2
4 Evaluation of Article Gazal 2021 Energy efficiency, The detailed analysis of various energy-efficient
Energy-efficient Dandia, energy-efficient retrofit measures as applied to the case study
retrofit potential for Pratheek retrofitting, energy indicates that the most feasible options for
government offices Sudhakar performance retrofit resulting in optimum energy savings
in india an , evaluation, public with short payback periods include passive
Chaitali buildings in India architecture measures and equipment upgrades.
Basu Though the payback period serves as a great
tool to assess the feasibility of various retrofit
options, ease of installation, period of disruption
in regular activities also need to be kept in mind
while taking decisions regarding the optimum
solution.
5 Lean strategies for Article Andrea 2015 Window films, research shows how the same energy saving
window retrofit of Giovanni transparent strategies applied in different climate
Italian office Maininia building conditions produce deeply different results in
buildings: impact on , Daniele envelope,human term of primary energy consumption.
energy use, thermal Bonatoa comfort, primary The application of solar films (DC+Y) is very
and visual comfort , Tiziana energy demand effective in primary energy use reduction and
Polia , thermal comfort
Alberto improvement for existing transparent low
Speronia performance envelopes, especially in hot
climate and during cooling
seasons.
3
6 Retrofitting strategy Article Ingy El- 2017 Retrofit; Energy- The paper examines the close relationship
for building Darwish, efficiency; Thermal between different retrofit variables and the
envelopes to achieve Mohame comfort; Building energy efficiency in hot and arid climate. The
energy efficiency d Gomaa envelope; Higher contents have covered retrofit enhancement
educational spaces; methods that have strong impact on energy
Simulation tools; consumption through some of the building
Hot aid zones envelope parameters.
7 A multi-objective Article Yuling 2016 Building envelope the paper examines the close relationship
optimization model Fan retrofit, between different retrofit variables and the
for energy- , Multi-objective energy efficiency in hot and arid climate. The
efficiency building Xiaohua optimization, contents have covered retrofit enhancement
envelope retrofitting Xia Rooftop PV methods that have strong impact on energy
plan with rooftop system, consumption through some of the building
PV system Economic analysis envelope parameters.
installation and The paper further recommends that th retrofit
maintenance measures can target visual comfortor other
human comfort issues.
4
8 Achieving zero- Article Mehrdad 2021 Building This paper focused on the retrofitting of
energy building Rabani, retrofitting, building performance in terms of energy use and
performance with Habtamu Optimization thermal comfort and visual comfort criteria. For
thermal and visual Bayera process, Shading this purpose, an inclusive optimization approach
comfort Madessa, control method, integrating building envelope, glazing
enhancement Natasa Window opening parameters, HVAC setpoints, shading device,
through optimization Nord control method, and window opening control methods was
of fenestration, Zero energy adopted.
envelope, building Future work on the optimization process can
shading device, and investigate the improvement of building
energy supply performance equipped with all-air system in
system terms of energy use and thermal and visual
comfort criteria. Additionally, thermal comfort
and visual comfort can be assessed in further
detail through conducting daylight and CFD
simulations as a post processing step. It is an
interesting case to compare the spatial
distribution of thermal and visual comfort
indexes instead of only evaluating an average
value of these parameters before and after
optimization.
9 Understanding Article Athina 2023 The paper delves in current retrofitting practices
current retrofit Petsou, and highlights that most current retrofit
practices to prevent Hector approaches seem to focus on energy savings and
the Altamira improving the thermal
unintended no performance of building envelopes, neglecting
consequences Medina, other
Robyn
5
affecting IEQ and Pender, important parameters like thermal comfort,
health and Sung indoor air quality and occupants’ health
Min
Hong
10 Assessment of Article Aimilios 2016 visual comfort, The study proposes improvements depending on
Natural Lighting Michael, natural lighting the different orientations of the classroom in
Performance and Chryso performance, glare order to deal with glare problems, maintain
Visual Comfort of Heracleo issues, field study acceptable lighting levels and eliminate energy
Educational us through consumption of artificial lighting. Natural
Architecture in questionnaire- lighting is an important factor in the design of
Southern Europe: based survey, static education buildings as it increases productivity,
The Case of Typical and dynamic promotes a healthy and pleasant environment
Educational School simulations, while it reduces energy consumption that results
Premises in Cyprus educational from the use of artificial lighting
architecture,
southern Europe.
6
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IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BUILDING ENERGY

RETROFITTING ON THE ENERGY SAVINGS OF

Department of Building Engineering and Management

Table 1. Types of Retrofit based on the Amount of Energy Saved ........................................... 9

Figure 1. Research Methodology .............................................................................................. 5

Existing buildings consume an inordinate amount of energy globally. The consumption

1.3 Research Gap

To conduct a comprehensive impact assessment of strategies of building energy retrofitting on

1.6 Scope of Research

1.6 Research Methodology

2.1 What is Energy Retrofitting

Retrofitting or refurbishment is described as work required to upgrade an aged or deteriorated

2.2 Types of Energy Retrofits

2.2.1. Energy Conservation-Related Passive Measures

Reducing energy demand and consumption in buildings is paramount as it directly mitigates

2.2.3. Energy Generation Related Measures

The integration of renewable energy measures into building retrofitting is a common

2.2.4. Energy Management-Related Measures

Table 1. Types of Retrofit based on the Amount of Energy Saved

Retrofit type Amount of energy saved

Existing Building Commissioning (EBC) Up to 15%

Standard retrofit 15-45%

Deep retrofit 45% and above

Source - (Karunaratne & Silva, 2017)

2.2.6. Shallow Retrofit

2.2.7. Deep Retrofit

A deep retrofit is a comprehensive method that tries to produce significant improvements in

2.3 Retrofitting Outcomes

2.4 Strategies of Energy Retrofitting

2.4.1. Building Envelope

2.4.2. Electrical Systems

2.4.3. Lighting Systems

 Artificial indoor lighting

2.4.4. Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning System (HVAC)

Sr. No. Areas of Retrofit Possible Retrofit Strategies

Source - (TERI, 2019)

The literature review provides a comprehensive overview of energy retrofitting in buildings,

3.2 Objectives and Required Outcomes

Table 3. Objective, Methodology and Required Outcomes

Objectives Methodology Required Outcomes

Criteria for Selection of case study

Owners Bhartiya City Developers Pvt. Ltd.

4.1.1 Building Features

Table 5. Retrofitting Strategies Implemented case study 1- Lotus Tower, Delhi

Sr. Parameters Pre – Retrofit Post Retrofit

Figure 5. Front elevation with SS

Sr. No. Component Total Electricity Total Electricity

Total Cost of Retrofitting 6.5 crore INR

4.1.4. Annual Energy Cost

Sr. Component Total Annual Total Annual

2. HVAC system 476405.16 48,59,332.63 413756.57 42,20,317.05

3. Lighting System 53665.92 4,56,160.32 19166.40 1,62,914.40

4. Water Supply 1623.6 13,800.60 1623.60 13,800.60

6. Other 67452.00 5,73,342.00 59334.00 5,04,339.00

7. Total 756011.08 83,09,862.33 650744.97 71,59,072.11

Figure 7. Front facade of Godrej Bhavan

Table 8. Project Details Case Study-2 Godrej Bhavan

Owners Godrej and Boyce (headquarters)

4.2.1. Project Approach

Table 9. Retrofitting Strategies Implemented in case study 2- Godrej Bhavan

Parameters Pre – Retrofit Post Retrofit

4.2.3. Energy Consumption

Sr. No. Component Total Electricity Total Electricity