THERMAL COMFORT IN ALTERNATIVE

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS FOR AFFORDABLE

HOUSING

Department of Building Engineering and Management

School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi
SPA/NS/BEM/814

SEMINAR I

APRIL 2021

Guide:

Ar. Luke Judson

Submitted by:
Submitted To:
Samkit Jain
Ar. Sumedha Dua
BEM/814
Department of BEM
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project seminar report titled as “Thermal comfort in alternative
construction materials for affordable housing” submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of
Masters in Building Engineering and Management at School of Planning and Architecture, New
Delhi, is a record of the student’s work carried out by him under my supervision and guidance.
The matter enclosed in this seminar work has not been submitted for any other degree or
diploma.

Mr. Luke Judson Prof. (Dr.) Virendra Kumar Paul

Assistant Professor, Head of the Dept,

Dept. of Building Eng. & Management, Dept. of Building Eng. & Management,

School of Planning & Architecture, School of Planning & Architecture,

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New Delhi New Delhi
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I want to express my gratitude to Dr. V.K Paul (Dean, Department of
Building Engineering and Management, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi) for his
ongoing support and guidance.
I'd like to express my gratitude to my seminar guide, Ar. Luke Judson (Assistant professor,
Department of Building Engineering & Management, School of Planning & Architecture, New
Delhi) for his invaluable contributions and advice in completing this seminar.
I'd like to express my gratitude to Ar. Sakshi Jain, Ar. Sumedha Dua, and Ar. Kuldeep Verma for
their insightful comments and suggestions during the review sessions.
Finally, I'd like to express my gratitude to my family for their unwavering support and
motivation, as well as my colleagues at the Department of Building Engineering and
Management, who have aided me in completing the job with enthusiasm.
One of the most important academic challenges I've ever faced was writing this article. Despite
the fact that the following dissertation is an individual thesis, I could not have reached the
heights or explored the depths without the assistance of books written by various writers, eBooks
available on the internet, research papers written by various authors, and various organizations.

Samkit Jain
SPA/NS/BEM/814
Semester- II
Masters in Building Engineering and Management

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 ABSTRACT

In India, affordable housing is quickly becoming a top priority on both foreign and national
agendas. With housing being recognized as a basic need, governments at all levels are debating
how to provide housing to their citizens to increase their productive capital. The value of
affordable housing is explicitly acknowledged by the Affordable Housing Institute, quoting
Rakesh Mohan, Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, in 2007, "...future national
competitiveness and economic growth will be determined by the comparative efficiency of cities."
As a result, India intending to build 11.2 million housing units by 2022, the country faces a
major development opportunity and challenge that must be tackled quickly. However, traditional
planning practices will contribute to the creation of an affordable housing stock that fails to meet
the needs of the target population – section of the population that is most vulnerable to climate
change. With most houses build under incremental housing vertical of PMAY led by the
beneficiary led construction with the least liability of the government, PMAY-U requires a
strategy to develop supporting policies and capacities to educate and empower this community of
clients and stakeholders on environmental and thermal comfort standards in terms of products,
designs, energy management, and decentralized common services.
So the emergence of new materials in the common interest of both the private sector and
government bodies like BMTPC have tested various materials like Aerocon panels and PIR dry
wall pre-fab panels for use in affordable housing projects.
This study involved the quantitative analysis of these selected construction materials as the
building envelope in the terms of their material consumption, thermal comfort achieved and the
associated cost on the building structure to provide a holistic view. The buildings in which the
study was carried out are: one from an under-construction case of affordable housing in Kolar
Road, Bhopal while the other is an existing case of affordable housing in Rahul Nagar, Bhopal.
Outcomes of the analysis in this study show a decrease in the cement and steel consumed as well
as cost-saving in the building structure in case of the alternative materials (Hollow clay brick,
Aerocon panels, and PIR dry wall pre fab panels) as compared to the Fly ash as the building
envelope. This material reduction has increased the initial cost of the envelope in some cases.
The simulation analysis for thermal comfort in all the cases shows that there is a significant
increase in the annual comfortable hours within the building with a change in envelope material.
Keywords: Building envelope. Affordable housing, Alternative construction materials, Thermal
comfort in a building, Cost savings in Building, Decision support system using MCDA.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
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CERTIFICATE......................................................................................................................................................1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.......................................................................................................................................3
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................................................4
LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................................................................................8
LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................................................................9
1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................10
1.1 Background.....................................................................................................................10
1.1.1 Lower-income group housing..................................................................................10
1.1.2 Livability & Thermal comfort in affordable housing..............................................10
1.1.3 Alternative materials in affordable housing............................................................10
1.2 Need of study..................................................................................................................11
1.3 Research Gap..................................................................................................................11
1.4 Aim..................................................................................................................................11
1.5 Objective.........................................................................................................................11
1.6 Scope...............................................................................................................................12
1.7 Anticipated Outcome......................................................................................................12
1.8 Research methodology....................................................................................................13
2 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................................................................14
2.1 Schemes and policy framEwork for affordable and ews housing...................................14
2.2 Affordable housing current scenario...............................................................................16
2.3 Thermal comfort models.................................................................................................16
2.3.1 The predicted mean vote (PMV).............................................................................16
2.3.2 Adaptive model........................................................................................................17
2.4 Thermal comfort in affordable housing norms and standards........................................18
2.4.1 ECBC-R, 2018.........................................................................................................18
2.4.2 IGBC Guidelines for the affordable housing...........................................................18
2.4.3 GRIHA Guidelines for the affordable housing........................................................18
2.4.4 Model Building By-laws guidelines for thermal comfort........................................19
2.5 Selection criteria for construction materials in affordable housing................................19
2.5.1 Primary cost:............................................................................................................19
2.5.2 Secondary Cost........................................................................................................19
2.5.3 Compatibility of the materials.................................................................................19

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 2.5.4 Thermal transmittance criteria.................................................................................19
2.5.5 Construction time.....................................................................................................19
2.5.6 Durability.................................................................................................................20
2.5.7 Fire safety................................................................................................................20
2.5.8 Aesthetics:................................................................................................................20
2.6 Need for optimizing thermal comfort in low-income dwellings.....................................20
2.7 Glazing material for affordable housing.........................................................................21
2.8 Literature review matrix..................................................................................................21
3 CHAPTER 3: THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF BUILDING ENVELOPE...............................................24
3.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................24
3.1.1 Components of structure..........................................................................................24
3.1.2 Energy consumption................................................................................................24
3.1.3 Design integration....................................................................................................25
3.1.4 Recent advances.......................................................................................................25
3.2 Envelope performance factors........................................................................................26
3.2.1 Thermal Performance of Envelope..........................................................................26
3.2.2 Heat loads................................................................................................................26
3.2.3 Finite difference study.............................................................................................28
3.2.4 Structural envelope performance.............................................................................28
4 CHAPTER 4: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY....................................................30
4.1 Viable materials..............................................................................................................30
4.1.1 AAC panels..............................................................................................................30
4.1.2 High strength geopolymer concrete masonry blocks...............................................31
4.1.3 Hollow concrete block & brick masonry.................................................................32
4.1.4 PIR Dry wall prefab panel system...........................................................................33
4.2 Material comparison.......................................................................................................34
5 CHAPTER5: SIMULATION METHODOLOGY.........................................................................................36
5.1 Tools and method for thermal comfort...........................................................................36
5.2 Genetic algorithm (GA) based Multi criteria decisions analysis SYSTEM (MCDA)
framework..................................................................................................................................37
5.2.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................37

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 5.2.2 Methodology............................................................................................................37
5.2.3 Inputs required for the frame work..........................................................................38
5.2.4 Outputs required for the frame work.......................................................................39
5.3 Tools used for structural analysis....................................................................................40
6 CHAPTER 6: CASE STUDY........................................................................................................................41
6.1 PRIMARY CASE STUDY 1-Hinotiya Alam - Affordable housing, Bhopal.................42
6.1.1 Multi-story residential block details........................................................................42
6.1.2 Specifications from BOQ........................................................................................43
6.1.3 Building parameters.................................................................................................43
6.1.4 Thermal -simulation model & analysis....................................................................44
6.1.5 Cost reduction of structural /non-structural elements..............................................46
6.1.6 Conclusion and inferences.......................................................................................50
6.2 PRIMARY CASE STUDY 2-Rahul Nagar - Affordable housing Bhopal.....................52
6.2.1 Multi-story residential block details........................................................................52
6.2.2 Specifications from BOQ & Building parameters...................................................53
6.2.3 Building parameters.................................................................................................53
6.2.4 Thermal -simulation model......................................................................................53
6.2.5 Cost reduction of structural /non-structural elements..............................................55
6.2.6 Conclusion and inferences.......................................................................................58
6.3 Decision support system application & validation.........................................................60
6.3.1 Application..............................................................................................................60
6.3.2 Conclusion and inferences.......................................................................................61
7 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION & WAY FORWARD...................................................................................62
7.1 Conclusion......................................................................................................................62
7.2 Future Scope of Work.....................................................................................................62
7.3 Objective – Methodology-Outcome matrix....................................................................63
8 References......................................................................................................................................................64
ANNEXURE.........................................................................................................................................................67
BOQ parts regading sPecificatoin of both affordable housing specification............................67

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 The MHUPA in its 2011 report defining both income and size criteria of affordable
housing...........................................................................................................................................14
Table 2 Comparison of thermal comfort model............................................................................18
Table 3 Literature Review matrix..................................................................................................21
Table 4 Comparison of Aerocon blocks & Clay bricks ( Wayal & Kumthekar, 2015)................31
Table 5 General climatic data of Bhopal.......................................................................................41
Table 6 Thermal stress per month as per moheny's table..............................................................41
Table 7 Construction specifications for EWS unit........................................................................43
Table 8 Energy parameters for EWS units....................................................................................44
Table 9 Summary table of thermal comfort for case study 1........................................................46
Table 10 Wall costs for EWS unit.................................................................................................47
Table 11 Column cost of EWS unit...............................................................................................48
Table 12 Foundation cost for EWS unit........................................................................................48
Table 13 Cost result for case study 1.............................................................................................49
Table 14 Comfort / cost index calculation for E.W.S house.........................................................50
Table 15 Summary table of thermal comfort for case study 2......................................................55
Table 16 Wall costs for EWS unit.................................................................................................56
Table 17 Column cost of EWS unit...............................................................................................56
Table 18 Foundation cost for EWS unit........................................................................................57
Table 19 Cost result for case study 2.............................................................................................57
Table 20 Comfort/cost index for L.I.G house................................................................................58
Table 21 Input parameters in MCDA............................................................................................60
Table 22 Output from the DSS and weighted score ranking.........................................................61
Table 23 Objective – Methodology-Outcome matrix....................................................................63

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Thermal comfort model balancing in human as per adaptive model..............................17
Figure 3 Simulation methodology for thermal comfort analysis...................................................36
Figure 4 Decision support and analysis system methodology.......................................................37
Figure 5 Flowchart of Structural analysis......................................................................................40
Figure 7 Site plan of Hinotiya Alam affordable housing..............................................................42
Figure 6 e.w.s. block plan..............................................................................................................42
Figure 9 comfortable hours vs week case study 1.........................................................................45
figure 10 TDR vs week case study 1.............................................................................................45
Figure 11 Cost summary of case study 1.......................................................................................49
Figure 12 Rahul Nagar affordable housing plan............................................................................52
Figure 13 LIG block and unit plan................................................................................................53
Figure 14 LIG block and unit plan................................................................................................53
Figure 15 Comfortable hours vs week case study 2......................................................................54
Figure 16 TDR vs week for case study 2.......................................................................................54
Figure 17 cost summary chart for case study 2.............................................................................58

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 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND

1.1.1 LOWER-INCOME GROUP HOUSING

Intending to construct 11.2 million housing units by 2022, the country is looking at a massive
development opportunity and challenge as it was estimated that housing demand would
increase to 25 million units and requiring up to 200,000 hectares of land. However, the
conventional planning practice is leading to designs unable to respond well to the target
population along with the increase in temperature due to global warming.[ CITATION
SMi20 \l 1033 ] Added to the fact that the thermal conditions of such houses do provide the
required thermal comfort added to the fact that the EWS and LIG houses have no economic
capability of using ACs to deal with the discomfort along with the least interest of the
developers and builders in terms of habitability of building.
1.1.2 LIVABILITY & THERMAL COMFORT IN AFFORDABLE HOUSING
As per Maslow’s Theory Hierarchy of Needs, the housing or “shelter” is the basic need, and
therefore these dwellings must be perceived to fulfill their needs and demands. As per
previous studies, it has been shown that there are qualitative and quantitative aspects
associated with livability. Qualitative aspects social, cultural and community bonding are
varied and depends on person perception but qualitative aspect like thermal comfort, space
requirements, anthropometry, and visibility are important aspects and need to be fulfilled
Therefore the demand for subsidies to be linked with the performance of the housing stock
to ensure livability is being demanded and the problem of lack of proper knowledge
regarding the choice of materials and their implications are rampant specifically in the
towns and non-metros, where even though accessible and beneficial to an extent is under
regarded under conventional materials.[ CITATION Kum18 \l 1033 ].
When defining the thermal comfort, Thermal comfort is defined as a condition of mind
which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment and as per ASHRAE- 55
guidelines 26-degree temperature is good for prolonged thermal comfort and 18 to 22 degree
in winter and 25-30 degree in summer is suitable as per Indian codes. In terms of thermal
comfort, for assessing the efficiency of the envelope Giovanni Structural Bioclimatic
Chart is a tool that is widely used.
Hence, for bridging the gap in Affordable housing is much wide [ CITATION CSE20 \l 1033
]need for thermal comfort in mass housing cannot be ignored as energy demands can cut
down by 40 percent by designing an efficient envelope.

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1.1.3 ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS IN AFFORDABLE HOUSING
The alternative construction materials are easily are incorporable with the existing
construction and are capable of reducing the time and cost of the project and added benefits
like sustainability and ecofriendly. In India, affordable housing for the poor’s, EWS housing,
and LIG are considered at a lower tier, and a separate organization known as Building
Materials & Technology Promotion Council (BMTPC) under the Ministry of Urban
Development, G.O.I is responsible for bridging the gap between research and development
and large scale application of new building material technologies.
Also various studies like the use of rat trap bond in brick masonry. Ferro cement panel for
affordable housing [ CITATION Kha16 \l 1033 ] and Design of rammed earth
building[ CITATION RAJ16 \l 1033 ] and fly ash bricks, Aerocon Panels, Bagasse-Cement
Boards and Panels, Fiber Cement Composites [ CITATION Roy13 \l 1033 ] have been
conducted. The main aim of the council along with using the package proven innovative
technologies is to benefit the small, medium, or large scale entrepreneurship that are planning
on setting up the manufacturing units.
Keywords: Thermal comfort, affordable housing, alternative construction materials, cost
parameter, material characteristics.

1.2 NEED OF STUDY

This study will help in the identification & determination of which type of constriction
material specifically for the wall indoor and outdoor partitions and help designers and
energy consultants in establishing relationships in construction projects along with the cost-
benefit.

1.3 RESEARCH GAP

More research is needed on new and alternative materials for affordable housing before their
use can be promoted [ CITATION SMi20 \l 1033 ] added with the problem of availability of
construction materials in Tier III and Tier IV cities which has major growth engines of
future.[ CITATION ArA13 \l 1033 ]

1.4 AIM
To derive the cost is to the thermal benefit of different building envelope emerging materials.

1.5 OBJECTIVE
1. To analyze the schemes and current scenario in affordable housing and its relation to
thermal comfort and develop selection criteria for selection of such materials.
2. To analyse the various aspects of thermal performance of building envelope

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3. To evaluate using a case study and devise a decision support system framework for the
selection of material

1.6 SCOPE
1. Since there is a wide range of temperature conditions hence only the composite and warm
and temperate climate of Bhopal will be taken limited to the city.
2. For structural restraints, only the RCC framed structure would be used and only the wall
internal and exterior partitions would be used.
3. A literature survey regarding the factors influencing the selection, advantages, limitations,
and problems faced at the site related to materials would be used.
1.7 ANTICIPATED OUTCOME
1. To quantify the benefit is to the ratio for the cost is to various construction material in
terms of thermal comfort of the building
2. A standardized tool or a method to determine the procedure so that similar operations are
streamlined if need to be conducted elsewhere.

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1.8 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

BACKGROUND STUDY ON THE THERMAL THE BACKGROUND WITH RELATION TO THE

COMFORT, ANALYSIS USAGE AND VARIOUS AFFORDABLE HOUSING AND MATERIALS IN INDIAN
METHODS CONTEXT

CHAPTER 1 NEED FOR RESEARCH

INTRODUCTIO
N
AIM LIMITAION & SCOPE
TO DERIVE THE COST IS TO THERMAL The location of the study is limited
BENEFIT OF DIFFERENT BUILDING to Bhopal due to diverse climatic
ENVELOPE EMERGING MATERIALS. data
Scope: only walling option were
selected

OBJECTIVE 1
To analyses the schemes and current Drawbacks regarding the materials
scenario in affordable housing and its currently being used in affordable
CHAPTER 2 relation to thermal comfort. housing
LITERATURE To develop a selection criteria for  
REVIEW selection of constriction materials
 

RESULT
Selection criteria for the selection
of materials
Various thermal model to be used
CHAPTER 3 in simulation.
BUILDING OBJECTIVE 2
ENEVELOPE TO ANALYZE THE VARIOUS ASPECTS OF THERMAL
THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF BUILDING ENVELOPE
PERFORMNAC
E
SELECTION OF THE
CHAPTER 4 MATERIALS
CONSTRUCTIO   CLIMATIC
N MATERIALS OBJECTIVE 3 DATA
AND TO EVALUATE USING A CASE STUDY
TECHNOLOGY AND DEVISE A DECISION SUPPORT
  SYSTEM FRAMEWORK FOR THE
SELECTION OF MATERIAL DEVELOPING THE
SIMULATION MODEL IN A
CHAPTER 5
SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT
SIMULATION
METHODOLOG IDENTIFYING THE CASE STUDIES FOR
BASELINE MODEL & VARIOUS COLLECTING DATA ON
Y COST, QUANTITY,
DRAWINGS AND DETAILS, COST ETC.
  MANPOWER AND
TIMING ETC.
RESULT COMPARING THE
ANALYSIS RESULT AND
RANKING THEM
CHAPTER 6
CASE STUDY
  RESULT: COMPARING THE COST AND OTHER PARAMETERS &
RANKING THEM

CHAPTER 7 APPLICATION
CONCLUSION OUTCOME METHOD TO DETERMINE BY THE
AND RATIO FOR COST IS TO THERMAL COMFORT FOR VARIOUS CONTRACTORS/BUILDERS FOR MAKING
DISCUSSION MATERIALS THAT WERE SELECTED. CHOICE THAT IS MORE INFORMED.
 
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 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
1

1.9 SCHEMES AND POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR AFFORDABLE AND

EWS HOUSING
Affordable housing refers to any housing that meets some form of affordability criterion,
which could be income level of the family, size of the dwelling unit, or affordability in terms
of EMI size or ratio of house price to annual income[ CITATION GOP15 \l 1033 ]
Indian Standard IS 8888-1 (1993) – Requirements of Low Income Housing(Guide): Provides
guidelines for the planning and general building requirements of low-income housing for
houses having a maximum plinth area of 40m2. It applies to low income ‘housing colonies’
by government bodies and private agencies
Housing affordability is characterized in several ways around the world. One of the most
generally accepted concepts of affordability is housing affordability, which is defined as the
ratio of housing costs to household income.

TABLE 1 THE MHUPA IN ITS 2011 REPORT DEFINING BOTH INCOME

AND SIZE CRITERIA OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING

According to Article 21 of the Constitution of India, every citizen has a right to shelter where
he can live and prosper. Even though shelter is a basic right in our country, a large portion of
our population is homeless, and another large portion lives in deplorable slum conditions
[ CITATION Deb12 \l 1033 ]. Since 37 percent of the population lives below the
international poverty line, providing affordable housing remains a major problem for the
government. The inferior quality of construction and execution as well as the mindset of the
poor in the country amplifies the issue.

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Major issues of EWS and affordable housing are:
1) Titling Issues
2) Rising Costs
3) Regulatory Constraints
4) No availability of developed land and ineffective land management
5) Affordability of the poor

The provision enacted as per the Indian constitution are:

1) Article 21 of the Constitution of India (Right to Life)
2) Supreme Court decisions on Right to Housing
3) Article 11(1) of ICESCR (International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights)
4) Article 25(1) of UDHR (Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

Some of the government policies that fund affordable housing are:

1) National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy (NUHHP), 2007 aims at the distribution
of land, shelter, and services by promoting various types of public-private partnerships
(PPP) for realizing the goal of affordable housing for all. They are further classified into
3 heads as central government, state government, and Urban local bodies
2) Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP), JNNURM: The JNNURM is involved in
providing basic services to the urban poor through an integrated approach of housing and
slum upgradation
3) Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana: subsidy of Rs 932.56 crore has been released for
construction of 459728 dwelling units since the inception of the scheme up to 2005–06
[ CITATION Deb12 \l 1033 ].
4) National Slum Development Programme: a total amount of Rs 3089.64 crore has been
released to the States/UTs covering 436.28 lakh urban poor since the inception of the
scheme up to 2005–06.” (Planning Commission of India, 2007).

As evident initially the development of affordable housing was a major duty and was taken
by the Public Sector Institutions & Practice.
Private sectors in the recent decade have been attracted to affordable housing due to some
major factors like easier availability of land in the suburban areas along with infrastructural
connectivity, availability of facilitating and financing agencies such as the National Housing

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 Bank, International developmental organizations, International NGOs, microfinance
institutions and private equity players [ CITATION GOP15 \l 1033 ]

1.10 AFFORDABLE HOUSING CURRENT SCENARIO

Unfortunately, most of the housing development programs are considering affordability
rather than sustainable aspects. Furthermore, developers are more interested in profit and
neglect sustainability issues. There is a need for an extensive literature review as a basis to
develop strategies for integrated affordable and sustainable housing.
Usually, the same choice of materials are used in affordable housing and cost reduction is
achieved mainly by the reduction in workmanship, quality, and substandard material being
used. The government models of creating the MIG and HIG type flats in conjunction with
EWS and LIG flats for cross-subsidization are also criticized as these sections are
apprehensive in choosing such projects.
Sustainable development means “meeting the needs of the present without compromising
with the ability of future generations to meet their own need”. Applying the concept of
sustainable development is vital to achieving a balance between human activities and nature
without jeopardizing social and economic systems for future generations.

1.11 THERMAL COMFORT MODELS

It is defined in the ISO 7730(1994) as “The condition of mind that which expresses
satisfaction with the thermal environment”( ASHRAE).[ CITATION Lal17 \l 1033 ]
Thermal comfort’ is the term used to describe a satisfactory, stress-free thermal environment
in buildings and, therefore, is a socially determined notion defined by norms and
expectations. Thermal comfort is a highly subjective sensation. It is a cognitive indicator,
which cannot be easily converted into physical tangible parameters...
Large variation exists in indoor thermal comfort according to different climates, times of the
year, and cultures. These responses and the actions and the lifestyles and beliefs they
engendered ensured that the human race could survive in almost all the wide variety of
conditions to be found across the planet. Added to the fact that, Myriad of regional and local
climatic conditions and varied building constructions and technology, India does not follow a
uniform standard for comfort.
The HVAC industry, therefore, needed to define ‘comfort’ in terms of the physical variables
that could be controlled using the HVAC system. The most common definition of a ‘comfort
zone’ or range of environments that are experienced as comfortable is based on the ASHRAE
seven-point scale of comfort.
1.11.1 THE PREDICTED MEAN VOTE (PMV)
It is the best-known of such thermal indices. By using a simple steady-state physiological
model, a group of building occupants will vote on their level of comfort on the ASHRAE
scale, and a value is extracted from the four physical variables of radiant temperature, air

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 temperature, humidity, and air movement, as well as insulation of their presumed clothing
level and metabolic rate.
PMV does not, however, reflect the recognition that comfort has a psychological or a social
dimension but uses mean skin temperature and mean evaporative heat loss from sweating.
PPD (Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied), is a function of PMV, considering every
individual in that place cannot be forced to feel comfortable in the same way.

1.11.2 ADAPTIVE MODEL

It is a more detailed and complex view of thermal comfort.
The adaptive approach was based on the premise that, in addition to spontaneous
physiological responses, building occupants would take deliberate measures to achieve the
‘goal' of being thermally relaxed...
Establishing Comfort, in reality, is a much more multidimensional system than is assumed in
the steady-state PMV-type indices.
Revised ASHRAE Standard 55-2010 –Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human
Occupancy, outlines the characteristics and demands for a healthy indoor thermal
environment. ASHRAE-55, the recommendable and accepted PPD range is less than 10%
persons dissatisfied in a built space.

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 Both approaches use a simple one-dimensional scale to measure thermal comfort has
advantages for the simplicity of the model and allows the results of both experimental
approaches to be compared.[ CITATION Nic17 \l 1033 ]
TABLE 2 COMPARISON OF THERMAL COMFORT MODEL
The predicted mean vote (PMV) Adaptive model
 The four physical variables of radiant  Model-more holistic and dynamic
temperature, air temperature, humidity, understanding of thermal comfort.
and air movement along with insulation  The adaptive approach was based on
of their assumed clothing level and the assumption that building
metabolic rate. occupants will take conscious actions
 PMV does not, however, reflect the in addition to the involuntary
recognition that comfort has a physiological responses of the body
psychological or a social dimension but to achieve the ‘goal’ of being
uses mean skin temperature and mean thermally comfortable.
evaporative heat loss from sweating.  Better for naturally ventilated
 Better for air conditioning buildings buildings hence better suited for us
1.12 THERMAL COMFORT IN AFFORDABLE HOUSING NORMS
AND STANDARDS

1.12.1 ECBC-R, 2018

To encourage energy conservation in the residential sector, the government launched the
Eco-Niwas Samhita 2018, which is the ECBC for residential buildings. The code seeks to
encourage the design and development of houses, including apartments and townships, to

FIGURE 1 THERMAL COMFORT MODEL BALANCING IN HUMAN AS PER ADAPTIVE

MODEL

provide residents with the benefits of energy efficiency. (2019, ECBC). It has been

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 developed to set minimum building envelope performance standards to limit heat gains and
applies to all the residential buildings with a plot area of more than ≥ 500 m2.
They are informed of U values (Thermal transmittance) for building material like the roof,
walls, doors, etc. and Solar heat gain coefficient for glazing
1.12.2 IGBC GUIDELINES FOR THE AFFORDABLE HOUSING
IGBC promotes green concepts and techniques in the affordable housing sector that can help
address the issue of thermal comfort as well. Better ventilation and light in the dwellings and
indoor environment quality along with specified U value of wall, roof, and glazing are
mentioned in EC credits [ CITATION Ind17 \l 1033 ]
1.12.3 GRIHA GUIDELINES FOR THE AFFORDABLE HOUSING
GRIHA is a rating tool that helps people assess the performance of their building against
certain nationally acceptable benchmarks. GRIHA has developed a new rating variant called
"GRIHA for Affordable Housing" which is aligned to the PMAY. It also provides thermal
comfort and envelops thermal performance in terms of reduction in cooling load.
[ CITATION GRI17 \l 1033 ]
1.12.4 MODEL BUILDING BY-LAWS GUIDELINES FOR THERMAL COMFORT
Town and Country Planning Organization has made an effort to prepare “Model Building
Bye-Laws- 2016” for the guidance of the State Governments, Urban Local Bodies, Urban
Development Authorities, etc. which is an improvement over the previous Model Building
Bye-Laws brought out in 2004. The current 2016 version of it states Thermal comfort levels
and design requirement of various spaces of –Non-Industrial buildings shall be determined as
per Part 2 of SP 41 (1987) and proper materials to ensure ensures thermal comfort.
[ CITATION Min16 \l 1033 ].

1.13 SELECTION CRITERIA FOR CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS IN

AFFORDABLE HOUSING
Selection of the materials which can be viably be used for the construction in affordable
housing is not just limited to the cost but also depends on the specifications and complexity
of the project therefore few factors that would be helpful in a decision-making framework for
the selection are:
1.13.1 PRIMARY COST:
Includes the cost of material by the manufacturer and the vendor and needs to be stated that
the transportation and handling cost is included or not.
1.13.2 SECONDARY COST
The cost associated with the transportation, carriage, and maintenance as well as the
additional skills and requirement of laborers and machinery during the construction and post-

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 construction phase is called as associated cost. It should be noted that this could be obtained
from the specifications of work and rate analysis.
1.13.3 COMPATIBILITY OF THE MATERIALS
The materials change has a cascading effect on other materials hence the additional increase
or decrease in the cost due to change in such material and specifications need to be accounted
for in selection criteria.
1.13.4 THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE CRITERIA
As specified from the various codes above like IGBC and ECBC, performance criteria for the
selection of the materials need to be mandated.
1.13.5 CONSTRUCTION TIME
Time is a major factor in the budget of a project and the inflation rate is increasing at a very
high rate therefore construction time needs to be taken into consideration This includes the
construction pace, the time needed for production, transportation, and the assembly/erection
of the building's structure.
1.13.6 DURABILITY
As affordable housing is subjected to more occupant per unit as per NBC hence high
functional and aesthetic characteristics of material must be used for a long time.
1.13.7 FIRE SAFETY
The material needs to be compliant with the proper fire safety rating as per building bylaws.
1.13.8 AESTHETICS:
As the building is built with the urban context hence the building should be

1.14 Need for optimizing thermal comfort in low-income dwellings

The building and construction industry provides a significant opportunity to fight global
warming while also enhancing the quality of life and well-being of its inhabitants. This
sector, according to the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), has the greatest cost-
effective GHG mitigation capacity.
Due to a lack of ventilation and sunshine, low-income community (LIG) dwellings are
frequently described as thermally uncomfortable with a poor indoor climate. Economic,
social, and cultural practices restrict the energy usage of these dwellings.
Low income, on the other hand, does not always mean low energy consumption (Dong, Li,
and McFadden, 2015). According to studies, LIG dwellings are likely to be energy-intensive
due to occupants' lack of energy knowledge, the use of low-cost energy-intensive equipment,
or excessive cooling or heating equipment due to a thermally uncomfortable environment.

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 Occupant behavior plays a major role in the energy usage of such housing because they
follow adaptive behaviors such as opening and closing windows and doors, using curtains,
and wetting the roof to preserve thermal comfort.
A study was conducted aiming at optimizing thermal comfort through adaptive actions and
building strategies in low-income group (LIG) housing. [ CITATION Bar18 \l 1033 ]The
case study area is an existing low-income group (LIG) tenement housing, commonly known
as chawl located in Mumbai, India was taken and a mixed-mode research methodology is
adopted in this study to optimize thermal comfort in the low-income group.
The first technique involved the Delphi method, which is a systematic iterative process to
elicit a consensus view from a panel of experts through which first round of Delphi of
shortlisting of ten suitable interventions then 2nd round of Delphi of selection the parameters
contributing to their acceptability was conducted.
Added with it a base case Energy Plus model of an existing chawl was created using
OpenStudio2.4.1 Sketch Up plug-in. Open Studio along with the necessary details filled in.
This method was termed pinch analysis or precisely Energy Target Pinch Analysis (ETPA)
and it developed a decision-making framework to optimize thermal comfort in low-income
housings. Through it, it was found that in the current scenario, people often compromise on
comfort by adopting less effective strategies mostly associated with higher affordability,
socio-cultural acceptability, and ease of use

1.15 GLAZING MATERIAL FOR AFFORDABLE HOUSING

It is found time and time again that a glass-curtain wall made of one clear glass and other
reflecting glass shows lower energy consumption as compared to a standard size window.
The thermal performance of a building is influenced by the window size and its orientation. It
has been found that for an uninsulated building (no insulation in walls/roof), a 30% glazed
area of the south wall is sufficient for Delhi’s composite climate.[ CITATION Gar11 \l
1033 ]

1.16 LITERATURE REVIEW MATRIX

TABLE 3 LITERATURE REVIEW MATRIX

No Keyword Author Literature Inference
1 Alternative DG Leo Thermal comfort in  Heat prevention,
construction Samuel, K traditional buildings  Heat modulation and
materials Dharmasastha, composed of local and  Heat dissipation
SM Shiva modern construction
Nagaendra, M materials
Prakash Maiya
Swaptik Prospects of low-cost  Aerocon Panels

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 Chowdhury, housing in India  Ferro-Cement
 Bagasse-Cement
Boards and Panels:
 Availability
Ganesh .A. Study and cost analysis  The cost factor of
Chougule1, of following core wall hollow-core wall
N.N. Morey cement panels panel for cement panel Vs
and A.P.Khatri affordable housing conventional materials.
 Labour component of
hollow-core wall
cement panel
Paul E. Emerging Construction A catalog of construction
Gaudette Systems-BMTPC panels that can be used
subjected to further research
Shweta O. Cost-Effectiveness of Brick, AAC blocks, Brick,
Rathi1, P.V. using AAC Blocks & Cost-effectiveness, Material
Khandve Panels for Building was testes amongst each other
Construction
2 Thermal Betty Lala Analysis of Thermal  Thermal comfort, in
comfort Comfort Study in India India along with, PMV,
PPD, Adaptive,
Thermal Comfort was
discussed.
 Thermal search
correlating occupant’s
performance and
productivity with their
comfort satisfaction
Jeetika Malik, Optimizing Thermal  In Mumbai Chawls, the
Ronita Comfort in Low- Pinch approach was
Bardhan Income Dwellings: A used
Pinch Analysis  Energy plus simulation
Approach was done
 The hybrid expert
choice on a decision
support system
Fergus Nicol Rethinking thermal  Theory-based and
& Susan Roaf comfort explorative research
 PMV model along with
Adaptive model &
HVAC effect was
discussed,
 Thermal comfort,
Thermal regulatory
system, ASHRAE was
discussed.

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 IA Meir & SC Thermal comfort -  Behavioral adaptation
Roaf Thermal mass: housing common in hot dry
in hot dry climates areas &
 Internal mass and
external mass by
preconditioning &
ACH –scheduling for
simulation
 Thermal time concept-
could be a performance
criteria
 Housing context(More
relevant to us
S. Amos- Effects of Thermal Performance Evaluation of
Abanyie, F. O. Mass, Window Size, Simulation Models.
Akuffo,and V. and Night-Time  The comparison of the
Kutin-Sanwu Ventilation on Peak maximum temperatures
Indoor Air  The temperature
Temperature in the difference ratio (TDR),
Warm-Humid Climate and
of Ghana  The percentage of
overheated hours
Nafisa Improving thermal  Thermal comfort; low-
Bhikhoo, comfort of low-income income housing;
Arman housing in Thailand  In the context of
Hashemi, and through passive design Thailand; tropical
Heather strategies climates;
Cruickshank  Dynamic thermal,
simulations were
carried with sensitivity
analysis.
 Retrofitting or after
construction measures
were discussed
3 Affordable Pinal Barot, Pradhan Mantri Awas  Affordable housing,
housing, Yojana (PMAY) economically weaker
scheme- an emerging section (EWS),
prospect of affordable  Urban, slum’s policies
housing in India and framework
 PMAY literature
survey with history and
background.
Kalpana Affordable housing: an  Affordable housing,
Gopalan , academic perspective Institutional
Madalasa on policy and practice Framework
Venkataraman in India.  Challenges and

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 Potential, -international
experience
 Literature survey
regarding the PMAY
scheme
Debakshi Housing for EWS  EWS housing,
Mitra constitutional
provision, government
policies
 Literature survey
regarding the PMAY
scheme

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 CHAPTER 3: THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF
BUILDING ENVELOPE
2

1.17 INTRODUCTION
The primary protection against the exterior environment in every building is the building
envelope. When a building is damaged by an earthquake, corrosive weathering, fire, floods, or
due to any reason the external environment factors may enter the structure, causing damage to a
building that is otherwise structurally sound and the damage not limited to the structure but the
basic properties of the building is compromised.
The building envelope is classified as three layers that regulate the flow of moisture, heat and air,
and sunlight into and out of the structure.
1.17.1 COMPONENTS OF STRUCTURE
They are comprised of the roof, wall, and windows and it is found that the roof is physiologically
associated as a shelter component in the structure. A reasonable amount of protection is expected
to offer by these components and their performance is interdependent therefore they collectively
form the protection, for example, a damaged roof or wall cladding may compromise the weather
protection of a building, allowing wind, rain, and other elements to enter the interior spaces. This
can destroy furnishings and other non-structural building elements if not fixed immediately,
which will be expensive and time-consuming to fix or replace. It may also intensify structural
damage that has occurred as a result of the incident in some situations.
Therefore new standards and codes are implemented with the consideration of preserving life in
case of fire, earthquake, and other disasters. The building is also classified according to damages
that they are allowed to be subjected to. The public also expects buildings to suffer only minor
damage and to be functional again quickly after a moderate case. As a result of this criterion,
non-structural structures are included in the definition of low-damage architecture, and the
seismic performance of the building envelope is a critical factor in any low-damage building
design. The building envelope, which interacts with both indoor and outdoor conditions, is one
of the most vulnerable elements for high levels of energy loss.
1.17.2 ENERGY CONSUMPTION
As a result, various aspects of its output that are important to comfort and energy efficiency
should be investigated. The building envelope is one of the most critical factors in controlling
energy consumption from an energy efficiency standpoint also. The building envelope is one of
the most critical components in managing physical environmental effects and maintaining
occupant comfort conditions from an energy efficiency standpoint.

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Numerous studies conducted concerning the envelope of a building and energy efficiency
spanning various temperature zones, building typology, and different building aspects found that
building envelope is responsible for about 25% of the total energy consumption of the building,
and it led to a better understanding of the critical relationship between building envelopes and
thermal comfort.
1.17.3 DESIGN INTEGRATION
Hence such factors need to be associated as it is the significance for early-stage design in the
construction of building envelope systems and cannot be overstated. There are several major
roadblocks to the planning of a building envelope. For example, thermal, visual, and acoustic
comfort, as well as indoor air quality, are likely to affect several performance metrics at the same
time, making it more difficult to find the best solution, and various tradeoff methods like in
ECBC are stated. As a result, sensitivity analyses on building envelope situations are critical for
evaluating the most effective solution. Furthermore, it is important to consider effective
scenarios to ensure optimum environmental conditions while reducing energy consumption.
In this case, choosing an appropriate material will help to improve comfort and energy
efficiency. It is also helpful to style and analyzes the building envelope as a part of a passive
system associated with heat, light, and sound to address problems related to energy performance
assessment. Since it is well known that passive design techniques can help improve energy
efficiency and achieve comfortable conditions in buildings with minimal energy usage. The
evaluation of physical environmental variables (heat, light, and sound) will aid in a better
understanding of building management system choices.
One of the most critical methods for achieving indoor comfort is to insulate the building
envelope. In this context, the most critical decision that will impact the planning and
environmental efficiency of building envelopes is the performance-based material selection.
1.17.4 RECENT ADVANCES
In recent years, there has been a movement toward creating creative architectural envelopes that
reconfigure themselves in response to climate change. Terms like responsive, adaptive,
interactive, clever, and intelligent are widely used to define the phases of conceptual building
design and construction in this context. While the terms sensitive, adaptive, and interactive are
nearly synonymous, the term responsive is used to describe how natural and artificial systems
communicate and adapt,6 and the term interactive is used less frequently about building
envelopes than about computer-enabled artworks.
It is important to note that environmental control through building envelopes plays an important
role in improving comfort as well as energy efficiency. One of the most significant design
processes for designing sustainability solutions and providing human comfort is environmental
control. An environmental system's primary purpose is to provide thermal, visual, and acoustic
comfort.
Furthermore, as Addington and Schodek point out, the word "wise" is often applied to materials
and surfaces, and therefore the term intelligent is defined by three characterizations:

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environmental, intellect, and implementation. An environmental system's primary purpose is to
provide thermal, visual, and acoustic comfort.

1.18 Envelope performance factors

1.18.1 THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF ENVELOPE

Heat transfer through the building fabric or envelope, which includes the walls, roof, ceiling,
floor, and glass, is responsible for heat gain or loss in buildings. The heat gain or loss due to such
heat transfer is commonly referred to as the envelope heat gain or loss. During this relation, it is
important to consider whether or not a particular wall or roof is exposed to the sun (normal or
extreme exposure).
The warmth benefit of a room will be greater in the case of a sunlit wall or roof than in the case
of a shaded one since the outside surface temperature of the wall or roof will rise above the
surface air temperature due to incident radiation. The direct radiation through the west window,
as well as propagation through the building, are the key components of the warmth load in
buildings.
Direct radiation through west glass, transmission through the building fabric or structure, and
fresh air for ventilation are the key components of warmth load in buildings. The occupancy load
is the most important factor in theatres and auditoriums. The highest temperature outside may be
at 1 or 2 p.m., and the highest heat gain in the room may be at 3 or 4 p.m., thanks to the sun.
1.18.2 HEAT LOADS
The majority of heat transfer in buildings occurs through the building envelope. The walls, roof,
and fenestrations make up the building envelope (openings). Conduction transfers heat through
walls and roofs, as well as conduction and radiation in glazing materials. Convection generates
heat loads, which are referred to as ventilation loads. Inside the house, there are also internal
loads due to occupancy, lighting, and warmth loads due to air conditioning equipment, if any, to
ensure indoor comfort.
The capacity of the building envelope to manage thermal transmittance is determined by the
prevailing exposure conditions (microclimate) and thus the climatic response of the building
(building physics). The materials that make up the envelope geometry determine the envelope's
ability to passively thermo-regulate indoor thermal comfort.
Depending on the available/accessible building resources, various building envelope
configurations are possible. Delay and decrement factors have been identified as important
performance indicators of a building envelope in most tests, but only when the exterior surface
heat transfer coefficient is constant.
In many countries, buildings are major energy users, and energy demand is increasing by the
day. The majority of the energy used in construction is used to provide thermal comfort.

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Building envelopes that are built to be energy efficient save a lot of energy during construction.
The thermophysical properties of the construction materials that make up the building envelope
determine the indoor environment. it's necessary to know the thermal performance of the
building envelope in the indoor environment. The two parameters, which evaluate the thermal
performance of walls are delay and decrement factor. These are influenced by the external and
internal surface temperatures of the wall. Generally, higher delay and lower decremental factor
are that the preferred thermal performance in tropical regions to attenuate energy consumption.
The target of the present study is to hold out thermal performance analysis of building walls
attributed to the thermal properties of the development materials.
Building heat transfer calculations are performed for different applications such as:
 Heat loss and gain through the exterior envelope:
o Conduction through the exterior envelope,
o Conduction heat transfer through basement walls and slab-on-grade floor (to semi-
infinite region),
o short-wavelength (or solar heat) transmission, absorption, and reflection for
fenestration,
o Air leakage through exterior envelopes as well as internal partition walls, ceilings,
and floors.
o Buildings' exterior masses may be used to store heat.
 Interior environmental analyses-
o Radiant heat exchange among interior surfaces and heat sink/sources.
o Convective heat exchange between room air and room interior surfaces.
o Room air convection ... inter- and intra-room convective motion,
o Convective and radiative heat transfer of internal heat sources such as heaters,
coolers, and occupants
o Thermal storage in interior masses.
 Material or building element-related problems-
o Cold-bridge effect,
o Convection within porous insulation,
o Moisture condensation due to the simultaneous flow of air, moisture, and heat.

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The thermophysical properties have a significant impact on the delay and decrement factor, and
they computed these factors for a variety of building materials (Asan, 1998). The thickness and
type of fabric have a significant impact on the time delay and decrement factor (Asan, 2006).
(Kontoleon, 2008) investigated how wall orientation and exterior surface solar absorptivity affect
delay and decrement factors in a particular environment. (Vijayalakshmi, 2006) looked into the
thermal behavior of opaque wall materials under the influence of solar power, as well as the
impact of different wall types' thermophysical properties on the interior climate.
1.18.3 FINITE DIFFERENCE STUDY
The results of the finite difference study were related to the experimental findings. The thermal
efficiency of building walls was numerically investigated in this analysis. The effect of the
exterior surface heat transfer coefficient on the delay and decrement factor, interior surface
instantaneous heat load, and thus the influence of wall configurations on the delay and decrement
factor
The heat storage capabilities of any material are influenced by time lag and decrement
influences, which are very significant thermal efficiency characteristics. These can be extracted
from the thermophysical properties of the products (Asan, 1998). When exposed to intermittent
conditions of heat flow, the time lag is the time difference between the temperature maximum
outside and within. and decremental factor is the ratio of the maximum outside and inside surface
temperature amplitudes.
1.18.4 STRUCTURAL ENVELOPE PERFORMANCE
Studies into the structural and thermal properties of the envelope are fundamental in
understanding building envelope performance. Several separate studies have been carried out
concerning structural and thermal characteristic properties of masonry materials used in
envelopes.
1.18.4.1 MORPHOLOGICAL BUILDING DIFFERENCE
The physical elements of a building's construction are responsible for collecting and distributing
all of the building's weather as well as forced loads from the environment. The structure of a
building is made up of two subsystems: the superstructure above ground and, as a result, the
substructure base below ground, as well as all of the secondary assemblies that transfer static and
dynamic loads as well as all of the secondary assemblies that pass static and dynamic loads to the
structure.
The combined mass of all fixed objects inside the structure, people using it, the building
components themselves, snow and rain, as well as dynamic pressures from the wind pressing on
its façade and roof, earthquakes, long-term base settling, and a variety of local factors, causing
stresses to these components.
1.18.4.2 CHOICE IN CASE OF STRUCTURE
The choice of economically viable materials for this technique is comparatively limited and has
traditionally included wood, steel, concrete, stone, clays, and a spread of masonry materials.
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Except for fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs), which are commonly recognized for short-span
bridges and small building applications, other non-traditional structural materials such as
aluminum, glass, and structural textiles are only used on rare occasions.
1.18.4.3 STRUCTURE SERVICEABILITY
Improving lifetime service reliability has necessitated a greater focus on monitoring the health of
large-scale systems and developing solutions for environmental and age-related disruption. Our
structures are planned to last 50 to 75 years on average, while large civil structures are expected
to last 120 to 150 years without additional investment.
1.18.4.4 UPCOMING SMART MATERIALS
Materials that administer a useful level of repair and self-healing are variously referred to as
"smart," "self-diagnostic," and "self-healing." Monitoring and maintaining the health of such
structures requires technology to provide reliable and inexpensive sensors as well as materials
that administer a useful level of repair and self-healing.
Designers and engineers are looking for techniques and materials that contribute breakthrough
gains in material and energy efficiencies as a result of the increased resource consumption
involved in the construction and operation of buildings.
1.18.4.5 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ENVELOPE
Under the safety profile, there are two types of envelope structures: -
Loadbearing envelope structures withstand their weight, vertical loads, horizontal actions
resulting from decks, horizontal wind loads, earthquakes, as well as permanent and accidental
overloads added to them, such as those caused by surface finishing and occupant actions; -
Non-loadbearing envelope structures Only their weight, horizontal loads (wind and seismic
action), and permanent and unintentional overloads directly applied to them must be able to
withstand.
The aim of the overall seismic design strategy for façades is to keep the building's occupants
secure. Dangers may occur from the shattering of glass panels or the plastic deformation of
surfaces, for example on glass panels or by plastic deformation of surfaces with the resulting
detachment of the components that compose the facade.

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 CHAPTER 4: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND
TECHNOLOGY
3

1.19 VIABLE MATERIALS

1.19.1 AAC PANELS

In India, bricks are one of the most important building materials. Brick kilns have expanded
to meet demand in recent years as urbanization has increased and demand for building
materials has increased. Environmental emissions from brick-making activity lead to global
warming and climate change on a global scale.[ CITATION Kha14 \l 1033 ]
AAC blocks are becoming increasingly common as a brick replacement alternative. It
provides good thermal insulation, has a solid structure, and is simple to work with, but it is
flammable, decays, and is susceptible to termite damage. As AAC Block uses fly ash, sand as
main raw material, cement, lime as accessory materials, aluminum powder as a foaming
agent, it refers to foaming through a chemical reaction. AAC was developed in 1924 by a
Swedish architect, who was looking for alternate building material with properties similar to
that of wood.
The Prefabricated Fiber Reinforced Sandwich Panels are known as Aerocon Panels. These
are sandwich panels, made of two fiber reinforced cement facing sheets, on either side of a
lightweight concrete core. These panels have a unique tongue and groove jointing system that
facilitates rapid construction and are fully cured at the factory itself. These panels are
manufactured by using Flexo Board (FOB)Fiber Cement Board (NT) These panels can be
used for a variety of applications such as for partitions, cladding, mezzanine floors, boundary
walls, etc.
Their advantages are
1. Less mortar is required.
2. Jumbo Blocks are required fewer because of their unique size
3. Reduces time, cost and easy to handling
4. High thermal insulation makes them suitable for any climate
A G+4 public building was taken and a comparative study of the same building plan is used
considering AAC block for wall having 6” wall thickness. From the developed plan of 9-inch
thick wall and 6-inch thick wall, carpet area is calculated. Centre line plan of 9” thick wall
and 6” thick wall building were used in STAAD Pro v 8.1 for making structural analysis of

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 the building. Fixed support is given to all columns after that member property is given to
beam and column and then loading is given to complete building from Indian standard code.
From the material and steel calculation cost required for the material was calculated. For this
rates for the item of work were taken from DSR 2019
The detailed estimate was done for cost calculation of excavation, RCC items, steel, wall
masonry, and plaster It is observed that when AAC block wall of 6” width is used instead of
traditional 9” thick clay brick wall, there is approx. 3.5 % increase in carpet area per floor of
the building and it is observed that there is a saving of about 30.89 % in the quantity of
aggregate require for various RCC elements.
Cost of construction reduces by a maximum of up to 20 % as reduction of a dead load of the
wall on beam makes comparatively lighter members[ CITATION Kha14 \l 1033 ]Hence in
overall perspective the AAC panels has the following advantages:
Table 4 Comparison of Aerocon blocks & Clay bricks[ CITATION Way15 \l 1033 ]
CRITERION AEROCON panels Clay brick
Raw Materials Cement, Sand, Gypsum and Top Soil and Energy
Aluminum as Aerated
Compound
Structural saving due to 20% Reduction in weight of No Addition Saving
dead weight reduction walls. Structural Saving for
High
Rise buildings in Earthquake
and
Poor soil Zones is even more
Water Absorption Capacity Less than 20% in volume 20% by Volume
Productivity 100% output than bricks Normal
Soil Consumption Zero Soil consumption. Fly One sq. ft of carpet area will
Ash an industrial waste consume 25.5 kg of top soil
generated by coal-based
thermal plants is the base
material
Fuel Consumption One sqft of carpet area will One sqft of carpet area will
consume 1 kg of coal consume 8 kg of coal
CO2 Emission One sqft of carpet area will One sqft of carpet area will
emit 2.2 kg of CO2 emit 17.6 kg of CO2
Compressive Strength 3-4 N/m2 2.5-3 N/m2
Dry Density 550-700 kg/m3 1800 kg/ m3
Cost Benefit Reduced dead weight leads to None
savings in steel and concrete.

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1.19.2 HIGH STRENGTH GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE MASONRY BLOCKS
A significant quantity of fuel is utilized in making conventional bricks making them non-
sustainable. Half of the electricity consumed in the world is by burning coal which also has a
byproduct fly-ash. An attempt is made to make the geo-polymer concrete blocks a
replacement to the conventional burnt brick with more added benefits. Using geopolymer
blocks in which cement is been replaced by fly ash aids in both issues i.e. reducing the
environmental problem caused by cement & bricks as well as decreases the problem of
disposal of fly ash.
In the construction sector, geo-polymers represent an eco-friendly, low cost and low power
consumption alternative to traditional inorganic matrices
The methodology employed was a collection of material was done, after which the materials
specific gravity, water absorption was tested and design mix was prepared and according to
it, casting of the specimen was executed. Compressive strength was obtained from UTM.
Dimension test, Water absorption test, and block test were also performed.
It was found that compressive strength, density, surface finish, and sharp edges, and water
absorption of the burnt clay brick, cement concrete block, and geopolymer were compared
and better results were found for the GPC blocks.
The GPC blocks had a cost of 25-26 Rs which was found cheaper than the concrete block
and had a good surface finish and sharp edges, which saves the plaster and other additives
applied to walls. Curing of geopolymer concrete block thus saves water as well as curing
time.[ CITATION Bud19 \l 1033 ]
1.19.3 HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK & BRICK MASONRY
The desire for the search of safe and stable structural materials keeping in view the economy
of the whole structure paved the way for the usage of hollow concrete blocks in masonry due
to the following advantages:
 Thermal insulation (having the dual character of keeping the building cool in summer and
warm in winter)-Sound insulation (to decrease disturbance due to external noise).
 Adequate strength and structural stability-Highly durable-Fire resistant-Economy.
 Low maintenance (No efflorescence).-Environmentally Eco friendly (Constituents can be
substituted by waste products like fly ash).Reduction in mortar consumption.

An experimental investigation was done in two parts, [ CITATION Jet17 \l 1033 ] first the
testing of individual hollow concrete blocks and brick units for compression using the
compressive testing machine. Then procedure for the construction of walls was followed
hence to find the labor productivity and cost additional to materials.
Cost per cubic meter of brick masonry comes out to be Rs.3875 and Cost per cubic meter
of brick masonry comes out to be Rs.3290 and its terms of weight, the average mass of

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 hollow concrete block of size (16x8x8) inch and (8x8x8) inch was found to be 22kg and
13kg respectively, While as average mass of modular brick unit was found to be 1.8kg and
mass density came out to be 1.06 g/cm3
The compressive strength of brick units and brick masonry wall came out to be more than
the compressive strength of hollow concrete block units and hollow concrete wall masonry.
The thermal insulation property of hollow concrete masonry is more than that of brick
masonry due to the presence of air in hollow concrete units. The cost of block walls per
metre3 of masonry comes out to be 17.78%less than that of brick walls. So, block masonry
is economical than brick masonry. Hollow concrete block masonry consumes less mortar
than brick masonry because the volume of joints is less in hollow concrete block masonry.
Hollow concrete masonry construction presents a faster construction system as compared to
brick masonry construction.
1.19.4 PIR DRY WALL PREFAB PANEL SYSTEM
PIR Drywall Technology has several benefits, including a low carbon footprint and low
material consumption, which results in a substantial reduction in the amount of cement, sand,
steel, and water needed to build a structure as opposed to traditional methods. Also, a high
degree of thermal insulation helps to improve the built environment's energy quality. Aside
from that, there are other advantages such as weight loss. Aside from that, there are
additional advantages such as lower labor and construction lifecycle costs, lower noise, air,
soil, and water emissions during the project's life cycle, and having soundproof interior
spaces. Because of this system, housing facilities are offered at an affordable price for the
underserved communities and further research have can be carried out to reduce the cost of
the panels. PIR Panels are fire, water, and wind-resistant, and they absorb no moisture.
PIR Dry Wall Pre-Fab Panel is a system that allows the highest insulation with two 10 mm
thick fiber cement boards (FCB) are in-situ packed with Poly Iso-cyanurate (PIR) insulation
and erected to create straight to finish walls. The system can be used with pre-engineered
structures, combined with traditional columns and beam. For better structural performance,
the insulation core offers efficient insulation and good bonding. This system can incorporate
all types of services viz. electrical, gas, etc.
They can be used as non-load bearing /filler walls for buildings including apartments, villas,
low-rise buildings, commercial complexes, hotels, industrial buildings, etc. in terms of
durability they are to be supported on steel structure however no plaster is required and can
be easily painted upon compared to a conventional system. It has also been used in a pilot
project in Rajasthan with the Rajasthan State Housing Board in a Ground +3 level framework
(RHB) They also sustain their performance for a long period and the building remains fully
insulated heating costs are kept under control, which also results in reduced CO2 emissions.
The durability of PIR insulation has a positive impact on the life cycle analysis (LCA) of a
building project.

34 | P a g e
1.19.4.1 Installation
For the installation of the panel, a concrete base have to be used with a C section placed over
it and drilled in followed by inserting fasteners into the drilled holes. Then the panel is
installed with the reference of drawings and a 15 mm groove needs to be made at panel edges
& corners. Then screws are fixed on panels such that no crack is present on the panel surface.
The panel shall be supported on vertical support and bottom runner by screwing. Joints shall
be cleaned to remove dust, other unwanted particles and filled with elastomeric putty, and
fiber mesh tape shall be pasted.
Pre-mix acrylic glue shall be applied over joints and surface smoothened with sand paper.
After that glass fiber mesh shall be pasted over the first coat of pre-mix glue and one more
coat of pre-mix glue shall be applied properly over glass fiber mesh and let dry for 5-6 hours.
1.19.4.2 Storage and handling and transportation
Panel needs to be stored such that there is no bend and sag and handled in a vertical position
to avoid bending and leaking. Single panels can be moved manually or using lifting tools.
When panels are lifted manually, they should be held at the bottom facing and the surface
should be prevented from scratching and deformation.

1.20 MATERIAL COMPARISON

Parameters for Hollow-core clay bricks AAC panels PIR dry

comparison Wall prefab panel
System
Dimensions 400 x 200 x 200 600 x 3000 x 75 1200 x 3000 x 120
Thermal 0.24 0.21 .0395
Conductivity(W/Mk)
Density 733kg/cum 54 kg/sq. 40 kg/cum
Compatibility of the Low water absorption of ~ Due to smoother Here as the outer 10
materials 15%, thus minimal risk of finish, the mm, the material is
dampness, cracks, or requirement for fiber cement boards on
shrinkage of walls and can plaster is also both sides no additional
be employed by same labor reduced, however, finish is required and
as of normal fly ash have high water can be joined to the
masonry. capillary absorption RCC frame by metal
can be joined to the sections and bolts
RCC frame by metal
sections and bolts
Primary cost Light weight (60% less It is lighter than red No plastering is required
reduction weight than conventional bricks due to which hence can be directly
walling material) hence less dead load is painted upon saving on
DL and compared to AAC decreased needing the cost part of the
block and flash bricks less investment in building
structural
components
Fire safety These bricks have an The Aerocon panels When tested as per BS
exceptionally long life. It have good resistance 476 the panels had an

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 can withstand fire naturally,
as it is fired at 1000 degrees
and has a fire rating of
F240 for 240 minutes.
Construction time The lower construction
time is achieved, as the size
of bricks is 8 times normal
brick and is also light
weight than a normal brick.
to fire and can Integrity of 180 min in
withstand fire for up fire and
to 120 minutes. Failure occurred 158
min
The labor and time The labor and time
needed for AAC is needed for the PIR DRY
lower than wall are lower than
conventional red conventional red bricks
bricks and increased and increased
productivity is productivity is obtained
obtained with well-skilled staff.

Durability High compressive strength Material has proved PIR wall being non-
due to the web design its durability under loadbearing wall panels
means improved extremely different are to be supported with
productivity in masonry. climatic and chemical RCC/Steel Structural
It’s also easy to chase and conditions. frame members.
chisel for electrical and
plumbing conduits making
it simple to install all types
of fixtures
Description Hollow clay bricks are AAC panels are Dry Wall Pre-Fab Panel
horizontally perforated clay lightweight and hence is a system where two
bricks having the structural and fiber cement boards
advantages of natural transportation load (FCB) of 10 mm
substances and are hollow gets reduced. Fewer thickness are filled with
from the inside making joints in AAC insulation material
them light weighted and masonry compared to namely Poly
more efficient. Clay hollow burnt bricks reduces Isocyanurate (PIR) in-
blocks are primarily used as the requirement of situ and erected to
infill masonry for non-load- water. produce straight to finish
bearing wall construction. walls. The system shall
The product is especially be integrated with
beneficial with high DL. conventional column
and beam

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 CHAPTER5: SIMULATION METHODOLOGY
1

1.21 TOOLS AND METHOD FOR THERMAL COMFORT

Literature
review
Literature
review
Parameters Selection of
for selection materials

Specific
paramet Thermal comfort
Finalization of ers model to adopt
material

Performance
Applying the Variations evaluation criteria
To the Of Materials

Simulation Simulation model

methodology prerequisites

FIGURE 2 SIMULATION METHODOLOGY FOR THERMAL COMFORT ANALYSIS

For proceeding with the simulation, Honeybee is being been used as it supports a common
platform for the energy modeling using EneryPlus/Open Studio and heat flow through
construction details using Berkeley Lab Therm/Window thus providing multiple utilities the
same platform, hence is one of the most comprehensive engines available to us. Mean radiant
temperature achieved in both cases (in same climatic conditions) is compared for thermal
comfort analysis. Various parameters and steps required for the simulation are as follows,
Step 1: This phase entails basic modeling of the analyzed house, which includes the building
plans, sectional, and elevation data. Building orientation, climatic variables such as temperature,
relative humidity, wind direction and intensity, and so on.
Step 2: This phase includes defining the physical properties of the materials that will be used to
create various building components. Cross-sectional detail of the walls (thickness of layers and

37 | P a g e
materials used in it), assigning thermal conductivity values of materials, and so on are some of
these physical properties.
Step 3: This step defines usage characteristics such as the building type, occupancy data
(population and usage schedule), equipment/appliances used and their respective usage
schedules, and ventilation details (including window opening and closing schedules).

1.22 GENETIC ALGORITHM (GA) BASED MULTI CRITERIA DECISIONS

ANALYSIS SYSTEM (MCDA) FRAMEWORK
1.22.1 INTRODUCTION
Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis, or MCDA, is a valuable tool that we can apply to many
complex decisions. It is most applicable to solving problems that are characterized as a choice
among alternatives hence best among our context. It is especially useful in operations research
that explicitly evaluates multiple conflicting criteria in decision-making with conflicting aspects.
This can be achieved by dividing :
 Taking the decision and breaking it down into smaller, more manageable components.
 Examining each component.
 Putting the components together to create a useful solution

1.22.2 METHODOLOGY

Decision support system

Outputs

Thermal comfort
OCTOPUS (GA
Inputs simulations and other
based MCDA)
parameters
Rh & Gh Material
model Parameters

Colibri

BIM model
Weighed output
score
EXCEL

EXCEL Foundation
E tabs Cost parameter
Design Decision-making

FIGURE 3 DECISION SUPPORT AND ANALYSIS SYSTEM METHODOLOGY

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Colibri was used for making decision support system in which allows Grasshopper users to
easily turn their Grasshopper definitions into Design Explorer – compatible design spaces along
with the Octopus((by Robert. vierlinger) It allows the search for many goals at once, producing a
range of optimized trade-off solutions between the extremes of each goal. Octopus is a plug-in
for applying evolutionary principles to parametric design and problem-solving and able to
multiple fitness values to the optimization.
1. Define the context: The building model and the rest of the parameters become the
context remaining constant with each frame.
2. Identify the options available: Here the materials that are shortlisted are the options
over which iteration would be carried out.
3. Decide the objectives and selection of the right criteria that represent the value that in
our case happens to be our performance criteria and additional criteria mentioned below.
4. Measure out the criteria to discern their relative importance which would be done by
importing the results obtained, compilation and then assigning individual weightage to
the parameters
5. Calculating the different values by averaging the weighting and scores: However, the
evolutionary algorithm is capable of giving the optimum solution concerning trade-off
also but there are some cost as well as the individual cap that while the selection of
material is necessary hence could be further explored individually using design explorer.

1.22.3 INPUTS REQUIRED FOR THE FRAME WORK

Specific to our context the following inputs can be incorporated as:
1. Time of construction per unit volume: The amount of time taken by the labor for the
construction. This could be used by taking the productivity of the construction.
2. Structural characteristics: characteristics like density can be used along with the
durability to address the comparison of materials however the cost associated with it
would be able to be weighed in only through excel.
3. Embodied energy value per unit volume: Embodied energy calculation of the building
is the total of all the energies associated with the total quantity of material in a building.
Here the energy of just the materials is taken and not the cost of structures.
4. Fire resistance: Fire resistance of the material could be used and even though the
materials are NBC code complaint still the material having more fire rating could be
further calculated.

39 | P a g e
 5. Associated cost: The complete cost including the installation and labor cost could be
used as the factor for material comparison.
6. Thermal characteristics: Thermal characteristics like those of U value and specific heat
could be used for the determination of the envelope thermal performance.
7. Maintenance cost and repair work: the repairing cost of the individual and the cost of
replacing them can be used.

1.22.4 OUTPUTS REQUIRED FOR THE FRAME WORK

1. TDR and thermal comfort hour’s characteristics: The number of thermal comfort
hours averaged over a year could be used and the averaged out TDR per year could be
used to calculate the thermal comfort.
2. The associated cost of wall: cost of material and also costs like installation and
plasterwork could be sued as the output.
3. Total Embodied energy: The total calculated energy of the whole envelope could be
used for comparison and selection.
4. Structurally associated cost: using non-linear regression the cost of structure can be
calculated for new material and then be used for the comparison.
5. Total Time of construction: Can be used for calculating the building envelope work of
different materials.
6. Fire resistance: Through relative weightage, the individual score can be assigned to each
material that would be added up.
7. Maintenance cost over the life cycle: This could by calculating the total life, probability
of requiring repair, and the cost of each unit.

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 1.23 TOOLS USED FOR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Structural analysis of residential block is carried out using CSI Etabs for both cases. Analysis of
Case-1 (baseline) is carried out using the structural and material parameters of RCC framed
construction with the different alternations in finishes and mortar as per change in envelope
material.
Input the
Determine
Modeling section size Assigning the Calculating the
and applying
for and member load due to loads bearing
the standards
structural details with different on the
for building
analysis end envelope foundation
structure
conditions
FIGURE 4 FLOWCHART OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Various parameters required for structural modeling and analysis are as follows,
Structure type and frame details: This consists of the structural system typology of the
building and its details (floors, bays, etc.).
Member details: Assigning the type of material, section shape, and sizes of all the typology of
members.
Loads and end conditions: Determining the various loads such as dead load, live load,
earthquake load, etc. For concrete members in the structure, Load combination as per IS 875 part
5 was used.
Standards: IS 456 and guidelines from BMTPC will be used for the analysis of both cases.

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 CHAPTER 6: CASE STUDY
Location climatic condition
The climate of Bhopal comes under Hot and dry hence the temperature and humidity variations
are as such:
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct No Dec
v
Avg 17.8 21.1 26 31.3 33.8 30.6 25.8 24.9 25.6 25.3 22.4 18.8
.temp °C
Min. 11.3 14.2 18.6 23.8 27.7 26.5 23.7 22.6 22.4 19.8 16.4 12.5
temp °C
Max. 24.6 28.1 33.1 38.1 29.9 35.4 28.8 27.7 24.9 30.9 28.7 25.6
temp ° C
Rainfall 8 12 9 4 10 136 378 326 145 24 12 10
RH 50% 42% 29% 21% 26% 51% 81% 85% 77% 54% 47% 50%

TABLE 5 GENERAL CLIMATIC DATA OF BHOPAL

Bhopal is 503m above sea level. The climate in Bhopal is warm and temperate. Summers begin
in late March and last until mid-June, with an average temperature of around 30 °C (86 °F) and a
peak in May when highs regularly reach 40 °C (104 °F). On 19 May 2016, the extreme high was
46.7 °C, and on 7 June 2019, it was 45.9 °C.
The monsoon season runs from late June to late September. Approximately 40 inches (1020 mm)
of rain falls during these months, with regular thunderstorms and flooding. The average
temperature is about 25 degrees Celsius (77 degrees Fahrenheit), and the humidity is high.
Temperatures begin to rise again in early November when winter begins and lasts until early
March. Bhopal's winters are cool and not as pleasant as its summers, with average daily
temperatures about 16 °C (61 °F). The winter season reaches its pinnacle in January when
temperatures will drop below freezing on some nights.
TABLE 6 THERMAL STRESS PER MONTH AS PER MOHENY'S TABLE

Thermal stress: J F M A M J J A S O N D
Day O O O H H H H H H O O O
Night C O O H H H H H H O O C
Humidity group 2 2 1 1 1 2 4 4 4 3 3 3

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1.24 PRIMARY CASE STUDY 1-HINOTIYA ALAM - AFFORDABLE
HOUSING, BHOPAL
 Client: Bhopal municipal corporation
 Located near Bairagarh Chichali ,
Kolar Road, Bhopal
 Currently being developed
 Total 576 no of EWS units and no Chosen Unit Location

LIG, HIG & MIG units

 Total built-up area:-20056 sq.
FIGURE 5 SITE PLAN OF HINOTIYA ALAM
AFFORDABLE HOUSING

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1.24.1 MULTI-STORY RESIDENTIAL BLOCK DETAILS

FIGURE 6 E.W.S. BLOCK PLAN

Staircase 1500
mm wide

CHOSEN UNIT

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 All the blocks consist of 6 stories with 8 units on a single floor and 48 units in a total
building and The block consists of a staircase of width 1500 mm for circulation. Each
dwelling unit consists of 2 rooms of dimensions 3.9 X 3 m and Bedroom of 3.1 X 3.1m, 1
kitchen of the area of dimensions 1.8 x 1.2 m along with washing area of dimension 1.9 x
1.1 m .1 bath of area 1.5 x 1.2 m and 1 WC of 1 x 1.1 m along with a 1500 mm wide
balcony. The total carpet area of a dwelling unit is approximately 35.6 sq.m.

1.24.2 SPECIFICATIONS FROM BOQ

S.n Component Specification

o

1 Concrete grade used M-25

2 Masonry Fly ash brick masonry

3 Flooring Kota stone

4 Glazing Float glass panes of 4.0 mm thickness

5 Plaster 20 mm thick internal and external cement plaster (1:4 )

6 Window Aluminum sliding window

7 Door Flush door wooden frame

The project only contains G+6 story blocks throughout the project.RCC frames system is used in
the concrete construction with the concrete M-25 Grade with Grade of reinforcement Fe 415,
The structure consists of a network of shear walls, beams, and slabs.
TABLE 7 CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS FOR EWS UNIT
1.24.3 BUILDING PARAMETERS
The test flat was on the fourth floor, faced south, and the flat was chosen for the following
reasons:
• It is on an intermediate floor, with windows and opening over the south side
• Flat was on the intermediate floor and corner one so covered on top and bottom and exposed
walls on one side.
S.N Parameters Details
o
1 External walls Three option was covered for external wall

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  Fly ash FPS modular bricks were used in the conventional case
 The hollow terracotta clay bricks were used as the first option
 The Aerocon panels used as a second option and
 The PIR drywall Prefab system used as a third option
2 Window Casement windows were provided, instead of sliding windows, to
improve natural ventilation potential
With glazing values as
U value of 3
SHGC as .5
VT as .3
3 Wall and roofs U value of concrete slab of 125 mm of .6 was considered
4 Ventilation The natural ventilation system was considered with min air temp for
system natural ventilation as 21 Celsius and maximum as 28 Celsius
Similarly, max outdoor temp for natural ventilation is 30 Celsius and
minimum as 18 Celsius
TABLE 8 ENERGY PARAMETERS FOR EWS UNITS
1.24.4 THERMAL -SIMULATION MODEL & ANALYSIS
For a complete year, a computer simulation was carried out. The simulation was run using
Honeybee in grasshopper, which uses the Energy plus 8.3 simulation engine to measure
energy transfer and evaluate comfort parameters. The key modeling inputs needed for the
computer simulation are as follows:
 The test site's ISHRAE weather data file was chosen as the climatic conditions with the
occupancy heat loads as per its mid-level apartment building.
 Thermo-physical properties of all the walling material were fed into the software using
EP material components.
 The estimated hourly air change (ACH) rate data is used to model natural ventilation
across the flat. Window openings are modeled as partial glass and partial PVC as per the

actual sizes. Thermal, visible, and solar properties of single-glazed glass are taken into
evaluation
The following criteria’s was used for comparing all three results as a parameter for
performance evaluation Here two variables could be used
1.1. The comparison of the maximum temperatures range
1.2. The temperature difference ratio (TDR), and

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 COMFORTABLE
TDR VSHOURS
WEEK VS WEEK
30
2.5
25
20 2

TDR HOURS
15
COMH 1.5
10
5 1
0
0.5
1 3 5 7 9 11 1 3 1 5 17 19 2 1 2 3 25 27 29 3 1 3 3 35 37 3 9 4 1 43 45 4 7 4 9 51

0 FLYASH BRICK HOLLOW CLAY BRICKS WEEKAAC PANEL PIR DRY WALL PRE FAB PANEL
1 3 5 7 9 11 1 3 15 17 1 9 21 2 3 2 5 2 7 29 3 1 33 35 3 7 39 41 4 3 45 4 7 4 9 5 1 53

WEEK
FLYASH BRICK HOLLOW CLAY BRICKS AAC PANEL PIR DRY WALL PRE FAB PANEL

1.24.4.1 RESULTS & ANALYSIS

1.24.4.1.1 COMFORTABLE HOURS PER WEEK

Simulation results were processed and the number of comfortable hours was deducted by using
ASHRAE 55 adaptive thermal comfort model component native in ladybug grasshopper.
Following results were obtained :
1.24.4.1.2 TDR AVERGAE OF A WEEK
The simulation results were processed and the TDR was calculated for each day as per the
aforementioned formula with Tmax out as the maximum temperature outdoor for the day, and Tmin
out as minimum temperature indoor for the day & T max in for the maximum temperature indoor for

FIGURE 7 COMFORTABLE HOURS VS WEEK CASE STUDY 1

the day.
The results obtained day-wise were then averaged per week to devise the graph. The following
illustration was generated with the information:
FIGURE 8 TDR VS WEEK CASE STUDY 1
1.24.4.1.3 SUMMARY
From the above results, the data obtained was also divided month-wise. Here there is a clear
difference on both TDR and comfortable hours per month change in U value of the material. PIR
drywall prefab panels with 16.99 Hours per day offer the highest number of comfortable hours in
summers. Which is followed by Hollow-core clay brick and then the AAC panel with Flyash
brick at the last position.
The same pattern continues in autumn with the comfortable hours highest in the PIR dray wall
panel. However, there is some negative impact of Thermal mass evident in winters with Fly ash
having low U value benefits from it.
  FLYASH HOLLOW CLAY AAC PANEL PIR DRYWALL
BRICK BRICKS PREFAB
PANEL

47 | P a g e
 TDR CMF TDR CMF TDR CMF TDR CMF
HRS HRS HRS HRS
WINTER 0.20 10.65
0.22 9.39
0.54 0.42 9.37 10.04
SPRING 0.28 16.86
0.62 18.48
0.49 0.89 17.91 20.34
SUMMER 0.66 13.01
0.97 14.91
0.34 1.19 14.31 16.99
RAIN 0.44 21.88
0.59 23.46
0.87 0.73 23.51 23.46
AUTUMN 0.17 15.57
0.36 20.57
0.84 0.62 18.69 23.29
AVERAG 0.41 15.70.64 16.79
0.58 0.85 16.61 17.2
E
TABLE 9 SUMMARY TABLE OF THERMAL COMFORT FOR CASE STUDY 1
1.24.5 COST REDUCTION OF STRUCTURAL /NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
The structural model was constructed and in E-tabs and the G+6 model had various load
combinations of dead load, live load, super dead load, and wind load, and the earthquake
was subjected to it along with the wall load however
 The span of the beams used in the building was much less hence the section of the
beam were governed by span rather than load condition
 Hence, major changes in the cost were the change due to the wall material and the
foundation as well as the column was changed as per the varying loads.

Therefore, the following load was calculated in a single column and as per it, the
structural isolated footing was calculated and the quantity of the concrete and steel was
calculated as a base case
Similarly, the quantity take from Revit was used for calculating the wall's surface area.
.Here only the Fly-ash brick of only external wall was used and replaced in the
calculation.
1.24.5.1 ASSUMPTIONS
The results were obtained and which was further used for the calculation of the cost. The 3
components were modified with the most obvious one being the wall being replaced as well as
the column size was recalculated and as per it, the foundation size was also calculated.
 As to draw parallel with the other study, the soil type was kept constant and the safe
bearing capacity of the soil was assumed as 600 KN/SQM was used.
 The columns that were shared by the units, its whole volume of concrete AND STEEL,
surface area for the formwork were calculated to be used in cost calculation and then the
cost was divided in half as at the totaling stage.
 A similar methodology was adopted in the calculation of the cost of the foundation as
Also, the rates taken for the above-mentioned work were from CPWD DSR 2019 version

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 and as for Non-DSR items the rate was taken either from the market survey or from
modifying the analysis as per our need.

1.24.5.2 RESULTS
The results could be divided into 3 parts

WALL COST COLUMN COST FOUNDATION COST

1.24.5.2.1 WALL COST

For fly ash brick and the hollow clay brick, the measured quantity was taken in cubic meters and
for AAC panel and PIR drywall prefab panels, the quantity was taken in square meters. The
quantity of the volume of the wall came around to be 17.6 cubic meters (here the cost of the
shared wall is divided in half the quantity). Also, the plaster of 20 mm thickness was assumed to
be taken on both sides of the wall for fly ash bricks and Hollow core clay brick and 3 mm for the
walls of the AAC panel, and the PIR panels, no plaster is required.
Quantity Units Rate Cost
1 FOR FLY ASH ₹1,98,268.56
1.1 BRICKS 17.36 CUM ₹ ₹1,38,376.56
7,971.00
1.2 PLASTER 173.6 SQR MT ₹ 345.00 ₹59,892.00
2 HOLLOW CLAY BRICK ₹1,92,729.58
2.1 BRICKS 17.36 CUM ₹ ₹1,32,837.58
7,651.93
2.2 PLASTER 173.6 SQR MT ₹ 345.00 ₹59,892.00
3 AAC PANEL ₹2,22,597.04
3.1 PANELS 86.8 SQR MT ₹ ₹1,83,189.84
2,110.48
3.2 PLASTER 173.6 SQR MT ₹ 227.00 ₹39,407.20
4 PIR DRY WALL PER FAB PANEL ₹2,79,496.00
4.1 PANEL 86.8 SQR MT ₹ 3,220.00 ₹2,79,496.00
4.2 NO PLASTER 0 SQR MT ₹

1.24.5.2.2 COLUMN COST

MATERIAL FORMWOR CONCRETE STEEL COST TOTAL
K COST COST
FOR FLY ASH ₹1,08,843.17 ₹2,74,140 ₹1,98,012 ₹4,11,205
HOLLOW CLAY ₹99,246.25 ₹2,37,588 ₹1,71,610 ₹3,59,889
BRICK
AAC PANEL ₹96,847 ₹2,28,450 ₹1,65,010 ₹3,47,060
PIR DRY WALL ₹96,847 ₹2,25,450 ₹1,65,010 ₹3,47,060
PER FAB PANEL

49 | P a g e

TABLE 10 WALL COSTS FOR EWS UNIT

 TABLE 11 COLUMN COST OF EWS UNIT
1.24.5.2.3 FOUNDATION COST
The cost of the foundation were calculated in the column with change in envelope material
which was broken up
MATERIAL CONCRETE STEEL EXCAVATION OPEN TOTAL
COST COST COST TIMBERIN
G COST
FOR FLY ₹51,834 ₹72,020.3 ₹19,682 ₹6,693.60 ₹95,825.4
ASH 7 3
HOLLOW ₹37,113 ₹51,567 ₹17,078 ₹5,807.89 ₹70,832.4
CLAY 0
BRICK
AAC PANEL ₹32,164 ₹44,690 ₹16,020 ₹5,447.95 ₹63,566.0
3
PIR DRY ₹30,321 ₹42,129 ₹15,506 ₹5,273.12 ₹59,342.0
WALL PER 1
FAB PANEL
TABLE 12 FOUNDATION COST FOR EWS UNIT

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1.24.5.3 RESULTS & ANALYSIS
S.n MATERIAL  
o
1 FOR FLY ASH
1.1 FOUNADTION ₹ 15,970.90
1.2 COLUMN ₹ 68,534.29
1.3 WALL ₹ 1,98,268.56
TOTAL ₹
2,82,774
2 HOLLOW CLAY BRICK
2.1 FOUNADTION ₹ 11,805.40
2.2 COLUMN ₹ 59,981.56
2.3 WALL ₹ 1,92,729.58
TOTAL ₹
2,64,517
3 AAC PANEL
3.1 FOUNADTION ₹ 10,594.34
3.2 COLUMN ₹ 57,843.38
3.3 WALL ₹ 2,22,597.04
TOTAL ₹
2,91,035
4 PIR DRYWALL PER FAB PANEL
4.1 FOUNADTION ₹ 9,890.33
4.2 COLUMN ₹ 57,843.38
4.3 WALL ₹ 2,79,496.00
TOTAL ₹
3,47,230

COST SUMMARY
₹300,000.00
₹250,000.00
₹200,000.00
₹150,000.00
₹100,000.00
₹50,000.00
₹-
FOR FLY ASH HOLLOW CLAY BRICK AAC PANEL PIR DRY WALL PER FAB
PANEL

FOUNADTION COLUMN WALL

TABLE 13 COST RESULT FOR CASE STUDY 1

FIGURE 9 COST SUMMARY OF CASE STUDY 1

From the cost summary and results, we conclude that:

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 1. Between intercomponent comparisons, the walling or envelope material per unit had the
highest cost followed by the column and then foundation.
2. And between different materials, the cost of the wall was in the order of :
PIR drywall prefab panel>AAC panel >Hollow clay brick and Fly ash brick having the
same cost.

1.24.6 CONCLUSION AND INFERENCES

From the thermal simulation results and cost analysis, the following points could be concluded:
COST SUMMARY
  FOR FLY ASH HOLLOW CLAY AAC PANEL PIR DRY WALL
BRICK PRE FAB PANEL
FOUNADTION ₹ 15,970.90 ₹ 11,805.40 ₹ 10,594.34 ₹ 9,890.33
COLUMN ₹ 68,534.29 ₹ 59,981.56 ₹ 57,843.38 ₹ 57,843.38
WALL ₹ 1,98,268.56 ₹ 1,92,729.58 ₹ 2,22,597.04 ₹ 2,79,496.00
TOTAL ₹ 2,82,773.76 ₹ 2,64,516.55 ₹ 2,91,034.76 ₹ 3,47,229.72
COMPARITIVE COST 1.00 0.94 1.03 1.23
INDEX
THERMAL SIMULATION SUMMARY
FOR FLY ASH HOLLOW CLAY AAC PANEL PIR DRY WALL
BRICK PRE FAB PANEL
TDR 0.42 0.64 0.59 0.85
CMF HRS 15.78 16.79 16.62 17.21
COMPARITIVE 1.0 1.5 1.4 2.0
THERMAL INDEX
COMFORT / COST 1.00 1.64 1.37 1.66
TABLE 14 COMFORT / COST INDEX CALCULATION FOR E.W.S HOUSE
Therefore, considering the base case as fly ash bricks following points could be concluded:
 The hollow clay brick had a lower cost overall by 6 % and performed better in thermal
by 64 % in the context of a single unit of EWS house and similarly, the cost reduction
can be attributed to a reduction in the cost of structure as well as envelope material and
increase in thermal comfort due to lower U value.
Also, thermally comfortable hours achieved was 16.8 hrs.
 The AAC panel had a higher cost overall by 3 % and performed better in thermal by 37
% in the context of a single unit of EWS house. Cost increase can be attributed to a
reduction in the cost of structure but an increase in the cost of envelope material thereby
total increase and increase in thermal comfort due to lower U value.
Also, thermally comfortable hours achieved was 16.62 hrs.

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 The PIR Drywall prefab panel had the highest cost overall by 23 % and performed
better in thermal by 100% in the context of a single unit of EWS house. Cost increase can
be attributed to a reduction in the cost of structure but an increase in the cost of envelope
material thereby total increase and increase in thermal comfort due to lower U value.
Also, thermally comfortable hours achieved was 17.21 hrs.

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1.25 PRIMARY CASE STUDY 2-RAHUL NAGAR - AFFORDABLE
HOUSING BHOPAL
 Client: Bhopal municipal corporation
 Located near MANIT Square, Bhopal
 Total 1104 no of EWS units and 288 LIG units.
 Total built-up area:-55601.28 sq.m

Chosen
Unit
Location

4 LIG
BLOCK x 4

4 LIG
BLOCK x 4
EWS BLOCKS
X 27

FIGURE 10 RAHUL NAGAR AFFORDABLE HOUSING PLAN

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 LIG SINGLE BLOCK PLAN
FIGURE 11 LIG BLOCK AND UNIT PLAN
LIG SINGLE BLOCK PLAN
1.25.1 MULTI-STORY RESIDENTIAL BLOCK DETAILS
All the blocks consist of 9 stories with 8 units on a single floor and 72 units in a total building
and The block consists of a staircase of width 1500 mm for circulation. Each dwelling unit
consists of 2 bedrooms rooms of dimensions 3.5 X 3.1 m and 3 x 3.1 m, and Living hall of 3.3 X
4.6 m,1 kitchen of the area of dimensions 2.4 x 1.8 m along with a washing area of dimension 1
x 2.1 m and two toilets of dimension 1.2 x 2.4 m with a balcony of 2.1 x 1.5 attached to living
hall with a unit area of 55 sqm.
1.25.2 SPECIFICATIONS FROM BOQ & BUILDING PARAMETERS
The project only contains G+9 story blocks throughout the project.RCC frames system is used in
the concrete construction with the concrete M-25 Grade with Grade of reinforcement Fe 415,
The structure consists of a network of shear walls, beams, and slabs. The specification can
further be referred to from Table 7 Construction specifications for EWS unit given in the above
chapter.
1.25.3 BUILDING PARAMETERS
The test flat was on the sixth floor, faced south, and the flat was chosen for the following
reasons:
• It is on an intermediate floor, with windows and opening over the south side
• Flat was on the intermediate floor and corner one so covered on top and bottom and exposed
walls on one side.
The rest of the building parameters for the simulation was taken as given in Table 8 Energy
parameters for EWS units Table 8 Energy parameters for EWS units could be further referred to.

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1.25.4 THERMAL -SIMULATION MODEL
A computer simulation was run over for a year. Honeybee in grasshopper was used to run
the simulation, which uses the Energy Plus 8.3 simulation engine to calculate energy
calculation and comfort parameters. The key modeling inputs could be further referred from
above for thermal simulation and analysis.
1.25.4.1 RESULTS

1.25.4.1.1 COMFORTABLE HOURS PER WEEK

TDR VS WEEK
2.5
F2 IGURE 13 COMFORTABLE HOURS VS WEEK CASE STUDY 2
1.5
TDR

1
0.5
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51

WEEK

FLYASH BRICK HOLLOW CLAY BRICKS

AAC PANEL PIR DRY WALL PRE FAB PANEL

Simulation results were processed and the number of comfortable hours was deducted by using
ASHRAE 55 as aforementioned above of comfortable hours per week for case study 2.
Following results were obtained :

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1.25.4.1.2 TDR AVERGAE OF A WEEK

COMFORTABLE HRS VS WEEK

30
FIGURE 14 TDR VS WEEK FOR CASE STUDY 2
COMFORTABLE HOURS

25
20
15
10
5
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51

WEEK

FLYASH BRICK HOLLOW CLAY BRICKS

AAC PANEL PIR DRY WALL PRE FAB PANEL

The same process with the same consideration and duration was calculated as given in above in
above as
1.25.4.2 SUMMARY
From the above results, the data obtained was also divided month-wise. Here there is a clear
difference on both TDR and comfortable hours per month change in U value of the material. PIR
drywall prefab panels with 13.40 Hours per day offer the highest number of comfortable hours in
summers. Which is followed by Hollow-core clay brick and then the AAC panel with Flyash
brick at the last position.
The same pattern continues in autumn with the comfortable hours highest in the PIR dray wall
panel. However, there is some negative impact of Thermal mass evident in winters with Fly ash
having low U value benefits from it.

  FLYASH HOLLOW CLAY AAC PANEL PIR DRYWALL

BRICK BRICKS PREFAB
PANEL
TDR CMF TDR CMF TDR CMF TDR CMF
HRS HRS HRS HRS
WINTER 0.56 0.24 11..4
0.77 10.12 9.59 0.65 10.84
SPRING 0.76 0.45 17.45
0.46 19.41 18.77 0.83 20.57
SUMMER 1.03 0.78 12.05
0.44 12.76 12.52 1.08 13.40
RAIN 0.71 0.61 22.08
0.93 23.40 23.55 0.73 23.44
AUTUMN 0.50 0.13 18.76
0.82 22.02 20.57 0.57 23.26
AVERAG 0.77 0.53 16.03
0.65 16.81 16.75 0.83 17.16
E
TABLE 15 SUMMARY TABLE OF THERMAL COMFORT FOR CASE STUDY 2

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1.25.5 COST REDUCTION OF STRUCTURAL /NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
The structural model was constructed and in E-tabs and the G+9 model had various load
combinations of dead load, live load, super dead load, and wind load and earthquake was
subjected to it along with the wall load, and the same process was repeated as mentioned in
above as structural -simulation model & analysis.
1.25.5.1 ASSUMPTIONS
The process and the methodology applied were the same as followed in 1.24.5.1 in case study 1.
1.25.5.2 RESULTS
The results could be divided into 3 parts

WALL COST COLUMN COST FOUNDATION COST

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1.25.5.2.1 WALL COST
For fly ash brick and the hollow clay brick, the measured quantity was taken in cubic meters and
for AAC panel and PIR drywall prefab panels, the quantity was taken in square meters. The
quantity of the volume of the wall came around to be 17.6 cubic meters (here the cost of the
shared wall is divided in half the quantity). Also, the plaster of 20 mm thickness was assumed to
be taken on both sides of the wall for fly ash bricks and Hollow core clay brick and 3 mm for the
walls of the AAC panel, and the PIR panels, no plaster is required.
Quantity Units Rate Cost
1 FOR FLY ASH ₹2,43,038
1.1 BRICKS 21.28 CUM ₹ ₹1,69,622.56
7,971.00
1.2 PLASTER 212.8 SQR MT ₹ 345.00 ₹73,416.00
2 HOLLOW CLAY BRICK ₹2,36,249.17
2.1 BRICKS 21.28 CUM ₹ ₹1,62,833.17
7,651.93
2.2 PLASTER 212.8 SQR MT ₹ 345.00 ₹73,416
3 AAC PANEL ₹2,72,860.04
3.1 PANELS 106.4 SQR MT ₹ ₹2,24,55.28
2,110.48
3.2 PLASTER 212.8 SQR MT ₹ 227.00 ₹48,305,60
4 PIR DRY WALL PER FAB PANEL ₹3,42,608
4.1 PANEL 106.4 SQR MT ₹ 3,220.00 ₹3,42,608
4.2 NO PLASTER 0 SQR MT ₹

1.25.5.2.2 COLUMN COST

MATERIAL FORMWOR CONCRETE STEEL COST TOTAL
K COST COST
FOR FLY ASH ₹1,56,990 ₹4,04,755 ₹2,92,355 ₹6,69,775
HOLLOW CLAY ₹1,50,952 ₹3,81,757 ₹2,75,744 ₹6,37,822
BRICK
AAC PANEL ₹1,44,914, ₹3,58,760 ₹2,59,133 ₹6,01,305
PIR DRY WALL ₹1,44,914 ₹1,83,874 ₹2,59,133 ₹6,01,305
PER FAB PANEL
TABLE 17 COLUMN COST OF EWS UNIT
1.25.5.2.3 FOUNDATION COST
The cost of the foundation was calculated in the column with change in envelope material which
was broken up
TABLE 16 WALL COSTS FOR EWS UNIT

MATERIAL CONCRETE STEEL EXCAVATION OPEN TOTAL

COST COST COST TIMBERIN

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 G COST
FOR FLY ₹1,22,517 ₹1,70,232 ₹31,285 ₹10,639 ₹2,49,749
ASH
HOLLOW ₹92,953 ₹1,29,154 ₹27,257.58 ₹9,269.74 ₹1,94,938
CLAY BRICK
AAC PANEL ₹87,797 ₹1,21,989 ₹26,167 ₹8,898.87 ₹1,85,979
PIR DRY ₹85,483 ₹1,81,775 ₹25,857 ₹8793,46 ₹1,83,007
WALL PER
FAB PANEL
TABLE 18 FOUNDATION COST FOR EWS UNIT
1.25.5.3 RESULTS & ANALYSIS
TABLE 19 COST RESULT FOR CASE STUDY 2
S.n MATERIAL  
o
1 FOR FLY ASH
1.1 FOUNADTION ₹ 27,750
1.2 COLUMN ₹ 74,419
1.3 WALL ₹ 2,43,038.88
TOTAL ₹ 3,45,206
2 HOLLOW CLAY BRICK
2.1 FOUNADTION ₹ 21,659,84
2.2 COLUMN ₹ 70,869,19
2.3 WALL ₹ 2,36,249.17
TOTAL ₹ 3,26,776
3 AAC PANEL
3.1 FOUNADTION ₹ 20,664.38
3.2 COLUMN ₹ 66,811.71
3.3 WALL ₹ 2,72,860.88
TOTAL ₹ 3,60,337
4 PIR DRYWALL PER FAB PANEL
4.1 FOUNADTION ₹ 20,334.11
4.2 COLUMN ₹ 66,811.71
4.3 WALL ₹ 3,42,608
TOTAL ₹ 4, 29750

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 COST SUMMARY
₹400,000.00
₹350,000.00
₹300,000.00
₹250,000.00
₹200,000.00
₹150,000.00
₹100,000.00
₹50,000.00
₹-
FOR FLY ASH HOLLOW CLAY BRICK AAC PANEL PIR DRY WALL PER FAB
PANEL

FOUNADTION COLUMN WALL

FIGURE 15 COST SUMMARY CHART FOR CASE STUDY 2

From the cost summary and results, we conclude that:
3. Between inter-component comparisons, the walling or envelope material per unit had the
highest cost followed by the column and then foundation.
4. And between different materials, the cost of the wall was in the order of
PIR drywall prefab panel>AAC panel >Hollow clay brick and Fly ash brick having the
same cost.

1.25.6 CONCLUSION AND INFERENCES

TABLE 20 COMFORT/COST INDEX FOR L.I.G HOUSE
COST SUMMARY
  FOR FLY ASH HOLLOW CLAY AAC PANEL PIR DRY WALL
BRICK PRE FAB PANEL
FOUNADTION ₹ 27,750 ₹ 21,659 ₹ 20,664 ₹ 20,334
COLUMN ₹ 74,419 ₹ 70,869 ₹ 66,811 ₹ 66,811
WALL ₹ 2,43,038 ₹ 2,36,250 ₹ 2,72,860 ₹ 3,42,600
TOTAL ₹ 3,45,208 ₹ 3,28,778 ₹ 3,60,336 ₹ 4,29,750
COMPARITIVE 1.00 0.95 1.04 1.24
COST INDEX
THERMAL SIMULATION SUMMARY
FOR FLY ASH HOLLOW CLAY AAC PANEL PIR DRY WALL
BRICK PRE FAB PANEL
TDR 0.42 0.78 0.66 0.83
CMF HRS 16.03 16.82 16.76 17.16
COMPARITIVE 1.0 1.5 1.2 1.6
THERMAL INDEX
COMFORT / COST 1.00 1.54 1.19 1.26

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Therefore, considering the base case as fly ash bricks following points could be concluded:
 The hollow clay brick had a lower cost overall by 5 % and performed better in thermal
by 50 % in the context of a single unit of LOG house and similarly, the cost reduction can
be attributed to a reduction in the cost of structure as well as envelope material and
increase in thermal comfort due to lower U value.
Also, thermally comfortable hours achieved was 16.03 hrs.
 The AAC panel had a higher cost overall by 4 % and performed better in thermal by 20
% in the context of a single unit of LIG house. Cost increase can be attributed to a
reduction in the cost of structure but an increase in the cost of envelope material thereby
total increase and increase in thermal comfort due to lower U value.
Also, thermally comfortable hours achieved was 16.82 hrs.
 The PIR Drywall prefab panel had the highest cost overall by 24 % and performed
better in thermal by 60 % in the context of a single unit of LIG house. Cost increase can
be attributed to a reduction in the cost of structure but an increase in the cost of envelope
material thereby total increase and increase in thermal comfort due to lower U value.
Also, thermally comfortable hours achieved was 17.16 hrs.

Hence, the hollow clay bricks were the most optimum solution with cost constraint but
the PIR panel and hollow-core had a 2nd comfort/cost index hence the second-best option
without cost constraint.

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1.26 Decision support system application & validation

1.26.1 APPLICATION
For comparing the envelope materials by scores based on the weightage of various criteria as
discussed in 1.13above for selection criteria the and as per the process developed above given in
above showing the methodology of the decision support system.
Here the baseline of the Fly ash FPS modular bricks were considered and compared with the
hollow core terracotta bricks, Aerocon panels, and PIR drywall prefab panels, and the Multi-
criteria decision-based system was used with inputs shown in 1.22.3 which in addition to the
above simulation are the time of construction per unit volume for fly ash bricks and hollow
terracotta clay bricks while per square meter for the Aercon panels and PIR drywall prefab
panels and similar outputs were obtained in the time in hours(Note: That the productivity was
taken from the CPWD DAR 2019 and then hollow-core clay brick was adjusted).
Also, another point to note is that the embodied energy was calculated as MJ/Kg which was then
converted to the total embodied energy as per the volume calculated.
Associated wall of cost can be compared
The following table of inputs was fed into the MCDA engine with Colibri in grasshopper:
TABLE 21 INPUT PARAMETERS IN MCDA
INPUTS
  Flyash Hollow Aerocon panels PIR drywall
bricks terracotta Prefab (per
clay bricks sq.m)
Time of construction per 3.8 2.3 0.2508 per sq.m 0.22572
unit volume/ area (hrs.)
Embodied energy value 1.93 0.89 2.92 90.00
per unit volume(MJ/kg)
Associated cost of wall(per ₹26.32 ₹ 25.58 ₹ 29.54 ₹ 37.10
sq.m)
Thermal characteristics(U        
value)
U value 1.8 1 1.4 0.33
Fire resistance:  In excel  In excel  In excel  In excel
Structural cost  In excel  In excel  In excel  In excel
Maintenance cost  In excel  In excel  In excel  In excel

Aa Then the simulation was run for the four chosen materials and the then following table was
exported in Excel and then the manually calculated outputs obtained for the Fire resistance,
structural cost, and the maintenance cost ranking (based upon the replicability of the individual
material was calculated) was also imputed, thus giving a final output as:

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 Outputs
  WEIGHTAG Flyash Hollow Aerocon PIR dry wall
E bricks terracotta panels (per Prefab (per sqm)
clay bricks sqm)
Time of 2 65.968 39.928 21.76944 19.592496
construction
total
EE total(MJ) 2 56,867.
35 11,325.14 13,674.00 37,497.60
Associated 4 ₹ 198,269 ₹ 192,730 ₹222,597 ₹279,496
cost of wall-
total
Thermal    
characteristic
s
TDR 5 0.41863576 0.64151676 0.58975115 0.853792942
9 9 4
Comfortable 5 15.7774725 16.7912088 16.6181318 17.21428577
hours 5 3
MCDA   4 2 3 1
ranking
Fire 1 120 240 120 180
resistance:
Structural 4 ₹84,505 ₹71,787 ₹68,438 ₹67,734
cost
Maintenance 1 7 5 3 1
cost ranking
Overall score   207.
99 332.18 209.06 271.37
Ranking 4 1 3 2

The weightage was given based upon the priority of the study as per the objective of the paper
hence the maximum priority was given to the thermal comfort parameters like TDR and the
Comfortable hours and then the associated cost and structural and material of the wall. The time
of construction embodied energy Lastly the fire rating of the materials was given the least rating
as all of them was providing 2 hrs. Fire resistance as required per NBC, therefore, they had little
importance and similarly, the maintenance cost ranking was also ranked as all of these materials
had significant durability.
1.26.2 CONCLUSION AND INFERENCES
Based upon the ranking obtained from the above data we can conclude that the Same ranking
from EWS and LIG case study conclusion as given in 1.25.6 & 1.25.6 were obtained hence

64 | P a g e
validating our model & It may even be observed that our weightage was also somewhat correct
based on the intent of the study.

CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION & WAY FORWARD

1.27 CONCLUSION
In the current scenario, the affordable housing alternate construction is of sufficient importance
as the faster and economic delivery of the houses and structure is of utmost importance for not
just the financial viability of the project but the reduced complication and delay along with the
grievance of the stakeholders. Hence the aspects covered in the alternative material for example
in PIR wall panels may have high embodied energy in total but holistically scored more over
traditional material.
Therefore, it can be concluded from this study that the use of the PIR drywall panels, hollow
core brick, and the Aerocon panels have various benefits over conventionally used FPS fly ash
bricks as an envelope material. These benefits are not just limited to the financial but the comfort
benefit as well. Financially the materials are reducing the initial investment cost involved in
thermal comfort of the building majorly in the number of comfortable hours of the internal
environment. This is because the materials have thermally insulating properties with very less u-
values as compared to fly ash clay bricks which result in the reduced internal temperature of the
built environment. This reduced no of discomfort hours are beneficial in achieving the reduced
energy consumption of building in terms of a reduced electricity bill due to the less no of utilities
like ceiling and table fan used and making saving the much valued and necessary most of the
affordable housing inhabitants. Hence, this whole process is beneficial in practicing Energy-
efficient architecture even in affordable housing where the cooling load and heating load are not
the major sources of energy consumption.
Another point to note is that in materials like PIR panels and Aerocon panels there is also an
increase in the carpet or usable area of the building hence the advantage of using them is
twofold. One must also not forget that the initial investment cost increase of the PIR drywall
panel as 24 percent and Aerocon panel as 4 percent can be obtained in building operational
payback due to the reduced energy consumption as stated above. Also as the materials are in the
initial phases and emerging in nature thus with the continued use of the materials the possibility
of reduced cost of the materials is also possible hence making the materials more economical in
the future.

1.28 FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK

The results in this study can be validated using actual case studies in Bhopal for various building
envelope materials. Other envelope materials can also be analyzed on similar lines and a detailed
framework can be developed for the selection of material for various sectors (hospitals, hotels,

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schools, etc.) which includes the environmental benefits associated to the employment of each
building envelope. Hence , the applicability of such materials can be studied in other typologies
as well

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 1.29 Objective – Methodology-Outcome matrix

OBJECTIVE METHODOLOGY OUTCOME

To analyses the • Explore the categorization, • Drawbacks
schemes and current framework, and government regarding the
scenario in affordable policies related to affordable materials currently
housing and its relation housing. being used in
to thermal comfort and affordable housing
• Identify the gaps and
develop selection
shortcomings of the
criteria for the selection
Affordable housing
of such materials.
concerning thermal comfort
• Study the various codes
specifying the minimum
standards for affordable
housing.
To analyze the • To explore various viable • Identify the
properties and materials that are newly being materials that could
parameters in usages of used or holds the potential in be used in the
such materials our context. evaluation.
concerning thermal
• To study and identify various • Developing the
comfort
thermal comfort models that simulation model
are being used and select one. inputs required for a
software
• To devise parameters for the
environment.
selection of material criteria
using a literature survey. • Identify the
performance criteria
• To study and analyze the
and further process
evaluation criteria that are
outcome of
being used for the evaluation
simulation results.
of thermal performance
To evaluate and devise • Using case studies use • Comparison of the
a decision support thermal comfort simulation parameter of thermal
system framework for and structural simulation to comfort and holistic
the selection of devise a relationship. cost of material
material selection and usage.
• Through above data make a
matrix helping in the • A way of making a
decision-making framework. more informed
choice for the
selection of material
in affordable
housing.
TABLE 23 OBJECTIVE – METHODOLOGY-OUTCOME MATRIX

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23. Madhumathi, A., & Sundarraja, M. (2012). The Role of Thermal Mass in Passive
Cooling of Buildings. 9.

24. Ministry of Urban Development. (2016). Model Building By laws 2016. TCPP.MoUD.

25. Mitra, D. (2012). Housing for EWS. Delhi: Researchgate.net.

26. Nicol , J., & Roaf, S. (2017). RETHINKING THERMAL COMFORT. Taylor & Francis.

27. PTC. (2019). Creo Parametric 3D Modeling Software. Retrieved from PTC:
https://www.ptc.com/en/products/cad/creo/parametric

28. RAJ, S., MOHAMMAD, S., DAS, R., & SAHA, S. (2016). Design of rammed earth
building. Agartala: www.researchgate.net.

29. Roy, S., & Chowdhury, S. (2013). Prospects of Low Cost Housing in India. Vellore:
Scientific Research.

30. S, M., Sareen , R., & Roychowdhury,, A. (2020). Beyond the four walls of PMAY. Delhi:
Centre for science and environment.

31. Samuel, D., Dharmasastha, K., Nagendra, S. S., & Maiya, P. M. (2017). Thermal comfort
in traditional buildings composed of local and modern construction materials.
International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 13.

32. shivashankar, J. (2017). A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK

& BRICK MASONRY. Researchgate.net.

33. www.businessworld.in. (2021, January 27). India's Urban Housing Shortage Rises 54%
To 29 Million In 2018: Report. Retrieved from businessworld.in:
http://www.businessworld.in/article/India-s-Urban-Housing-Shortage-Rises-54-To-29-
Million-In-2018-Report/23-12-2020-357300/

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 ANNEXURE
BOQ PARTS REGADING SPECIFICATOIN OF BOTH AFFORDABLE
HOUSING SPECIFICATION
CONSTRUCTION OF HOUSES AND DEVELOPMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE FOR
SLUM LOCALITIES AT HINOTIYA ALAM UNDER PRADHAN MANTRI AWAS YOJNA
AT BHOPAL, M.P.
S DESCRIPTION OF ITEM UNIT QUANTITY RATE AMOUNT
No
Providing and laying in CUM - - -
position machine batched,
machine mixed and machine
vibrated design mix
cement concrete of specified
grade for reinforced cement
concrete work including
pumping of concrete to site of
laying but excluding the cost of
centering, shuttering, finishing
and reinforcement including
Admixtures in recommended
proportions as per IS 9103 to
accelerate, retard setting of
concrete, improve workability
without impairing strength and
durability as per direction of
Engineer-in-charge. M-20
grade reinforced cement
concrete by using 405 kg. of
cement per cum of concrete.
All work up to floor 2 level

Add Extra in respective item

for additional floor
above floor two level
First Floor - - -
Second Floor KG - - -
Third Floor KG - - -
Fourth Floor KG - - -
Fifth Floor KG - - -
Sixth Floor KG - - -
Seventh Floor KG - - -

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Kota stone slab 25mm thick SQM - - -
flooring over 20 mm (average)
thick base laid over and jointed
with grey cement slurry mixed
with pigment to match the
shade of the slab including
rubbing and polishing complete
with base of cement mortar (1
cement : 4 course sand) 1:4
(minimum size of kota stone
0.25 sqm)

Extra for Kota stone/ sand SQM - - -

stone in treads of stepsand
risers using single length above
1.05 meter

12 mm cement plaster of mix: SQM - - -

1:4 (1 cement: 4 fine sand) SQM - - -
1:5 (1 cement : 5 fine sand)

Brick work with modular fly

ash lime bricks (FALG Bricks)
conforming to IS:12894-2002,
class designation 100 average
compressive strength in
superstructure above plinth
level up to floor 2 level
including the cost of
scaffolding :
Cement mortar 1:4 (1 cement : CUM - - -
4 coarse sand)
Cement mortar 1:6 (1 cement : CUM - - -
6 coarse sand)

Extra for exposed brick work/

clay fly ash brick work in
superstructure above floor
two level, for each floor or
part thereof.
First floor Cum - - -
Second floor Cum - - -
Third floor Cum - - -
Fourth floor Cum - - -
Fifth floor Cum - - -
Sixth floor Cum - - -

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Terrace floor Cum - - -

Providing and fixing ISI

marked flush door shutters
conforming to IS:2202 (Part I)
non-decorative type, core of
block board construction with
frame of 1st class hard wood
and well matched commercial
3 ply veneering with vertical
grains or cross bands and face
veneers on both faces of
shutters using following
hinges.
30 mm thick including ISI - - -
marked Stainless Steel SQM
butt hinges with necessary
screws

Providing and laying polished

vitrified floor tiles in different
sizes (thickness to be specified
by the manufacturer) with
water absorption's less than
0.08% and conforming to IS :
15622 of approved make in all
colours and shades, laid on
20mm thick cement mortar 1:4
(1 cement : 4 coarse sand)
including grouting the joints
with white cement and
matching pigments etc.,
complete.
Size of Tile 60x60 cm x 10 SQM - - -
mm

Providing and laying Ceramic - - -

glazed floor tiles 300x300 mm
(9 to 10 mm thick) of 1st
quality conforming to IS :
15622 of approved make in SQM
colours such as White, Ivory,
Grey, Fume Red Brown, laid
on 20 mm thick Cement

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Mortar 1:4 (1 Cement : 4
Coarse sand) including
pointing the joints with white
cement and matching pigment
etc., complete

Providing and fixing Ist - - -

quality ceramic glazed wall
tiles conforming to IS : 15622
(6 to 7mm thick) of approved
make in all colours, shades
except burgundy, bottle green,
SQM
black of any size as approved
by Engineer-in- Charge in
skirting, risers of steps and
dados over 12 mm thick bed of
cement Mortar 1:3 (1 cement :
3 coarse sand) and jointing
with grey cement slurry @
3.3kg per sqm including
pointing in white cement
mixed with pigment of
matching shade complete

Providing and fixing

aluminum work for doors,
windows, ventilators and
partitions with extruded built
up standard tubular sections/
appropriate Z sections and
other sections of approved
make conforming to IS: 733
and IS : 1285, fixed with
rawl plugs and screws or with
fixing clips, or with expansion
hold fasteners including
necessary filling up of gaps at
junctions, at top, bottom and
sides with required
PVC/neoprene felt etc.
Aluminium sections shall be
smooth, rust free, straight,
mitred and jointed

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mechanically wherever
required including cleat angle,
Aluminium snap beading for
glazing / paneling,
C.P. brass / stainless steel
screws, all complete as per
architectural drawings and the
directions of Engineer-in-
charge. (Glazing and paneling
to be paid for separately)
Powder coated aluminum - - -
(minimum thickness of KG
powder coating 50 micron)

For shutters of doors, windows

& ventilators including
providing and fixing hinges/
pivots and making provision
for fixing of fittings wherever
required including the cost of
PVC / neoprene gasket
required (Fittings shall be paid
for separately).
Powder coated aluminum - - -
(minimum thickness of KG
powder coating 50 micron)

Providing and fixing glazing

in aluminum door, window,
ventilator shutters and
partitions etc. with PVC/
neoprene gasket etc. complete
as per the architectural
drawings and the directions of
engineer-in- charge (Cost of
aluminum snap beading shall
be paid in basic item):
With float glass panes of 4.0 SQM - - -
mm thickness

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