REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents different literatures, both local and abroad, that have connections or

relevance to the present study.

Local literature

In the study of John Mark R. Asio (2021). Found that Disaster knowledge is crucial for

accurate decision making and is essential for addressing climate change and land-use change.

However, some vulnerable individuals may not be aware of the link between climate and land-

use change. Everyone, regardless of their status, should prepare for different disasters, as we are

part of an ecosystem that changes over time. The study found that disaster knowledge varies

significantly by community, with factors such as lifestyles and gender affecting vulnerability and

adaptation. While in the study of (Lopez Jr., Mejica, Madrigal et.al 2022) theorized that the

household size, household income, educational attainment of a household member, type of

housing unit, and type of housing structure influence their disaster preparedness practices during

disasters such as typhoons. It implies that those household members living in the coastal

communities who are part of the middle-income earners and who have college and higher levels

of educational attainment have more capacity to provide for their household needs. In terms of

educational attainment, the findings were supported by the study of Hoffman and Muttarak

(2017). Furthermore, in the study of Talplacido, Manzon,and Cruz (2022) evaluates disaster

awareness and preparedness among families in flood-prone barangays in San Leonardo. Shows

that residents can achieve disaster awareness and preparedness through technical activities and

programs, such as disaster preparedness seminars or training. It suggests that local government

units should implement disaster risk reduction and management plans, and that knowing one's

opponent and being prepared is crucial for surviving any disaster situation, whether natural or
man-made. In addition in the study of (Bayod, Abawag et. al 2016) using a qualitative

phenomenological research design, focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews with

residents showed that community members prepared for disasters through alertness to the alarm

system, participation in drills, adherence to warnings, and listening to community officials. On

the other hand the in study of Jericho Jims J. Agapito (2021) which focuses on four thematic

areas such as Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Disaster Preparedness, Disaster Response, and

Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery with the used of questionnaires from the members of the

Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council. Results showed that the organization was not

effective and the practices were partially practiced and problem areas identified were the lack of

experience and training in disaster management among the members. In addition the need for

disaster preparedness, not just for the study areas but for the entire Philippines as well, has been

underscored by the past disasters. The survey was conducted among 871 heads of households

and bonafide residents of selected communities in CAMANAVA, Bulacan, and Macabebe in

Pampanga. Regression analysis showed that environmental attitude has the greatest impact on

disaster preparedness. The results of the study highlight the importance of disaster preparedness

and the need for effective implementation of government regulations to protect the people from

disaster risks, as well as to preserve the natural environment (Ma. Joycelyn A. Go-Monilla &

Ana Liza Dy 2018). However in the study of (Roque E. Galvizo 2022) with the aimed to assess

the integration of disaster risk reduction education and disaster preparedness in the ASEAN

region and public secondary schools in the Division of Butuan City, Caraga Region, Philippines.

A mixed method research design was used, with a questionnaire to measure the integration of

DRR education and disaster preparedness. The findings showed that all disaster preparedness

indicators, including structural resilience, early warning systems, plan implementation, and risk
information and monitoring, were perceived as satisfactory. However, risk information and

monitoring had the lowest mean scores, indicating weak implementation of risk assessments,

monitoring, and evaluation in schools. School policies had the highest impact on DRR education

integration, while organizational structure was less significant. Moreover in the study of

(Alimen, Baynosa, Montehermoso, Escoto 2021) assessed the disaster preparedness of the top 20

corporations in Iloilo City, Philippines, and their resiliency level in case of a disaster. Primary

data was collected through questionnaires and personal interviews, while secondary data was

collected from various offices. The top 20 corporations have experienced flooding due to

typhoon Frank in June 2008, indicating a high degree of exposure to flood-prone areas. The

people within these corporations and physical assets are most vulnerable to such hazards. The

results showed that the top ten corporations in Iloilo City are resilient, but highly vulnerable to

earthquake and earthquake-related hazards. The capacity of these corporations to reduce or

mitigate the impact of such hazards is doubtful. The Philippines ranks second highest in terms of

risks associated with natural disasters (UNU-EHS and ADW-2014 as cited by Andriesse 2018).

A steady population increase, combined with a geography consisting of islands and poor

infrastructure, makes it vulnerable to humanitarian crises (Lum and Margesson 2014). Situated in

the north-west Pacific Ocean, it is the most tropical cyclone-affected country in the world with

an average of 20 annually, of which 6 are classified destructive. It is also found just below the

Inter-tropical Convergence Zone with northeast and southwest monsoons posing threats to its

whole territory with flood and storm surge. These result to casualties and billions of pesos in

damages to structures and houses (Peñalba et al. 2012; Lee and Vink 2015; Cas 2016; Enteria

2016).

Foreign literature
 In the study of (Bistha, Raghu Bir (PhD) 2019) examines practices and status of

preparedness of vulnerable household in disaster management in disaster prone hill areas of

Nepal. Its specific objectives are to identify preparedness options of households in pre climate

risk and disasters, to assess household preference, choice and behavior to select the preparedness

options and to assess the effectiveness of household preparedness and their choice in pre climate

risk and disasters. The study reveals that indigenous knowledge, skill, and practice play a crucial

role in households' decisions regarding preparedness options. About 70% of households have

indigenous knowledge, with community practice being the most important driver. Most

preparedness options aim to save life from disaster risk. The effectiveness of preparedness

measures is highest for saving life and assets. About 93% of household’s measure reinforcement

and repair of houses, while 1% are negative about their effectiveness. In addition Johny

(Augustine, Vivek C. Kokkammadathil, Rajeev M. Manikoth 2019) presents a critical analysis of

the level of disaster preparedness among households in the Badakhshan Province in Afghanistan.

Based on an analysis of baseline data collected as part of a project aimed at strengthening the

disaster response in this province, the paper emphasizes the complexities of disaster

preparedness among Afghan households, including a critical gap in knowledge, a lack of

resources, and limitations in existing community responses to disasters. The findings reveal that

less economic security, less knowledge of emergencies and emergency plans, being a female

head of household, and having prior disaster experience tended to predict lower levels of

preparedness among households. Disaster-preparedness interventions targeted at improving the

knowledge of hazards and hazard plans, as well as enhancing the livelihood and income security

of affected households, could minimize the negative impact of disasters. Furthermore in the

study of Kim Y & Kim MY (2022) examine current household disaster preparedness and
identifies its predictors in South Korea. A structured online survey was administered to 1,243

participants quota-sampled by age and population from each administrative district. Based on the

socio-ecological model, interpersonal factors (general characteristics, prior disaster experience,

anxiety, dispositional optimism, perceived disaster risk, and disaster preparedness knowledge),

institutional factor (front-line preparedness), community factor (community resilience), public

policy factor (governmental preparedness), and household disaster preparedness were measured.

The predictors of household disaster preparedness were occupation, economic status, prior

disaster experience, anxiety, disaster preparedness knowledge, front-line preparedness, and

community resilience. The most potent predictor of household disaster preparedness was

community resilience. On the other hand Analysis of Relationship between Conversational

Media Applications and Social Media with Social Capital in Disaster Mitigation at the area of

Bogor Regency, Indonesia (Irwan Irwan, Zusmelia Zusmelia, Felia Siska, Thita M. Mazya,

Kevin William Andri Siahaan 2022) examines the impact of conversational applications like

WhatsApp and social media on disaster mitigation in Ciliwung Riverbank, Tugu Utara Village. It

employs Mayfield's and Lasser's social capital theories and employs a post-positivistic paradigm.

Data was collected through direct observation, in-depth interviews, document studies, and

questionnaire distribution. The results showed a strong correlation between conversational media

applications and social capital, with a value above 0.75. This suggests that users of these

platforms build social capital to help each other, build social networks, and foster trust and

cooperation. The study highlights the power of social capital in forming social interaction and

communication in disaster areas, highlighting the importance of technology in disaster

mitigation. Australian Journal of Emergency Management 2022 investigated the perceptions of

disaster risk among foreign residents in Japan and found that problem recognition and constraint
recognition are the main predictors of motivation to learn about disaster risk. The study also

found that gender and society model of the country of origin affect people's motivation in taking

risk-reduction actions. (Samantha Friedman, Elizabeth Fussell, Mayuko Nakatsuka and Recai

Yucel 2021) The increasing number of highly destructive disasters in regions with the fastest

growth in the Hispanic population in the United States necessitates comprehensive studies on

disaster preparedness. The study uses data from the 2017 American Housing Survey, which

includes a topical module on disaster planning and core measures of housing and neighbourhood

characteristics. Results show that Hispanics are generally less prepared than non-Hispanic

Whites regarding resource- and action-based measures. However, Hispanics, Blacks, and Asians

are more likely to have at least 3 gallons of water per person and are more likely to have flood

insurance. Housing and residential characteristics are consistently significant in predicting

preparedness, but do not mitigate the disadvantages faced by Hispanics and Blacks. Indigenous

Institutions and Their Role in Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilience: Evidence from the 2009

Tsunami in American Samoa (Andrew Rumbach & Dolores Foley 2014). Explores the role of

indigenous institutions in disaster risk reduction and resilience. It argues that indigenous

knowledge and its integration with western scientific understandings of hazards and risk are

crucial. The study uses data from interviews, village planning meetings, and focus group

discussions to describe how indigenous institutions in Samoa, or the culture of Samoa, structured

emergency decision-making, assigned roles, built effective communication, provided

accountability for vulnerable people, and acted as gatekeepers. In addition in (International

Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 2019) that focuses on Household preparedness in an

imminent disaster threat scenario: The case of super storm sandy in New York City which was

one of the greatest disasters triggered by a natural hazard in NYC in recent decades indicates that
almost 7 out of 14 households engaged in preparedness activities and focuses more on

acquisition of preparedness supplies rather than in developing planning and/or mitigation. On the

study of Tracy N Thomas, Michelle Leender-Griffith, V. Harp (2015) shows that a person having

a better understanding of the risks and necessary actions to take in the event of a disaster can lead

to increased preparedness behaviours. Additionally, the study found that beliefs about the

likelihood and impact of disasters also influenced household preparedness. Participants who

believed that disasters were more likely to occur and would have a significant impact were more

likely to engage in preparedness activities. This indicates that perceptions and beliefs about the

seriousness of disasters play a role in motivating individuals to take proactive measures to

prepare for them. Furthermore, the study identified that certain demographic factors, such as age,

education level, and income, were associated with varying levels of preparedness knowledge and

beliefs. Furthermore (Hiroki Onuma, Kong Joo Shin, Shunsuke Managi, 2016). a study was

conducted to investigate the impact of disaster experience on household preparedness for natural

disasters in Japan. The study aimed to understand how past experiences of disasters affect

people's perceptions of future disaster risks and their level of preparedness in households. The

findings of the study indicated that past disaster experience was positively associated with higher

levels of household preparedness. Participants who had experienced a disaster in the past were

more likely to engage in preparedness activities, such as creating an emergency kit or making

evacuation plans.