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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

In recent years, disasters caused by hydrometeorological hazards have

become more frequent, with devastating consequences for vulnerable

communities. In the Philippines, where natural disasters are a frequent

occurrence, it is essential to comprehend disaster preparedness practices to

mitigate the effects of these hazards, Cuthbertson et al. (2019). In Naval,

Biliran, the community is susceptible to floods, landslides, and typhoons,

making it one of the most vulnerable barangays.

Over the years, the impact of natural disasters caused by

hydrometeorological hazards has increased, resulting in devastation for

vulnerable communities around the globe. According to Kuleshov et al.

(2014). Extreme events such as floods, landslides, typhoons, and hurricanes

can result from the interaction between weather and climate, which is the

primary cause of these calamities. Due to its location in the western Pacific

region, where typhoons occur frequently, the Philippines is particularly

susceptible to these dangers.

Numerous hydrometeorological hazards have caused countless natural

disasters in the Philippines in recent years, resulting in significant loss of life

and infrastructure damage (Obasi, G. O. P. 1994). As a result, calamity risk

reduction and management initiatives have been implemented to mitigate the

effects of these catastrophes. Nonetheless, it is necessary to comprehend the

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disaster preparedness practices of vulnerable communities, particularly those

in remote areas with limited access to resources and information.

According to the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

Council (NDRRMC), the Philippines is highly susceptible to typhoons, with an

average of 20 typhoons traveling through the country annually (NDRRMC,

2021). These typhoons can bring heavy rainfall, strong winds, and storm

surges, triggering devastating floods and landslides, resulting in loss of life

and extensive infrastructure damage. Climate change is expected to increase

the frequency and intensity of typhoons in the Philippines, exacerbating the

risks encountered by vulnerable communities, Porio, E (2011).

On the other hand, according to the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction

and Management Office (MDRRMO) of the Municipality of Naval Province of

Biliran, the vulnerable coastal areas are Barangay Atipolo, Barangay Sto.

Nino, and Barangay Agpangi is one of the many communities in the

Philippines at risk from the devastation of typhoon-caused natural calamities,

Mendoza et al. (2014). The location of the barangay in a low-lying area near

the coast makes it especially vulnerable to inundation and landslides. In 2019,

Typhoon Ursula struck the region, inflicting extensive damage to the Naval,

and Biliran's homes, crops, and infrastructure. According to Rappler (2019),

the typhoon brought heavy rainfall, strong gusts, and storm surges that

caused severe flooding, landslides, and power outages in the barangay.

From the point of view of Salazar (2017), disaster preparedness

practices can substantially mitigate the effects of disasters on vulnerable

communities. Makino et al. (2018) note that community engagement is a

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crucial aspect of effective disaster preparedness, as it can help to raise

awareness, cultivate trust, and instill a sense of ownership and responsibility

for disaster risk reduction and management. Nevertheless, many communities

lack the knowledge, resources, and capacity to effectively engage in disaster

preparedness efforts.

In the context of the Naval, Biliran barangay, assessing the community

disaster preparedness practices and identifying any gaps or weakness is

essential. Doing so can give us insights to inform future disaster

preparedness efforts to enhance the community's resilience against natural

disasters. One of the problems of each barangay is they are lacking of

awareness among the community about typhoon preparedness measures and

response protocols that can lead to delays in evacuations and failure to take

necessary precautions. It is crucial to involve the community in catastrophe

risk reduction and management initiatives and to increase their awareness

and knowledge of effective disaster preparedness practices. Through

community engagement and collaboration, we can construct a more resilient

and prepared community that can better withstand the effects of

hydrometeorological hazards-caused natural disasters.

This study’s premise is based on the observation that the Municipality

of Naval Province of Biliran is in the Philippines' Eastern Visayas region. Due

to its topography and geographical location, some barangays are at high risk

of natural disasters like typhoons. Due to its heavy rainfall, agriculture and

fisheries are very much affected in the community.

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Objectives of the Study

This study aims to investigate disaster preparedness practices in terms

of hydrometeorological hazards of the vulnerable barangays in Naval, Biliran.

Specifically, this seeks to answer the following:

1. What are the experiences of the BDRRM in disaster preparedness?

2. What are the practices of the BDRRM in disaster preparedness?

3. How may a risk communication plan be designed to align with the

standard?

Framework of the Study

This section discusses the theoretical framework to which the study

adheres.

Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored to the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) of Albert

Bandura (1886), which emphasizes the dynamic interaction between people

(personal factors), their behavior, and their environment. The interaction is

demonstrated by the construction called Reciprocal Determinism. People’s

motivation to prepare for disasters is a function of the cognitive and affective

reactions to a natural hazard (Lee & Lemyre, 2009).

The first theory that can be associated with this study is the Disaster

Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) framework. (Narayan et al., 2022).

This framework emphasizes the need to identify, assess, and manage risks

associated with disasters, and to build the resilience of communities to natural

hazards. The DRRM framework provides a comprehensive approach to

disaster risk reduction and management, including identifying hazards,

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vulnerability, risk assessment, early warning systems, disaster response, and

recovery. This framework can be used to assess the disaster preparedness

practices of the vulnerable barangay in Naval, Biliran, and identify any gaps or

weaknesses in their approach to disaster risk reduction and management.

Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction Approach. Another theory

that is relevant to this study is the Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction

(CBDRR) approach. (Benson, Twigg, & Myers, 2001; Maceda, Gaillard,

Stasiak, Le Masson, & Le Berre, 2009) This approach emphasizes the

importance of engaging communities in disaster risk reduction and

management efforts and building local capacity for disaster preparedness.

The CBDRR approach is based on the principle that communities are best

placed to identify their risks and develop effective disaster preparedness

practices. This approach involves working with communities to increase their

awareness of risks, build their capacity to respond to disasters and establish

local disaster risk reduction and management systems. The CBDRR

approach can be used to assess the level of community engagement in

disaster preparedness practices in the vulnerable barangay in Naval, Biliran,

and identify ways to increase community participation in disaster risk

reduction and management.

Vulnerability. Finally, the theory of vulnerability is also relevant to this

study. (Greg Bankoff, George Frerks, and Dorothea Hilhorst, 2004).

Vulnerability is a concept that refers to the susceptibility of individuals,

communities, and systems to the impacts of disasters. Various factors,

including socioeconomic status, access to resources, and exposure to

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hazards influence vulnerability. Vulnerability is a key consideration in disaster

risk reduction and management, as it can help to identify the most vulnerable

communities and ensure that they receive adequate support and resources to

prepare for and respond to disasters. The theory of vulnerability can be used

to assess the vulnerability of the barangay in Naval, Biliran to

hydrometeorological hazards and identify ways to reduce their vulnerability

and increase their resilience.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study will examine the disaster preparedness practices of

Barangay DRRM in the Municipality of Naval, Biliran regarding

hydrometeorological hazards. It will collect information through interviews and

surveys with important barangay stakeholders involved in disaster

preparedness. The study will also investigate the BDRRM's disaster

preparedness experiences. Consequently, the scope of this study is limited to

the disaster preparedness practices of the Barangay DRRM in the

Municipality of Naval, Biliran, and excludes other barangays and

municipalities. In addition, the research will only examine disaster

preparedness practices for hydrometeorological hazards such as floods,

landslides, and typhoons. Other forms of natural disasters, such as

earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, are outside the scope of this

investigation.

Review of Related Literature

Below are the discussions of previous related literature cited from various
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studies, articles, and books related to the study. This section gave the

researchers enough background to understand the study.

Community Disaster Resilience

Acosta (2018) explores various approaches, methods, and tools for

enhancing community disaster resilience. The author argues that effective

disaster risk reduction and management require a community-based

approach that engages and empowers the local community in disaster

preparedness efforts. This aligns with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk

Reduction, which emphasizes the importance of community engagement in

disaster preparedness and response (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk

Reduction, 2015).

Local

National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council

(NDRRMC) is the primary government agency responsible for leading,

coordinating, and implementing disaster risk reduction and management

programs in the Philippines (NDRRMC, 2021). The agency provides data and

information on disaster events and their impact on the country. According to

NDRRMC (2021), the Philippines experienced 305 natural disasters in 2020,

resulting in 474 deaths, and 1,403 injuries, and affecting more than 3 million

families.

The report by NDRRMC (2021) emphasizes the need for disaster

preparedness, risk reduction, and management programs in vulnerable

communities. The agency emphasizes the importance of community

participation and engagement in disaster risk reduction and management

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activities. Furthermore, the report highlights the need for timely, reliable, and

accurate information dissemination to facilitate early warning and evacuation.

The NDRRMC report provides a comprehensive overview of the state

of disasters in the Philippines and emphasizes the importance of disaster

preparedness practices in vulnerable communities. The report's

recommendations can guide policymakers and practitioners in developing

effective disaster risk reduction and management strategies that can minimize

the impact of natural disasters on vulnerable communities.

Makino, Kusakabe, and Kameda (2018) conducted case studies on

flood-prone areas in the Philippines to understand disaster preparedness

among local communities. The study found gaps in disaster preparedness

efforts, particularly in community engagement and awareness (Makino et al.,

2018). The authors recommended a participatory approach that includes the

community in planning and decision-making processes to improve disaster

preparedness (Makino et al., 2018).

The authors also found that cultural and socio-economic factors play a

significant role in disaster preparedness, as they influence the perception of

risk and the ability to respond to disasters (Makino et al., 2018). Thus,

understanding the local context and involving the community in disaster risk

reduction efforts is crucial in developing effective disaster preparedness

practices (Makino et al., 2018).

In terms of disaster risk reduction strategies, the study highlighted the

importance of early warning systems and disaster drills to improve disaster

preparedness in flood-prone areas (Makino et al., 2018). The authors

recommended strengthening disaster management capacities at the local

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level to promote disaster preparedness and resilience in vulnerable

communities (Makino et al., 2018).

In conclusion, the study emphasized the need for community

participation and engagement in disaster risk reduction efforts to improve

disaster preparedness in flood-prone areas of the Philippines. It

recommended implementing early warning systems and disaster drills as part

of disaster risk reduction strategies to strengthen disaster management

capacities at the local level.

Disaster Risk Management

Salazar (2017) examined the role of community-based disaster risk

reduction in reducing disaster risks, using Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines

as a case study. The author found that effective community-based disaster

risk reduction measures could significantly reduce the impact of disasters on

vulnerable communities. Salazar emphasized the importance of community

participation in disaster risk reduction and management, and the need for

community members to be well-informed and aware of disaster risks.

According to the study, community participation in disaster preparedness

initiatives could lead to better disaster preparedness practices, and increased

community resilience in the face of natural disasters.

In terms of methodology, Salazar (2017) conducted qualitative

research using semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions.

Salazar found that effective community-based disaster risk reduction

measures could significantly reduce the impact of disasters on vulnerable

communities. The study involved 47 Interviewee’s, including community

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leaders and disaster management officials, from three different municipalities

affected by Typhoon Haiyan. The study findings contribute to the disaster risk

reduction and management literature, emphasizing the importance of

community-based approaches in reducing disaster risks and enhancing

community resilience.

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) released a

report in 2015 entitled "Building Resilience to Disasters in the Philippines: A

Status Report," which provides a comprehensive overview of disaster risk

reduction and management in the country. According to the report, the

Philippines is highly vulnerable to natural disasters, with an average of 20

typhoons each year and other hazards such as earthquakes and landslides

(UNDP, 2015). The report emphasizes the need for a holistic approach to

disaster risk reduction, including response and recovery efforts and

prevention and preparedness measures.

Community-Based Disaster Preparedness

The report also highlights the importance of community-based disaster

risk reduction in building disaster resilience. Community participation is

essential in identifying and addressing local vulnerabilities and developing and

implementing disaster preparedness plans and strategies (UNDP, 2015). The

report emphasizes the need to prioritize community empowerment,

engagement, and capacity-building to improve disaster resilience at the local

level.

In terms of disaster preparedness, the report notes the importance of

establishing early warning systems, conducting regular drills and exercises,

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and providing access to relevant information and resources (UNDP, 2015).

The report also stresses the need for coordination and collaboration among

various stakeholders, in developing and implementing disaster risks reduction

and management plans, including government agencies, civil society

organizations, and private sectors.

In summary, the UNDP report highlights the importance of a

comprehensive and community-centered approach to disaster risk reduction

and management in the Philippines. The report underscores the need for

concerted efforts to improve disaster preparedness practices, enhance early

warning systems, and strengthen community participation and engagement in

disaster resilience building.

International

The World Health Organization's (2018) report on the fifth anniversary

of Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines examines the impact of the disaster and

the ongoing efforts to address its aftermath. The report highlights the

importance of disaster preparedness and response systems in mitigating the

impact of natural disasters. It also emphasizes the need for a comprehensive

and integrated approach to disaster risk reduction and management, involving

multiple sectors and stakeholders. The report identifies the importance of

community engagement and empowerment in disaster preparedness and

recovery efforts, as well as the role of health systems in responding to the

health needs of affected populations. The report also highlights the need for

long-term support and investment in disaster-resilient infrastructure and

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sustainable development practices to reduce the risk and impact of future

disasters.

Significance of the Study

The following individuals and agencies may benefit from the findings of

this study:

Barangay Officials and Members of the Barangay Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management Council (BDRRMC) can use the study results

to improve their disaster preparedness plans and practices.

Local Government Units and Policymakers can use the study's

recommendations to inform policies and programs related to disaster risk

reduction and management in vulnerable areas.

Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) and other Civil Society

groups can use the findings to design more effective disaster preparedness

and response programs in the barangay.

Academic Researchers and Students interested in disaster risk

reduction and management can use the study further research and

analysis.

The General Public can benefit from the study by better

understanding the importance of disaster preparedness and the potential

impact of hydrometeorological hazards in their communities.

Future Researchers could also benefit from this study as it provides a

baseline understanding of the disaster preparedness practices in the context

of hydrometeorological hazards in the Barangay. The findings of this study

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could serve as a reference for future research on disaster preparedness

practices in other vulnerable communities in the Philippines.

Definition of Terms

Barangay Disaster Risks Reduction and Management (BDRRM) - The

BDRRM refers to the local government unit responsible for coordinating

disaster risk reduction and management efforts at the barangay level,

including preparing for, responding to, and recovering from disasters.

Disaster Preparedness Practices - Disaster preparedness practices

refer to the actions and measures taken by the BDRRM to reduce the impact

of disasters on the community, including but not limited to risk assessment,

emergency planning, evacuation procedures, search and rescue operations,

and provision of relief goods and services.

Experiences – of the BDRRM is to understand that the culture of

preparedness is essential to improve public policies and programs to promote

population preparedness to cope with natural hazards in the vulnerable

barangay.

Hydrometeorological Hazards - Hydrometeorological hazards refer to

natural disasters caused by the combination of weather and water-related

events, such as floods, landslides, storm surges, and typhoons, that have the

potential to cause significant damage to infrastructure, livelihoods, and human

life.

Practices – provide trainings to the response teams and other members

of BDRRM to capacitate them for quick and immediate response during

disasters.
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Risk Communication Plan - A risk communication plan is a strategy

developed by the BDRRM to effectively communicate information about

potential risks and hazards to the community, including warning signals,

evacuation routes, emergency procedures, and recovery efforts

Vulnerable Barangays - Vulnerable barangays are areas within Naval,

Biliran, that are at high risk of being affected by hydrometeorological hazards

due to their geographic location, population density, infrastructure, and socio-

economic status.
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CHAPTER II

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study utilized a qualitative approach using direct interview and

observation to the respondents in order to seek the appropriate and

necessary data for the study.

When comes to qualitative research., it’s a process of naturalistic

inquiry that seeks to gain a comprehensive understanding of social

phenomena in their natural environment. It is founded on informants first hand

experiences as meaning-making agent in their daily lives (University of Texas

at Arlington, 2022). On the other hand, as defined by Mills et al. (2010), an

instrumental case study is a study of a case of a person, specific group,

occupation, department, etc. To provide insight into a particular issue, redraw

generalizations, or build theory. Additionally, this occurs when the individual or

group allows researchers to understand more than what is initially obvious to

observers (Cherry, 2021).

Research Locale

The research locale for this study is Barangay DRRM in the

Municipality of Naval, Biliran, which is in the Eastern Visayas region of the

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Philippines. Barangay Sto. Nino, Barangay Agpangi, Barangay Atipolo Naval,

Biliran is particularly vulnerable to hydrometeorological hazards, such as

typhoons and storm surges, due to its geographical location and topography.

Galabov et.al. (2015) the hydrometeorological parameters during the extreme

sea storms is of significant importance for the sustainable development in the

context of flood risks for the coastal areas. The research locale was chosen

because it presents a unique opportunity to explore disaster preparedness

practices in a vulnerable community and to develop recommendations for

improving disaster risk reduction and management efforts.

Research Participants and Sampling

The Participants of this study are the barangay officials involved in

disaster preparedness in Barangay DRRM of the Municipality of Naval,

Biliran. This includes members of the BDRRM, local government officials,

community leaders, and residents of the barangay who have experienced

hydrometeorological hazards.

The sampling technique was used for this study is purposive sampling.

This technique allows the researcher to select knowledgeable participants

with relevant experiences related to disaster preparedness practices in the

context of hydro meteorological hazards in Barangay DRRM. The researcher

selected Interviewee’s based on their roles and responsibilities in the

barangay and their experiences with disaster preparedness. The sample size

depended on data saturation, or the point at which no new information is

generated from the interviews and surveys.

Measures of Rigors of the Study

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Qualitative studies are grounded on Epistemology and the words

validity, and reliability and are among the words “Rationalistic Paradigm”. As

mentioned, Trustworthy is used in qualitative studies proposed for the first by

Guba & Lincolin at the middle of 1980s, not grounded on rationalism

Paradigm and positivism school and rooted in structuralism school. The

criterion “Trustworthy” by Guba & Lincolin is a golden and permanent

standard to evaluate Trustworthy in qualitative research. Guba & Lincolin

presented 4 criteria of Credibility, Fittingness, Auditability and Confirmability

for trustworthy in qualitative studies and changed to four criteria: Credibility,

Transformability, Dependability and Confirmability. Review procedures were

described to them by the Member Check, Audit Trial, Coding, Categorize,

Peer Debriefing, Negative Case Analysis, and Referential Material Adequacy.

Other scholars have improved their criteria at the qualitative studies and used

in qualitative research.

Confirmability is the fit criterion in this study as it upholds the

morality of the person. This will be accomplished through a researcher’s use

of audit trails to demonstrate thought processes adhering to the prescriptions.

According to Lincoln and Guba’s (1989) confirmability is established when

credibility, transferability, and dependability are all achieved.

Credibility is a measure of the truth value of qualitative research,

weather the study’s findings are correct and accurate.

Fittingness refers to the study findings fitting outside that particular

study. (Bryne,2001; Streubert-Speziale,2007) also refers to the possibility that

the findings would have meaning to another group or could be applied in

another context.
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Auditability is a systematic procedure for collecting, analyzing and

interpreting data.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers conducted an interview to gather data. The

interviewees were the key stakeholders involved in disaster preparedness in

the barangay, including members of the Barangay DRRM, local government

officials, and community leaders. The interviews will be semi-structured to

allow for flexibility in the discussion and to allow Interviewee’s to share their

experiences and practices freely. The surveys were administered to a sample

of residents in the barangay to gather their perceptions of the disaster

preparedness practices in their community.

The researchers of this study used a qualitative-descriptive method, in

which a data-gathering procedure was observed. The researchers

constructed an interview guide which the panelists validated. Afterwhich, a

transmittal letter was sent to the three barangays as follows: Barangay

Sto.Nino, Barangay Agpangi, and Barangay Santisimo Rosario, for permission

and approval to conduct the study. Three respondents were interviewed from

each respective barangay. After the interview, the researchers transcribed the

said interview’s contents for data collection.

The researchers conducted an interview, to collect data on disaster

preparation practices in the barangay that covers various aspects of disaster

preparation practices, including emergency plans, evacuation procedures,

communication systems, availability of resources, and community

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involvement. The researcher came up with conclusions and recommendations

to the study.

The researchers ensured the privacy of the respondents for being part of

the study and assured the Interviewee: s that the data collected will be

confidential and secured.

Data Analysis

The researcher used the Collaizi’z strategy (1978) in utilizing and

identifying significant statements. The data collected from interviews with key

stakeholders and surveys will be transcribed, coded, and categorized into

themes. This involved reading through the data multiple times to identify

keywords, phrases, and concepts. These were grouped into categories and

subcategories to identify patterns and trends in the data. The analysis

identified gaps and challenges in the current disaster preparedness practices

that need to be addressed. The following procedure is collaizi’z process for

data analysis in descriptive phenomenology;

1. Obtaining a general sense of each transcript. In the study of lived

experience in every community, the researcher personally conducted

interviews of the entire experience of the Interviewee: s. The audio tapes were

read three to four times and attempted to comprehend the thought process

and feelings of the participants.

2. Extracting significant statements. The researcher then extracts

significant phrases and statements from the transcripts that together form a

whole meaning of the experience, to obtain clarity of thoughts and

suggestions were incorporated.

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3. Meanings. The researchers formulated meaning based on their

understanding to the listed significant statements of the study. The formulation

of meanings was based from the objectives of the study.

4. Discussion. The researcher described the fundamentals structure of

the phenomenon that will answer the research questions of the study.

5. Returning to the participants to validate the findings from the

study. This step aimed to validate study findings using “member checking”.

This is the final stage of the data analysis which involves returning to the

participants for a follow up interview, to elicit the representatives of the

emerged phenomenon with their experience.

6. Themes. The researchers sorted the formulated meanings into

categories, clusters, or themes based from the objectives of the study.

7. Validity. The researchers verified the findings to the Interviewee’s in

order for them to compare the researcher’s descriptive results in the lives

experience.

Ethical Consideration

The interview process was primed by obtaining permission from the

Interviewee’s to be part of the study. The researcher explained the sustained

commitment required of Interviewee’s to gather meaningful data and

reminded them that they could withdraw their participation in the study

anytime. Ultimately, the researcher considered the convenience and

availability of the Interviewee’s and secured the confidentiality of the data

gathered.
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Researcher’s Reflexivity

Research reflexivity refers to the researcher's ability to acknowledge

and critically reflect on their own beliefs, biases, and experiences that may

influence the research process and findings. As a group, the research team

discussed their individual biases and experiences related to disaster

preparedness and hydrometeorological hazards to identify potential areas of

influence on the research process. They also discussed strategies to mitigate

these potential biases, such as incorporating multiple perspectives and

sources of data to ensure a more comprehensive understanding of the topic.

The group regularly reflected on their position throughout the research

process and engage in critical self-reflection to ensure that their biases and

assumptions do not unduly influence the research outcomes.

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CHAPTER III

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

This chapter discusses the results of the study.

Practices of BDRRM

In this theme, participants expressed their practices concerning the

disaster preparedness of BDRRM.

Preparation of items

Figure 1: Practices of BDRRM in Disaster Preparedness

Meetings of the
officials Announcement
The commitment shown by our local government and the active

involvement of our community members have created a resilient and prepared

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barangay, ready to face any disaster with determination and unity. The

effectiveness of BDRRMCs was measured against the goals and objectives of

Republic Act 10121 also known as Philippines Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management (DRRM) Act. Cuya-Antonio, O. C. (2017). Overall, the

participants are confident that their barangay’s disaster preparedness efforts,

continuous training, and capacity-building programs have equipped them with

valuable knowledge and skills, enabling them to assist their fellow community

members during emergencies

Preparation. Bagarino, R.T (2016). Training improves response efficiency

during emergencies. When people are familiar with emergency procedures
and best practices they can act quickly and effectively.
Participant 5 confidently said that their appointed barangay police possess

enough knowledge, because the Municipality of Naval has provided them a

free basic training program to prepare for disasters, specifically typhoon.

According to Rola, A. C., et. Al. (2020). This project aims to evaluate the

effectiveness and efficiency of the government's irrigation program.Trained

individuals know how to asses situations, prioritize actions, and communicate

effectively with emergency services and other responds. This enhances

overall response coordination and reduces confusion and panic.

“Ang mga tanod ang kamao, kay may mga trainings nga gi implement

para makahibawo sila unsay buhaton inig simbako ibutang nato naay

nalunod o na anod.” (The barangay tanods are capable because they

undergo trainings to equip themselves on what to do in case of

emergencies, such as incidents of drowning or being swept away by the

current.) (P5. P22, L165-167).

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Announcement. Strengthening resilience to climate-related hazards is an

urgent target of Goal 13 of the Sustainable Development Goals. Kurata, Y. B.,

Prasetyo, (2022). Preparing for a disaster such as stockpiling of emergency

supplies or having a family evacuation plan can substantially minimize loss

and damages from natural hazards. (Participant 5. P22, L136-138). Ako kay

kuan man kon as a treasurer ako ay mag palit sa mga kinahanglanon, oo,

mga flashlight ingon ana ba nga mga rain coat para gamiton sa mga nag

rescue, like kuan. (Participant 1. P18, L31-35). Niya ang mga kadtong kuan

og asa na porok sila ma assign sila na mo koan ngadto sa mga tawo niya naa

man poy kauban ana mga bhw gawas sa amoa mga official ang mga bhw ma

asign sad na sila kana sila maam ging ging among daycare worker automatic

pod na nga mo uban kang kapetan pag panguan sa among mga tawo nga

nakalikas na gyud. Communities work closely with local government

agencies, emergency management organizations to enhance preparedness

efforts. Asses and update the emergency supplies ensuring that items are not

expired. Additionally, educate community members the importance of

personal preparedness and encourage them to create their own emergency

kits and plans.

“Ako kay kuan man kon as a treasurer ako ay mag palit sa mga

kinahanglanon, oo, mga flashlight ingon ana ba nga mga rain coat para

gamiton sa mga nag rescue, like kuan.” (As the treasurer, I would make

sure to procure the necessary items like flashlights and raincoats to be

used by those who are involved in rescue operations, like you know.)

[Participant 5. P22, L136-138].

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“Niya ang mga kadtong kuan og asa na porok sila ma assign sila na mo

koan ngadto sa mga tawo niya naa man poy kauban ana mga bhw gawas

sa amoa mga official ang mga bhw ma asign sad na sila kana sila maam

ging ging among daycare worker automatic pod na nga mo uban kang

kapetan pag panguan sa among mga tawo nga nakalikas na gyud.” (Then

those people assigned to the areas where the barangay health workers

(BHW) are present, they will also be assigned to accompany them. Our

daycare workers will automatically join the barangay captain in ensuring

the safety of the people who have already been rescued.) [Participant 1.

P18, L31-3].

Participant 5, and 1 stated that their barangay is fully prepared for a

typhoon and they make sure that every necessary needs are able to give by

the barangay, they also ensure that the food packs are fully prepared for

evacuees as well as to the rescuers like rain coats, and flashlight.

Meetings. An informed and proactive community is better equipped to

anticipate, respond to, and recover to from various types of disasters.

Gimenez, R., Hernantes, J., et, al. (2017). Collaboration between different

sectors of society is key to building a resilient community. (Participant 3. P19,

L62-70). Sa amo didi sa barangay Sto.Nino is mag patawag sa mi og meeting

nga kanang sa, among barangay officials, tanod, og mga bhw. Amo silang e

remind og asa dapit sila e assign kay bangen ba makalimot sila og asa sila

kay kada, kay ang bhw kay naay na assign sa evacuation center, naay naka

assign sa pag lista sa mo evacuate unya I andam na namo ang waiver nga
 26

naa mga tawo gyud na gahi kaayu nga dili mo ibakwit, maghimo mig waiver

kay just in case unsay mahitabo sa ilaha walay tulabagon ang barangay, kay

amo naman silay gipa bakwit, naa mi sa kanang various portion sa mga

medicine, ana sa mga foods nga mag pakuan sa relief goods. Both

participants stated that they would only proceed with their announcement in

the barangay after the barangay captain attends the meeting proposed by the

municipality mayor regarding the status of the typhoon. (Participant 6. P23,

L181-183). Una nga buhaton syempre ang kapitan mag meeting pa pod sila sa

LGU katima sa LGU, mao na na siya, si kapetan na pod mopatawag og

meeting nga mao na, naa tay bagyo.

“Sa amo didi sa barangay Sto.Nino is mag patawag sa mi og meeting nga

kanang sa, among barangay officials, tanod, og mga bhw. Amo silang e

remind og asa dapit sila e assign kay bangen ba makalimot sila og asa

sila kay kada, kay ang bhw kay naay na assign sa evacuation center,

naay naka assign sa pag lista sa mo evacuate unya I andam na namo

ang

waiver nga naa mga tawo gyud na gahi kaayu nga dili mo ibakwit,

maghimo mig waiver kay just in case unsay mahitabo sa ilaha walay

tulabagon ang barangay, kay amo naman silay gipa bakwit, naa mi sa

kanang various portion sa mga medicine, ana sa mga foods nga mag

pakuan sa relief goods.” (In our barangay, Sto. Nino, we hold meetings to

remind our barangay officials, tanods, and barangay health workers (bhw)

of their designated areas of responsibility. We assign the bhw to the

evacuation centers and to take a list of the people who need to evacuate.
 27

We also prepare a waiver for those who refuse to evacuate due to

particular reasons because we do not want the barangay to be liable if

something happens to them. We also distribute medicine and relief goods

in various portions.) [Participant 3. P19, L62-70]

“Una nga buhaton syempre ang kapitan mag meeting pa pod sila sa LGU

katima sa LGU, mao na na siya, si kapetan na pod mopatawag og

meeting nga mao na, naa tay bagyo.” (First and foremost, the barangay

captain should arrange a meeting with the Local Government Unit (LGU)

in our area once there is a storm coming.) [Participant 6. P23, L181-183]

In this theme, participants shared their experiences in disaster

preparedness.

Recovery and Rehabilitation

Preparedness EXPERIENCES OF Risk

measures BDRRM Assessment

Figure 2: Experiences of BDRRM

According to Florentin, K. M., Onuki, M., Esteban, M., Valenzuela, V. P.,

Paterno, M. C., Akpedonu, E., ... & Garciano, L. (2022). As disaster risk

management for cultural heritage is largely unexplored, the workshop

 28

generated much interest among stakeholders, as this was the first time that

contact had been facilitated among them. It successfully demonstrated the

benefits of pre-disaster recovery planning to provide inclusive and better

recovery outcomes for historic districts.

Recovery and Rehabilitation. Participants might have discussed post-

disaster efforts focused on recovery and rehabilitation. This could involve

assessing damage, and promoting long-term resilience in the affected

communities. Participant 3 said that to prevent the loss of life they initiate their

people to force evacuation. Because they do not want to experience the

tragedy again that happened long time ago, according to her statement. The

strong spirit of volunteerism and cooperation that has emerged within the

barangay is truly inspiring, and it further strengthens the collective ability to

face any challenges that may come.

“To force evacuation na og dili gyud maminaw, ang police na jud mokuha

sa ilaha kay ni tagam na jud mi sa na kadtong unsa rato na bagyo, nga

ang didto dapita sa iglesia nga area nga nag baha na gyud as in, as in

baha na, ngadto na ngay an residente nga usa ka pamilyahan nga dili na

gyud sila katabok, kay ang tubig as in dako, ang among style adto gkuha

namo silag sakayan, mga tanod nog barangay official, mao nga og naa

gani bagyo nga tiabot, ma koan gyud mi nga amo gyud e force

evacuation, mag public address mi, pasabot nga ingon ana na ang dagan

sa panahon. Mao to nga e forceevacuation na gyud namo sila” (We need

to force people to evacuate and if they still refuse to listen, the police will

take action. We have experienced storms before wherein the floodwater

 29

already reached the area near the church and some residents from a

particular family were reluctant to leave because the water was too high.

Our approach is to provide them with a means of transportation such as

boats which will be facilitated by the barangay officials and tanods. We will

also make a public address announcement to emphasize the severity of

the situation. Therefore, we will do our best to force them to evacuate for

their safety.) [P3 62-70]

Risk Assessment. Participants may have shared their approaches to to

assessing and analyzing the risks posed by different types of disasters.

Capacities within a specific area or community to understand the potential

impacts and develop appropriate response plans. Participant 3 stated that

their barangay officials act as a preparation for the typhoon, especially here in

our coastal barangay were surrounded by trees. They will cut down the tress

because the wind might be strong. And the most importantly the lives of their

residents. According to her interview, they will immediately move them to a

safe area like an evacuation center provided by the Municipal Risk Reduction

and Management Office (MDRRMO).

“Ang mga tanod og mga official, isip usa ka pangandam sa bagyo, labi na

diri sa among barangay nga daplin sa dagat og naay mga puno,

mamutol mana sila, then mao man toy ingon basi ang hangin,

makuan ,man mao namutol sila, so wala man kadayun ang bagyo kay

uwan uwan raman, og kanang kuan na gyud gani kaayu ang bagyo, sa

wala pay hangen inig kahapon mag bandelyu na, then man likas na, kani

lage usahay gahi og ulo, ang uban anha na mag bakwet og hangin na,
 30

naa diay silay kuhaon pod, katima ingadto na sila sa area, sugad sa gym

sa naval, di ngani ngadto upper dapdap nga evacuation”. (In preparation

for the storm, our barangay officials and tanods are tasked to trim down

trees especially those near the shoreline to avoid them from falling and

causing any damage. They do this as a precautionary measure even

when the wind has not yet started. Once the storm has arrived and the

wind is already intense, they will cut down the trees. But, if the wind is too

strong, they would not be able to do it anymore. When the storm signal is

raised, we will display the banner and inform the residents to move to

designated evacuation centers such as the gym in the naval area. If the

situation worsens, we will initiate an upper-level evacuation.) [P6. P23,

L179-187]

Preparedness Measures. Based on the interview we conducted the

respondents answered negatively. There could be a problem in the

dissemination and information drive and campaign about their risks living in

the coastal areas that need to take actions and solutions. On the R.A 10121

Orientation Seminar Conducted by the office of Civil Defense it has been

presented that the Philippines location along the Pacific typhoon belt made it

prone to typhoon or hydrometeorological hazards. Participants discussed the

strategies for preparedness such as establishing early warning announcement

they might have experience training community members to respond

effectively. “Ang sakit sa pinoy murag kuan baya last minute na gyud sakit sa

pinoy, mao bisan unsaon pag pangandam sa official nga before sa kuan

kinahanglanon kinahanglan naa na diri sa area para dali nalan ba pero wa

 31

gyud gahi man gyud na mao to mga pinoy, mag away nalang gyud para

kuanon pero kuan man kay dili raman gyud na siya kasagaran kay diman

gyud me ingon nga kuan ba sa area kaloy an sa ginoo dili ra hinoon sila, wa

man pod me maminaw raman sila hinoon madugay kuan hadlok ra

kinahanglan pa hadlok hadlokon sos sakit sa pinoy gyud na sila.” (It's a

Filipino trait that we tend to procrastinate until the last minute even if officials

have already made preparations before the storm hits the area. However,

sometimes we argue and do not follow the instructions given to us. We also

tend to be fearful of the storm and need reassurance from time to time, and

this causes us to delay the evacuation process. But as Filipinos, we are a

resilient people who always trust in God's mercy, so we do not easily succumb

to fear. Despite our differences, we always strive to work together as one

community to overcome any challenges that may come our way.) [P5. P22,

L148-155]

We appreciate the emphasis placed on community involvement and the

establishment of barangay-level disaster response teams. This has fostered a

sense of unity and resilience among us, as we actively participate in disaster

preparedness activities and contribute to the overall safety of our

neighborhood.
 32

Chapter IV

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of findings

Based on the analysis of the respondent’s disaster preparedness

practices, the following findings have been observed:

Awareness Levels. A significant proportion of the respondents

demonstrated a basic level of awareness about disaster preparedness. They

recognized the importance of being prepared for emergencies and understood

the potential risks they may face.

Preparedness Actions. The majority of the respondents reported taking

form of preparedness actions. These included creating emergency kits,

 33

developing community communication plans, and obtaining information about

potential hazards in their area.

Emergency Supplies Many respondents acknowledge the importance of

having emergency supplies readily available. Commonly mentioned intems

included food, water, first aid, kits, flashlights, and batteries.

Training and Education A notable portion of the participants expressed

interest in acquiring additional training and education on disaster

preparedness practices, on specific skills such as CPR, first aid, first safety,

and evacuation procedures.

A significant number of respondents recognized the importance of

community collaboration in disaster preparedness practices. Nevertheless,

several challenges were identified that hindered respondents from engaging

in more comprehensive disaster preparedness practices, these barriers

included financial constraints, lack of time, inadequate knowledge, and limited

access to resources and information.

These findings provide valuable insights into the current state of disaster

preparedness practices among the respondents, additional support,

education, and resources can be directed to enhance overall preparedness

levels.

Conclusion

Based on the responses obtained from the survey, it can be concluded

that the respondents are adequately prepared for a typhoon and possess a

commendable level of knowledge regarding disaster preparedness practices.

They displayed knowledge about the destructive nature of these weather

events and understood the need for preparedness measures. This

 34

understanding indicates that they are well-informed about the potential impact

of a typhoon on their lives and surroundings. Their knowledge, readiness, and

proactive measures indicate that they are equipped to handle the challenges

a typhoon poses and are likely to minimize the potential risks and damages

associated with such an event. However, it is essential to continue promoting

disaster preparedness practices and education to further enhance resilience

and ensure ongoing readiness in the face of potential natural disasters.

Recommendation

When it comes to disaster preparedness, community involvement and

effective practices are crucial in ensuring the safety and well-being of its

members.

1. Develop a community emergency plan: Collaborate with local authorities,

Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Office to develop a comprehensive plan.

The plan should include procedures for evacuation, communication, and

resource allocation. Consider appointing community leaders or volunteers to

ensure efficient execution of plan.

2. Maintain infrastructure and update hazard assessments: Regularly

asses the community’s infrastructure for vulnerabilities and implement

necessary upgrades to mitigate risks. Stay updated on hazard assessments

and ensure that evacuation routes, emergency shelters, and critical facilities

and properly maintained and accessible.

Effective disaster preparedness is a collaborative effort among

community members, local authorities, and organizations. In implementing

 35

these recommendations, communities can enhance their resilience and ability

to respond effectively to disasters.

These recommendations will help the barangay authorities or even

future researchers to guide the community members to become familiar with

the procedures, identifying gaps in preparedness and building confidence in

their abilities to respond effectively.

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