GROUP 5

DOMESTIC
WATER HEATING
SYSTEM
ENGINEERING UTILITIES
 Group five.
DOMESTIC WATER HEATING SYSTEMS

Halina, Irugin, Javier, Jumawan,

Karyll Pauline Joy Micah Alvin

BSCE 2-2 GROUP 5

 PAULINE JOY IRUGIN

WATER HEATING SYSTEM

 Water Heating System

The most common geothermal

systems suitable for power
generation.

PAULINE JOY IRUGIN

 Water Heating System

key points:
There are several different hot water systems that
employ a variety of energy sources, including gas,
electricity, and the sun. It can be direct or indirect.
Heating water for the bathroom, kitchen, and
laundry consumes around a fifth of the energy
consumed by a household.

PAULINE JOY IRUGIN

 PAULINE JOY IRUGIN

TYPES OF WATER HEATING

SYSTEM
 1) OPEN VENTED HOT WATER
SYSTEM
It consists of a hot water cylinder, a cold water
storage cistern (tank), special pipework (known as an
open vent pipe), and a heat source to heat the water

PAULINE JOY IRUGIN

 PAULINE JOY IRUGIN

TWO KINDS OF OPEN VENTED

HOT WATER SYSTEM
 DIRECT HEATING
The water is heated directly from
the source

INDIRECT HEATING
The central heating and the hot
water are separate.
PAULINE JOY IRUGIN
 CYLINDER
It is where the hot water is heated. The
heat can come from an immersion
heater, directly from a boiler or
indirectly from a boiler using a coil
fitted inside the cylinder. Often the
indirectly heated cylinders come with
an immersion heater back up in case of
a boiler breakdown.
PAULINE JOY IRUGIN
 The cylinder coil (heat exchanger)
- is the tube that is often fitted to
a cylinder to heat up water using
the water from the central heating
system. The pipe itself is coiled up
inside the cylinder to give as much
chance as possible for the pipe to
‘touch’ the water in the cylinder
and heat it up.
The storage cistern - is the
reservoir of cold water used to
supply the cylinder. This is always
positioned above the cylinder to
give a head of pressure (to make
the water flow out of the cylinder).

PAULINE JOY IRUGIN

 The open vent pipe - is
the main safety setup for
an open vented hot water
system. It helps the
system cope with the
expansion of water in the
system. The open vent
pipe should end in the
storage cistern
allowing for the control of
expansion of the hot
water in the system.
PAULINE JOY IRUGIN
PAULINE JOY IRUGIN
 2) UNVENTED HOT WATER
SYSTEM
These systems are far more complicated, and have
many more parts to them but do allow near mains
pressure hot water supply.

PAULINE JOY IRUGIN

 Pressure reducing valve - This is placed on the incoming cold water
main pipe to the hot water system to reduce the water pressure
slightly and keep it at a constant level of pressure.

Line strainer - This is placed on the incoming cold water main pipe
to filter out any particles that might come from the cold water
system, because of the sensitive nature of some of the
components (a small piece of grit could cause them to
malfunction), the strainer keeps them clear.

Temperature and expansion relief valve - This valve is also part of the ‘sealed’
heating system. It is designed to remove pressure from the system.

PAULINE JOY IRUGIN

 Expansion vessel - This is used to deal with the expansion of the
water in the system as it is heated. As water gets warmer it gets
bigger, by up to 4% in volume. The water has to go somewhere,
the expansion vessel is designed to store this extra water and stop
the parts of the system bursting.

The tundish - This is connected to the pipe coming from the

relief valve. This device is placed in the pipeline to alert you to
a fault in the system, as you will be able to see the water
flowing out of the safety valve(s).

PAULINE JOY IRUGIN

PAULINE JOY IRUGIN
 3) INSTANTANEOUS HOT WATER
HEATING SYSTEM
This method involves using gas or electricity to heat
the water to a useable temperature without the need
to store the water.

PAULINE JOY IRUGIN

 KARYLL A. HALINA

WATER HEATER EFFICIENCY

 Water Heater Efficiency

A water heater's energy efficiency is

determined by the uniform energy factor
(UEF), which is based on how much energy
the water heater uses and how much energy
is used to power the water heater itself. The
higher the uniform energy factor, the more
efficient the water heater.
 Water Heater Efficiency
On June 12, 2017, EF ratings is replaced with the new industry
standard for measuring energy efficiency in water heaters called,
Uniform Energy Factor (UEF). The new UEF rating method improves
the industry’s ability to:
Define consistent standards for measuring energy efficiency
performance
Simplify the water heater selection process
More accurately reflect real-world scenarios that impact energy
efficiency ratings
Enable apples-to-apples water heater comparisons across
brands
 FIRST HOUR RATING / FIRST HOUR
DELIVERY (FHR/FHD)
Performance the amount of hot water a water heater can provide
in the first hour of operation
Factors CAPACITY

Impacted by the DOE now requires manufacturers need to

inform buyers of both of water heaters’ nominal

UEF include:
capacity by gallon grouping (40, 50, 60 gallon, etc.)
as well as the actual storage capacity (35, 37, 42, 58
gallon).
ESTIMATED ENERGY COST SAVINGS
accurate approximation of what it will cost to run a
particular water heater.
 INSTANTANEOUS AND
SEMI-INSTANTANEOUS
WATER HEATERS

Presented by: Alvin Christian Abrot Jumawan

 INSTANTANEOUS WATER HEATERS
Instantaneous water heaters are the ones that
provide you with an immediate supply of hot water.
They are widely preferred as they offer multiple
benefits.
INSTANTANEOUS WATER HEATERS
 INSTANTANEOUS WATER HEATERS
Instantaneous water heaters are also known as tankless
water heaters. They are highly efficient geysers that
supply hot water without the need for a storage tank.
Here, water is heated as and when needed instead of
being heated and stored to be used later.
 INSTANTANEOUS WATER HEATERS
As soon as you turn on the tap, cold water flows into the
water heater. Then the water comes in contact with a
heating element and its temperature begins to rise up.
Finally, hot water begins to pour out through an outlet
pipe. All this happens within a couple of seconds!
ADVANTAGES OF INSTANTANEOUS WATER
HEATERS
ADVANTAGES OF INSTANTANEOUS WATER
HEATERS
1.) They are compact
2.) You’ll Never Run Out of Hot Water
3.) They save energy
4.) They are durable
5.) They Are Compatible With Solar Hot Water
Systems
DISADVANTAGES OF INSTANTANEOUS
WATER HEATERS
 DISADVANTAGES OF INSTANTANEOUS
WATER HEATERS
1.) They Can’t Store Hot Water
2.) Inconsistent Temperatures
3.) Higher Installation Costs
4.) Problems with Hard Water
 SEMI-INSTANTANEOUS WATER HEATERS
Semi-instantaneous operation provides high output
by channeling the incoming cold water directly over
the heat exchanger tubes in a controlled manner to
maximize the heat transfer rates compared to
conventional stratified heat exchanger convection
systems.
SEMI-INSTANTANEOUS WATER HEATERS
Velocity of water and pressure drop are controlled
by changing water flow directly across the heat
exchanger, which increases heat transfer and
inhibits scale formation.
SEMI-INSTANTANEOUS WATER HEATERS
ADVANTAGES OF SEMI-INSTANTANEOUS
WATER HEATERS
ADVANTAGES OF SEMI-INSTANTANEOUS
WATER HEATERS
Advantages are space savings without a storage
tank, although they can be coupled with a storage
tank and circulating pump for significant peak
load applications or to reduce the energy input
requirements.
DISADVANTAGES OF SEMI-INSTANTANEOUS
WATER HEATERS
DISADVANTAGES OF SEMI-INSTANTANEOUS
WATER HEATERS
A disadvantage is that without a mixing valve, or other
sophisticated controls the outlet temperature will
fluctuate with changes in flow or demand. Semi-
Instantaneous or indirect units may require high BTU
per hour or high energy input requirements for higher
flow rates because the peak demand must be satisfied
instantaneously
TYPES OF WATER HEATERS
Karyll A. Halina
WATER HEATER
A water heater is a plumbing
apparatus or appliance that is
designed to heat cold water and, in
some cases, store hot water for future
use. Dishwashers, clothes washers,
showers, tubs, and sinks rely on water
heaters to heat incoming cold water,
so that these appliances and fixtures
can output warm or hot water to
sanitize dishes, clean clothing, and for
personal hygiene upkeep
TYPES OF WATER HEATER
TANK WATER HEATER
Tank water heaters are designed with a
heating element and a storage tank where hot
water is stored until it's needed.
This type of water heater is one of the most
affordable options due to the prevalence of
these systems in the market.
Have a large insulated tank that can hold
between 30 to 80 gallons of water, depending
on the size of the tank.
Best for: Affordable water heating with a
ready supply of hot water.
TYPES OF WATER HEATER
TANK WATER HEATER
Typically, tank water heaters are powered by
electricity or natural gas, though there are
some models that may use liquid propane or
oil.
As cold water enters the tank, it is heated to a
set temperature. Once the water inside the
tank reached the designated temperature, the
water heater stops actively heating the water.
When the hot water is used or enough time
has passed for the water to cool, the unit will
turn back on to reheat the water to the set
temperature.
TYPES OF WATER HEATER
TANKLESS WATER HEATER
Made to rapidly heat cold water as it passes
through a short series of super-heated coils to
provide an endless supply of hot water.
Less than half the size of a standard tank water
heater, making them ideal options for small
condos, apartments, or townhouses.
The water is only heated when it is needed.
Efficient, however, if price is a pressing concern, a
tankless system may not be the best option
Best for: Heating cold water on demand in
homes with limited space.
TYPES OF WATER HEATER
POINT-OF-USE WATER HEATER
Instead of whole-home options, point-of-use
water heaters only provide hot water to one
plumbing fixture, such as a shower or kitchen
sink.
Tank point-of-use water heaters typically have a
small storage tank to keep a limited amount of
water ready for use.
You can also find tankless point-of-use water
heaters, which are great for showers because you
don't need to worry about running out of hot
water in the middle of a long, relaxing shower.
TYPES OF WATER HEATER
POINT-OF-USE WATER HEATER
These systems are relatively affordable and don't
take up a lot of space because they can usually
be installed out of sight under the sink.
The main drawback to a point-of-use system is
that they are generally less efficient than most
other water heater types.
Best for: Providing hot water to a single
plumbing fixture.
TYPES OF WATER HEATER
SOLAR WATER HEATER

Uses the energy from the sun to heat the

water.
Have a large insulated tank where the water is
stored until it is ready to be used, similar to
conventional tank water heaters.
Solar water heaters can be mounted on the
roof with the solar panels or installed
elsewhere in the home.
They don't solely rely on solar power, so there is
usually a gas or electric back-up fuel system to
ensure that you always have access to hot
water.
TYPES OF WATER HEATER
SOLAR WATER HEATER

Less effective in areas of the country that are

prone to heavy snowfall because the snow
blocks the solar panels, preventing solar energy
collection
more expensive to install than a conventional
water heater systems, though the yearly energy
costs to operate the water heater tend to be
lower.
Best for: High-efficiency, renewable energy
water heating.
TYPES OF WATER HEATER
HYBRID WATER HEATER
A hybrid water heater uses a heat pump system
to draw heat from the ground and air to heat the
water, instead of relying on a direct fuel source.
This method of heating the water allows a hybrid
water heater to use up to 60 percent less power
than a conventional tank water heater.
Has large insulated storage tank and a heat
pump that is mounted to the top of the tank. Due
to the tank and heat pump combination, these
systems take up more space than a conventional
tank water heater.
TYPES OF WATER HEATER
HYBRID WATER HEATER
More expensive than a conventional tank heater
and they rely heavily on ambient heat, which is
why hybrid water heaters are not recommended
for areas with cold climates.
Best for: Energy efficient whole-home water
heating.
TYPES OF WATER HEATER
COMBINATION BOILER WATER HEATER
A combination boiler water heater is a single unit
is designed to heat the home and heat the water
that is used at various plumbing fixtures
throughout the home.
The boiler system distributes hot water via
baseboard radiators or radiant floor systems.
Depending on the specific system, it may also
distribute steam to steam radiators to heat the
home.
heats water for use at nearby sinks, showers, and
appliances.
TYPES OF WATER HEATER
COMBINATION BOILER WATER HEATER
Combination boiler water heaters are compact
and have low operating costs, making them a
great option for smaller homes that require year-
round heating.
Aren't a good choice for larger families that
require a high volume of hot water during peak
periods.
Best for: Affordable, efficient water heating in
homes with space limitations.
TYPES OF WATER HEATER
CONDENSING WATER HEATER
A condensing water heater takes advantage of the
unused waste gas fumes produced by the home's
natural gas system. When natural gas is burned by
the furnace, the heated waste gas is funneled into
a coil at the bottom of the water heater tank to
heat the water stored inside the tank.
Due to the reliance on waste gas, these systems are
best paired with homes that use natural gas as a
primary source for year-round heating and cooking.
By using the waste gas instead of electricity or
natural gas, condensing water heaters can keep
yearly utility bills low and offer a high level of
energy efficiency.
TYPES OF WATER HEATER
CONDENSING WATER HEATER

These systems are typically only available as large

units, which cost more than the average
conventional tank water heater.
Best for: High energy efficiency, low operating
costs, and environmentally friendly water heating.
WATER HEATING FOR PATIENT
CARE AND RESEARCH
BUILDING
Micaella A. Javier
DOMESTIC HOT WATER SYSTEMS
Instantaneous and tank type water heaters are the
domestic water heater systems most commonly used.
Instantaneous water heaters are best suited for a
service conditions requiring a steady and continuous
supply of hot water. In these systems, hot water is
heated as it flows through the tubes of a shell and
tube system. These systems require thermostatic
mixing valves to maintain a uniform temperature
because the ratio heating capacity to hot water
volume is relatively small.
DOMESTIC HOT WATER SYSTEMS
Semi-instantaneous water heats are
very similar to instantaneous ones but
have a limited storage capacity that
helps the system meet momentary
surges in hot water demand.
DOMESTIC HOT WATER SYSTEMS
storage water heaters are best used for service
conditions where hot-water requirements are not
constant and a large volume of heated water is
held in storage for periods of peak demand. The
amount of storage required is calculated on the
demand profile and the water heater recovery
capacity. Legionella is always a concern when
water is stagnant.
To avoid stagnant storage conditions, designers should
consider semi-instantaneous and instantaneous hot water
heater systems when feasible. Tank systems can be considered
if they are life-cycle-cost effective, but they shall be designed
for continuous flow to limit stagnation, with adequate tank size
for the application and not oversized, and with the ability to
maintain a minimum water temperature of 54.4 deg C [140 deg
F] necessary to kill bacteria.
 Plate heat exchangers are a type of instantaneous hot water heater that uses
metal plates to transfer heat as opposed to the more traditional shell and
tube design. Plate heat exchangers transfer the heat between two fluids (i.e.
water or steam). The advantage of plate type exchangers is that they are
more efficient and smaller in size than the shell and tube heaters. The
disadvantages are they can be more expensive and create a higher pressure
drop.
 WATER HEATERS FOR PATIENT CARE AND RESEARCH
BUILDINGS
Water heater systems for patient care and research buildings shall be designed
for redundancy of the peak load such that the building hot water demand can
be met with the largest unit offline. Preference shall be given to indirect heating
sources of steam or hot water from a central energy plant. However, fuel-fired
heaters may be used for special applications or if an indirect source is not readily
available. Fuel-fired heating sources must be lifecycle cost effective and approval
of the project manager is required. Alternate sources of energy for continuous
operation are required. Electric water heater should only be used if an indirect
source or other source fuels (e.g. natural gas) are not available. Hot water systems
shall not use seals, gaskets or other components constructed of natural rubber
which can support the build-up of biofilms. Hot-water recirculation and return
piping shall be used and sized appropriately.
INSTANTANEOUS AND SEMI-INSTANTANEOUS WATER HEATERS
Provide redundant shell and tube instantaneous or semi-instantaneous central
water heaters such that the building hot water demand can be met with the
largest unit offline. Heating system shall be capable of supplying the peak flow
demand at a minimum discharge temperature of 54.4 deg C [130 deg F]. System
must have a high turndown ratio to account for periods of minimum flow.
Provisions shall be made for the water heaters to provide 77 to 82 deg C [170 deg
F to 180 deg F] water at reduced flow for thermal eradication purposes. Provide a
high temperature alarm device to detect mixing valve failure. Alarm shall sound
when water temperature exceeds +5 degrees from the setpoint of 54.4 deg C [130
deg F]. The use of plate and frame heat exchangers shall be considered by the
medical center. Include a hot water re-circulating loop system and design for
water discharge at a minimum of 54.4 deg C [130 deg F] or higher as necessary to
maintain minimal hotwater recirculating of 51.1 deg C [124 deg F] to limit the
scald risk and to prevent the growth of bacteria (Legionella).
 TANK-TYPE WATER HEATERS
Provide redundant tank type central water heaters such that the building hot
water demand can be met with the largest unit offline. Tank-type water heaters
shall be designed to maintain a minimum water temperature of 60 deg C [140
deg F]. Tank-type water heaters shall be capable of raising the discharge
temperature to 77 to 82 deg C [170 to 180 deg F] for thermal eradication
purposes. Circulating tank water heaters shall be considered to limit
temperature stratification within the tank to limit the growth of Legionella.
Heaters shall be capable of withstanding thermal and/or chemical eradication
procedures to control bacteria. Provide with access for cleaning and disinfection.
Include a hot water re-circulating loop system and design for water discharge at
a minimum of 54.5 deg C [130 deg F] such that circulating water is no lower than
51 deg C [124 deg F]
 DIETETIC EQUIPMENT
Provide duplex shell and steam coil booster heaters to generate the flow
demand at 82 - 90 deg C [180 - 195 deg F] with each heater sized to supply 50%
of demand. The use of plate and frame heat exchangers shall be considered by
the medical center. Provide a hot water re-circulating system. Design sanitary
drain systems using chemical sanitation agents in accordance with Federal, state
and local requirements.

BOOSTER HEATERS
Provide simplex shell and tube booster heaters capable of 60 - 71 deg C [140 -
160 deg F] at point of use for areas needing higher water temperatures for
sanitary reasons including cage washers, cart washers and sterilizers. The use of
plate and frame heat exchangers will be considered by the medical center.
 INSTANTANEOUS TANKLESS WATER HEATERS (POINT OF USE)
Instantaneous tankless point of use (electric or gas) water heaters are not
permitted as a primary source of hot water. Instantaneous tankless point of use
water heaters are permitted for incidental use, sporadic equipment demands, or
remote individual fixtures (e.g., lavatory, sink, shower, service sink) in non-patient
areas with written justification. Point of use instantaneous water heaters are
permitted for use at emergency fixtures to supply ANSI standard “tepid water”
immediately at the emergency fixture or group of emergency fixtures.

HEAT TRAPS
Install heat traps (either valve type or loops) on the cold water makeup inlet and
outlet connections of all hot water storage tanks for energy savings. Loop type
heat traps tend to be less problematic and are preferred. Loops should be a
minimum of 46 cm [18 in.].
 DEVICE CALIBRATION
Provide Pete’s plugs for access at all temperature and pressure indicating
devices, where analog (gauges and thermometers) and digital (sensors for the
EMCS system) devices are to be used.