DOMESTIC HOT

WATER
SUPPLY
 Why is
 The supply is based on the need for Personal
Hygiene and Washing in order to remain
healthy and safe.

there a  Personal Hygiene – to maintain the bodies

clean, a regular supply of hot water is

need for
required to break down and dissolve oil &
dirt. Soap lathers much better in hot water
than cold. Hot water is more friendly to our

Domestic skin temperature since we are warm-

blooded animals. Hot water also helps to
open skin pores, letting the soap get down

Hot 
into the tissue to lift out the oil & dirt.
Washing – certain substances, such as fatty

Water foods on a plate, require a temperature of

60 degrees Centigrade to lift them.

Supply?
 Types of Fuel:
◼ The types of fuel are:
◼ The methods of 1. Electricity
heating water vary 2. Solid Fuel
but in the long run it
3. Gas
is a matter of
personal choice with 4. Solar
respect to cost and 5. Steam
availability of fuel. 6. Oil
7. Heat Pumps
 Types of  Localized Water Heating
Centralized Hot Water Systems
Systems


 Storage Water Heaters

available:  Instantaneous Water Heaters

What is the operating principle of
Hot Water Supply & Distribution
System?
◼ The storage tank & heating device
of a hot water supply &
distribution system are so
assembled as to create a
circulation of water within them.
◼ The movement of the water is the
result of molecular activity. The
application of heat to a body of
water causes it to expand &
become less dense, which give it a
natural tendency to rise.
◼ The inequality of weights between
the hot & the cold water
contained in the tank results in
the circulation of the liquid.
What are the factors to consider in
Hot Water Supply & Distribution
System?
◼ The operation and efficiency of the hot 2. Type of Tank connection used
water supply and distribution system is
a. Vertical position
dependent upon the following:
b. Horizontal position
1. Type of Heating System used
c. Pipes, Valves & Fittings
A. Direct System
a. Range Boilers
3. Type of Installation used
b. Gas Water Heater
a. Upfeed & Gravity Return
c. Oil-Fired Water Heater
b. Overhead Feed & Gravity
d. Electric Water Heater
Return
e. Solar Water Heater
c. Pump Circuit System
B. Indirect System
a. Primatic Cylinder
b. Calorifiers
c. Annular Cylinder
Direct Heating System: In this system the water that is
being heated by the boiler is used out of the hot water faucets.
Range Boiler - is a small cylindrical hot water tank that varies in size
from 300mm to 600mm in diameter & is not more than 1800mm long. It is
Made of galvanized steel of Standard & Extra Heavy Gauge.

Range Boiler & Furnace Coil – The

range boiler is usually mounted upright on
a stand. A drain is placed at the bottom
to remove sediment; a temperature &
pressure relief valve is placed at the top
for safety. The furnace coil is located in
the furnace box.
Range Boiler & Heater – The range
boiler is usually installed horizontally on a
stand. The heater may be fired by coal,
gas or oil.
Gas Fired Water
Heater:

The Installation

The Operating Principle

The Equipment
Electric Water Heater:
Solar Hot Water
Installation:

Solar Panel and Collector

The Operating Principle

Installation
What is Indirect Water Heating
System?
◼ In this system the water that is
heated by the boiler is never used
out of the hot water faucets, but
circulates through a heat
exchanger. It takes the form of a
coil of pipe within the hot water
storage tank. The heated water
circulates through the system & in
turn heats the water held within
the storage tank, then returns to
the boiler to be reheated.
◼ The 3 types of Indirect System
currently used in buildings are:
1. Primatic Cylinder
2. Calorifiers
3. Annular Cylinder
11
◼ The advantages of this system
are:
1.Since the water in the boiler
does not mix with the water in the
storage tank, the risk of rusty
water being drawn off through the
faucets is eliminated.
2.It keeps the carbonate
deposits to a minimum level
because once the temporary
hardness of the water has been
released it will not recur as the
same water is reheated over &
over again.
3. It can use steam as the
heating medium instead of water.
 In this system the water that is heated
What is

by the boiler is never used out of the
hot water faucets but circulates

Indirect
through a heat exchanger. It takes
the form of a coil of pipe within the hot
water storage tank. The heated

Water water circulates through the system &

in turn heats the water held within the
storage tank, then returns to the boiler
Heating 
to be reheated.
The 3 types of Indirect System

System? currently used in buildings are:

 Prismatic Cylinder
 Calorifiers
 Annular Cylinder
 to use

INDIRECT WATER HEATING SYSTEM

What are the available Types of
Hot Water Systems?
1. Localized Water Heating 3. Storage Water Heaters
(Single Appliance) a. High Pressure
a. High Pressure b. Low Pressure
b. Low Pressure
4. Instantaneous Water
2. Centralized Hot Water Heaters
System a. High Pressure
a. High Pressure b. Low Pressure
b. Low Pressure
Localized Water
Heaters:
Above – Sink Electric Water Heater:
Designed to serve 1 fixture at a time.
Available from 7 to 34 liters storage &
normally have a 2000 watt element fitted.
It has a heat – up time of 12 minutes to 1
hour.
Undersink Electric Water Heater: Works
on the principle of displacement, hot water
only flowing when cold water enters the
cylinder & pushes the hot water out. This is
not suitable for use with dishwashers, unless
installed as low-pressure water heaters.
What is Centralized Hot Water System?

◼ In Centralized System, water is ◼ Parts of Centralized Hot

heated & stored centrally and
distributed to the hot water  Water System:
faucets via the hot water piping.
◼ For residences, an electric heating 1. Heating Element / Boiler
element is directly immersed into
the water to be heated.
◼ For commercial & larger projects 2. Thermostat
an independent boiler or furnace
is used to heat the water
remotely.
3. Range Boiler / Hot Water
◼ The hot water is stored in a Range
Storage Tank
Boiler or Storage Tank that is
located as near the boiler as
possible to keep heat losses at a
minimum. 4. Hot Water Pipes
Storage Water Heater
Single Boiling Type Water
Heater:
Is filled with water to the
desired level before use. As
long as there is a reading on the
sight glass the heating element
will be covered. The cold-water
supply may be from the cold tap
by means of a 3-way valve, which
supplies cold water to the cylinder
or delivers hot water from the
cylinder according to the position
of the knob. When water boils,
steam escapes through a whistle
connected into the top of the
vessel. The pressure from the
steam also turns off the electrical
energy to the element if a steam
switch is fitted. Boiling water is Single Boiling Type Water Heater
drawn off through a faucet fitted
directly under the heater.
 Instantaneous Water
Heater:
◼ Instantaneous Water Heater instantly heats cold water as it
passes through the heater. This heater is compact since
storage is not required. Their 3 kinds of model:
1.Shower Model – has a rated power consumption of 6000
watts (6 kW) and provides a continuous supply of hot water at Lavatory Model of
a maximum rate of 3 LPM at a showering temperature of 40 an Instantaneous
Water Heater
degrees Centigrade.
2.Lavatory Model – has a rated power consumption of 3000
watts (3kW) & provides a continuous supply of warm water for
hand washing at a rate of about
1.4 LPM.
3. Multi – point Model – serves several fixtures such as
lavatory, sink, bidet & shower.

Operating Diagram
of an Instantaneous
Shower Model of an Water Heater
Instantaneous Water
Heater
What are the Hot Water Storage Tank
Connections?

a. Cold Water Supply – Delivered into the tank via a boiler tube that
extends to within 150 mm of the tank bottom. The purpose of this is to
avoid the possibility of cooling the hot water which accumulates at the
top of the tank. This cold water line must have a small hole within from
the top of the tank. This hole serves as a vacuum breaker & prevents
siphonage.
b. Flow Connection – Connected to an opening on the tank
somewhere above its centerpoint. This line is called flow connection
because the heated water flows from the heater into the tank.
What are the Hot Water Storage Tank
Connections?

c. Return Connection – Connected to a tapping on the bottom of the

tank. This line is called the return connection because it returns the
colder water from the bottom of the tank to the heater.
d. Drain Valve – Located at the lowest point of the storage tank.
e. Hot Water Distribution Pipe – Connected to a tapping on the top of
the tank at the point near the flow inlet.
f. Blow – Off Valve – Installed to the storage tank to control the
temperature & pressure and to prevent serious difficulties should the
tank become overheated.